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Significant Call May Have Changed Outcome of Suns vs. Nuggets
Dillon Brooks left the third quarter of the game due to a controversial call. Did this call impact the result of the contest against the Denver Nuggets?
Dillon Brooks ejected from Suns-Nuggets
Dillon Brooks was ejected from Friday night's contest after he appeared to kick Nuggets guard Jamal Murray in the testicles on a shot attempt.
Unsolved: Amarillo police seek tips in 2003 Halloween killing of local business owner
Unsolved: Amarillo police seek tips in 2003 Halloween killing of local business owner
Unsolved: Amarillo police seek tips in 2003 Halloween killing of local business owner
More than two decades after an Amarillo business owner was shot and killed inside his home on Halloween night, investigators say they still do not have a clear motive or a suspect in the case.
Commentary: Sledgehammers for you, pillows for me: the politics of selective morality in Tennessee
There is something almost theological about watching a politician suddenly discover grace. State Sen. Brent Taylor, the Republican nominee for Tennessee’s newly redrawn 9th Congressional District, is now asking voters to extend him something he has rarely seemed eager to extend to the people he criticizes: mercy. The Nashville Scene reported this week that Taylor […]
Small Business Administration issues Disaster Declarations due to wildfire-related events in 14 Colorado Counties - by Susan Roebuck
On October 22, 2026, Governor Jared Polis requested the Small Business Administration (SBA) issue disaster declarations for the Willow Fire, the Elk Fire,
Scientists May Have Found a 7th Type of Depression
A new study suggests that disrupted sleep and daily rhythms may help drive depression in some people, raising questions about whether treatments targeting the body's internal clock could help.
Eight Blue Jays Become Free Agents
The Jays have eight players who declared free agency today: Shane Bieber, Patrick Corbin, Yimi Garcia, Max Scherzer, Paul Sewald, George Springer, Jameson Taillon, and Luis Urias. Only six teams have more free agents: Other old friends becoming free agents: Chris Bassitt, Isiah Kiner-Falefa, Randal Grichuk,Trevor Richards, Jordan Romano, Jacob Waguespack, Daulton Varsho, Luke Maile, […]
Vote posters glued to buildings leave local business owners with cleanup bill
Large posters plastered around town urging people to vote have irked some business owners and prompted police to investigate. Rob Matzell first noticed the bright yellow and orange signs the morning of Oct. 28 when he arrived for work at Willow Lawn Service Center on West Broad Street in Henrico'
Zillow agrees to pay $212.5M to settle investor lawsuit over failed home-flipping business
Zillow will pay $212.5 million to settle a shareholder class action alleging it misled investors about Zillow Offers, the home-flipping business it shut down in 2021. The deal, which needs court approval, comes three weeks after the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Zillow's challenge to the case's class status.
Bring a Vivillon from Pokémon Legends: Z‑A to Pokémon Champions for Sweet Rewards
Get a Meadow Pattern Vivillon Trainer icon and more when you bring a Vivillon obtained in Pokémon Legends: Z-A to Pokémon Champions.
Receive a Spewpa That Can Evolve into a Random Vivillon Pattern in Pokémon Legends: Z‑A
Celebrate the release of Pokémon Legends: Z-A – Nintendo Switch 2 Edition + Mega Dimension with this Mystery Gift.
DBV Technologies Reports Third Quarter 2026 Financial Results and Business Update
Châtillon, France, October 28, 2026DBV Technologies Reports Third Quarter 2026 Financial Results and Business UpdateSubmitted the Biologics Licens...
Meta says it’ll probably delay its controversial new business terms again
Meta says conversations with partners could extend beyond November 20th.
How State Public Health and Medicaid Agencies Can Build Partnerships to Improve Outcomes
Throughout the country, states are working to improve health outcomes with the efficient use of resources. In particular, they are building partnerships between public health and Medicaid agencies to better align programs, funding, and expertise around shared goals.
State Public Health and Medicaid Agencies Partner on Children’s Needs
In recent years, children in the United States have faced high rates of preterm birth, chronic health conditions, and mental health crises. Addressing the vital issue of children’s health requires coordinated strategies involving healthcare providers, health plans, and government agencies.
Volunteer, 78, says Reform official likened her to Nazi collaborator for teaching asylum seekers English
Mair Godley claims Essex councillor Carl Johnson told her she was ‘facilitating the invasion’ by giving language lessons
Attendance row councillor resigns over ill health
Graham Jeffery's 19-year Redcar and Cleveland stint ends amid acrimony over illness and attendance.
UK Politician Jess Asato Got Deepfaked. Now She’s Taking xAI to Court
Jess Asato’s public campaigning for victims of online abuse put her in the crosshairs of Grok’s deepfake scandal. Then the UK member of parliament became a victim of the abuse herself.
Business briefs, Oct, 27
The data-related changes needed for senior living to attract capital, consumer trust … JoyThriveCare introduces voice-enabled smart home solution designed for senior living … Fitch rates Presbyterian Retirement Communities at A-; outlook stable … Fitch Ratings downgrades Willow Valley Communities to A-; outlook stable
Dillon Gabriel activated from Injured Reserve
Browns QB Dillon Gabriel added to main roster after missing first seven games with injury
Recruiting expert picks Kentucky to land elite recruit Cherif Millogo
Cherif Millogo is now ranked as high as No. 8 overall in the 2027 class by ESPN.
Panera closes in Dillon, Underground Snowboards gets new owners and more business news
Panera Bread has closed its Dillon location less than four years after opening, adding to a growing list of national restaurant chains that have shuttered businesses in the area. The establishment at 257 Dillon Ridge...
My Co-Worker Is Losing It Over My Religion
Plus: Reader responses to a woman returning to the office after two decades of self-employment.
The Long Life of the ‘Snacking Occasion’
As eating habits shift, the food industry is promoting any opportunity to nibble.
Gabriel Minutillo's Dream Comes True at Just 16
After nearly a decade in the academy, the gifted playmaker secured his first senior call-up, edging closer to a dream partnership with his idol, Ibrahim Maza.
“MobLand” star Mandeep Dhillon teases the ‘mess’ still to come in season 2: ‘God, it’s chaotic’
The actress breaks down Seraphina’s big pitch in the latest episode.
Meta delays new business terms after publisher pushback on AI scraping
Legal experts argued that Meta’s changes weren’t enough to rule out AI scraping.
Maria Victoria Murillo Is the New Chair of Political Science
The field “provides essential tools for understanding how power operates across society,” she says.
Maria Victoria Murillo Is the New Chair of Political Science
The field “provides essential tools for understanding how power operates across society,” she says.
Nurses at four Endeavor Health hospitals seek to join Teamsters
Nurses at Evanston Hospital and three other Endeavor Health facilities across the North Shore are officially seeking to unionize. Teamsters Local 734 filed a petition — covering more than 2,000 nurses at the Evanston, Skokie, Glenbrook and Highland Park hospitals — with the National Labor Relations Board on Thursday asking for a union election. Nurses...
WT Natural Sciences Department to honor Steed as graduate of distinction
A giant in the area energy industry will be honored by West Texas A&M University’s Department of Natural Sciences at an upcoming event.
Entertainment
Cumberland Theatre will present “The Pillowman,” an award-winning psychological thriller by Martin McDonagh, through Oct. 25. Directed by Nick Hrutkey, the production features Pierce Bunch, Aaron Civello, Brian Records, and
Spotify pulled 50 million AI slop and spam tracks from its recommendations
Spotify still isn’t labeling AI tracks, though.
Blues Defenseman Gets Encouraging Injury Update
Logan Mailloux underwent right-hand surgery at the end of September after a preseason game against the Chicago Blackhawks. The St. Louis Blues defenseman fought Cole Smith in the first period of the Blues’ final preseason game. Mailloux was set to be reevaluated in eight weeks after the surgery. That would put his potential return date […] The post Blues Defenseman Gets Encouraging Injury Update appeared first on HEAVY.
Data Centers Are Skewing Political Party Lines in Texas
Data centers have emerged as a hot-button issue this election season. Could the controversy lead to big wins for Democratic hopefuls?
Affordable, accessible healthcare — state candidates all want it
Some running for 40th, 42nd districts want to see WA version of OR corporate medicine law
If You Constantly Rearrange Your Furniture, Science Says It Reveals Something Surprising About Your Personality
The room is clean. The dishes are done, the pillows are fluffed, and yet something feels slightly off. Your gaze keeps drifting to the same corner, the same angle, the same arrangement you have stared at for weeks. Then a quiet impulse kicks in – what if the sofa faced the other way? Ten minutes...
Jad Abumrad loves a butterfly knife and a good springy pillow
The Radiolab creator and host of Dolly Parton’s America answers The Verge’s weekend questionnaire.
Health insurance is the sleeper midterms issue: Why premiums are spiking
Americans are bracing to pay significantly more for health insurance next month, whether they have Affordable Care Act plans or get insurance through work. Premiums for some people could be t…
Health insurance is the sleeper midterms issue: Why premiums are spiking
Americans are bracing to pay significantly more for health insurance next month, whether they have Affordable Care Act plans or get insurance through work. Premiums for some people could be t…
Bernalillo County reviews four potential models for the future of MDC healthcare services
Bernalillo County reviews four potential models for the future of MDC healthcare services
Amarillo VA Health Care System to host Veterans Flue Fairs next week
The Amarillo VA Health Care System set to host a walk-in Veterans Flue Fair Next week, October 19-24.
Plague is stoppable. The next health threat may not be.
The word plague is scary. Centuries ago, the Black Death killed tens of millions of people and changed the course of history. Plague still kills people around the world, and the word still evokes catastrophe. New fears of plague surfaced on October 2, when a lab worker in Irkutsk, Russia, died of pneumonia. Reports suggested that she may have contracted plague through a laboratory exposure. Understandably, people were alarmed. On October 7, the World Health Organization called for the Russian Federation to be transparent about what it knew. WHO issued an update on October 10. Russian authorities told WHO that testing did not identify plague and that investigations found no laboratory release. WHO said confidence in its risk assessment remained limited and that further clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory information was needed. The cause of the woman’s illness remains unknown, and WHO says a laboratory-associated exposure cannot be excluded. As I explained in a recent interview, this incident is very unlikely to lead to a pandemic. Plague is still active, including in the U.S., which sees a handful of cases each year. But it is a disease we can prevent and treat. Plague doesn’t spread readily, and it responds to antibiotics. The standard response—isolate the patient, trace contacts, and administer antibiotics and monitor for symptoms among contacts for seven days—works. We have even planned for antibiotic-resistant plague. At CDC, we developed a playbook for antibiotic-resistant plague and ran exercises on how to find and stop it. CDC guidance anticipates engineered resistance and recommends two different classes of antibiotics if there’s reason to suspect it. There is no evidence that resistance—or even confirmed plague—is involved in this incident. We have thought through how to address plague, but we’re not ready for the next major health threat that emerges from a lab or from animal spillover to humans. What should concern people is how little stands between the world and the next pathogen to get loose. Since peak COVID, epidemic preparedness has fallen off the political agenda, but the risk is greater than ever. More labs handle dangerous pathogens with more ways to make those pathogens deadlier, and more people live and work in close contact with animals. There are actions we can take now: We need better lab safety in every country. The number of labs that work with dangerous pathogens has increased worldwide over two decades, but there’s no enforceable international standard and no inspection regime; the Biological Weapons Convention, fifty years on, still has no verification mechanism. Labs that study dangerous germs need strong safety systems, training, and oversight. We need to reduce spillover events. Three in four emerging human infections start in animals, and there’s a lot we can do to reduce spillover risk, but the world is doing very little of it. Live-animal markets are one place to act. For instance, closing live-bird markets helped control H7N9 influenza in China. Reducing opportunities for people to encounter infected animals can prevent infections before they become outbreaks. In The Formula for Better Health, which is now out in paperback along with the hardcover, Kindle, and audiobook versions, I argue that labs do too many risky experiments with too many dangerous pathogens in too many institutions, and that every experiment should first answer one basic question: Is the likely benefit greater than the risk? Spillover risk can also be reduced: In the book, I discuss how Brazil cut its deforestation rate by 70% from 2004 to 2012 while increasing agricultural production and reducing risky contact between people and forest animals. We need faster detection and response. Delay costs lives. Strong surveillance, good labs, and trained responders can turn a single case into a small cluster of infections instead of an epidemic. Resolve to Save Lives has worked for nearly a decade to help countries find and stop outbreaks faster. The 7-1-7 target, which Resolve to Save Lives developed with partners in Uganda and elsewhere, provides a clear standard: detect within 7 days, notify within 1 day and complete all essential early response actions within 7 days. In Uganda’s Kasese district, for example, a review of a measles outbreak using 7-1-7 identified shortages of accessible funds, fuel, and vehicles that delayed the response. District leaders established funds they could access quickly. When, a few months later, the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever appeared, the district detected it in three days, notified authorities in one, and mounted an effective response in two. Only one case was confirmed, and the patient survived. Because funds were available before the emergency, authorities were prepared and able to act. This kind of preparation can’t wait until the next crisis begins. Plague is an old disease we that know how to stop. The next threat may be harder to recognize, harder to treat, and easier to spread. Safer labs, less risk of spillover, and faster outbreak detection and response need sustained investment now, while we still have time to prevent the next emergency. Share
6 green sea turtles swim to freedom after months of rehab in Ponce Inlet
Frogish, Mangrove Snapper, Highland Cow, Nurse Shark, Armadillo and Silkie Chicken returned to their natural habitats at the Beach Street Ramp.
Republican Stacy Garrity pitches her agenda to Willow Valley residents
A week after she debated Democratic Gov. Josh Shapiro on television, Republican gubernatorial candidate Stacy Garrity perched on a wooden stool in West Lampeter Township and answered questions from Lancaster
Six rehabilitated sea turtles return to the ocean following care at the Marine Science Center
The turtles — Frogish, Mangrove Snapper, Highland Cow, Nurse Shark, Armadillo, and Silkie Chicken — received treatment from the center's rehabilitation team before being cleared for release.
Week 6 NFL Survivor strategy and picks
David Fucillo provides NFL Survivor pool tips in Week 6, offering up safe, value, and trap picks.
Chicago Bears’ Rookie Safety Dillon Thieneman is ‘All Ball’
Some fascinating conversation with Dillon Thieneman's high school head coach about what makes Dillon such a driven player.
Councillors quit Reform UK after suspensions
David Dresser and Paula-Jane Thackray launch a new political group called Leeds First Independents.
Willoughby challenges Burnett for District 12 Representative, Position 2
In the Nov. 3 general election, two candidates are running for the first position in Washington’s 12th Legislative District for State House Representative. Brian Burnett is running for re-election against
Ranji Trophy: Injury to Ayush Mhatre sours Mumbai’s win
Mumbai won the match by an innings and 155 runs on Tuesday, collecting a bonus point, but Mhatre’s injury took the sheen off the result. “Ayush has suffered a Grade 4 tear of his right hamstring. He should be out for at least one to one-and-a-half months,” a source in the Mumbai Cricket Association told TOI on Tuesday.
Ravens release Chris Moore, Xavier Guillory ahead of Week 6
Baltimore released Chris Moore from the active roster and Xavier Guillory from the practice squad as Ja’Kobi Lane nears a return
Draymond Green Sends Warning to Pistons’ John Collins
Draymond Green sends a warning to Detroit Pistons forward John Collins after his confrontation with Dillon Brooks, invoking Isaiah Stewart's legacy.
Arizona Diamondbacks News 10/13
Diamondbacks News These three young D-backs could be in for breakout years in ’27 by Steve Gilbert [DBacks.com] RHP Gerardo CarrilloCarrillo was signed as a Minor League free agent in the offseason, and after eight seasons in the Minors, he made his big league debut in late July at age 27. Carrillo allowed a run in two […]
Singer who dated Prince in the ‘90s says she couldn’t handle the musician dating around: ‘I wasn’t the only one’
Elisa Fiorillo, who dated Prince in the ‘90s and reunited with him to play in his band in the 2010s, recalled her experience being romantically involved with the ‘Purple Rain’ musician.
Singer who dated Prince in the ‘90s says the pop star’s lack of fidelity wasn’t for her: ‘I couldn’t do that’
Elisa Fiorillo opened up about her relationship with the late “Purple Rain” musician in a new biography.
Pleasant Grove’s unique business model combining pizza and rural atmosphere stands tall
Emily Knudsen looked out from her barnyard door into the emerald-green clover lawn. Two alpacas laze around near a wooden stage for outdoor performances, and smoke billows from inside the
How Two Crypto Billionaires Are Making British Politics More American
A pair of low-profile entrepreneurs gave $100 million to Nigel Farage’s Reform U.K. Party. The system may never be the same.
Texas health agency proposes eliminating children's autism program
KVII serves the Amarillo, Texas and Panhandle region with local news, sports and weather for the city and surrounding towns, including Canyon, Hereford, Borger, Pampa, Dalhart, Dumas, Childress, Perryton, Clarendon, Texas; Guymon, Oklahoma; and Clovis, Portales, Tucumcari, New Mexico.
Yankees coach fired at midseason gets second chance in MLB
Dillon Lawson is back as a uniformed coach in MLB. Three years after he was fired by the New York Yankees in the middle of the 2023 season, falling on the sword for the underwhelming performances of the team, Lawson…
Business expansion continues on Willoughby Hills’ west end
Willoughby Hills City Council member Tanya Taylor Draper, who represents District 2, recently presented an update on the city’s west end business district. Draper said Sheetz, located at 28601 Chardon Road, continues to operate strongly …
New CPT codes are expanding reimbursement for AI-powered CCTA tools
New codes for these technologies have made a world of difference for clinicians. Reimbursement for the use of AI is an area where cardiology is far ahead of most other healthcare specialties.
Arsenal eye deal for teenager Mora
Arsenal eye deal for Mexico teenager Gilberto Mora, AC Milan in pole position for Endrick, Nottingham Forest braced for Murillo interest
Fire destroys ice cream shop and damages businesses in Inglewood
Video from the scene showed heavy smoke billowing from the building’s roof. This video was broadcast during the NBC4 News at 11 p.m. on Thursday, Oct. 8, 2026.
Amarillo NAACP hosting mental health forum on Saturday
The Amarillo NAACP is conducting a Mental Health Forum, focused on people of color, in the Amarillo Area Foundation auditorium at the corner of 10th and Polk.
Baptist Health Breaks Ground on New Home of Kenneth C. Griffin Neuroscience Institute and Announces $75 Million Total Gift to Neuroscience Research and Care - Florida Hospital News and Healthcare Report
Stephen Blumenthal, Board Chair, Baptist Health Foundation ,Alex Villoch, Chief Executive Officer, Baptist Health Foundation ,Michael McDermott, M.D., System Chief Executive of Baptist Health Brain & Spine Care, Chief Medical […]
Small business development center launches four-part workshop series for business owners
Developer leaves family RE firm to launch AI venture
Michael T. Puntillo leaves PX4 Development to start DPI Enterprise, an AI company focused on real estate operational systems.
Bridges explores Mary L. Good's impact on science, technology
Mary L. Good's story began in Grapevine, Texas, but her impact on science and technology was felt across the U.S. and beyond.
Will AI kill the Asian entertainment industry, or reinvent it?
Studios in China are turning to models from ByteDance and Kling to generate 100-minute short dramas for less than $3000.
Teen arrested over Facebook post mocking political official
Reform UK Wolverhampton leader Councillor Celia Hibbert and Reform UK activist Fraser discuss concerns over free speech in the UK on 'The Ingraham Angle.'
ABC and Trump's FCC battle in federal court over free speech and jurisdiction issues
A lawyer for ABC on Tuesday asked a federal judge to prevent the Trump administration from conducting an unusual, early review of its broadcast licenses, likening it to a looming execution by guillotine that was already chilling the network’s editorial decisions just weeks before the U.S. midterm elections.
Browns Announce Dillon Gabriel Decision
The Cleveland Browns have announced a decision on Dillon Gabriel. The post Browns Announce Dillon Gabriel Decision appeared first on HEAVY.
Arkansas Advocate on Ozarks at Large: Maternal health, Kentucky's governor and political debates
Arkansas Advocate Editor-in-Chief Andrew DeMillo joined Ozarks at Large Senior Producer Matthew Moore on KUAF this week to discuss recent grants for maternal health, Kentucky's governor rallying Democrats and the history of political debates.
Arkansas Advocate on Ozarks at Large: Maternal health, Kentucky's governor and political debates
Arkansas Advocate Editor-in-Chief Andrew DeMillo joined Ozarks at Large Senior Producer Matthew Moore on KUAF this week to discuss recent grants for maternal health, Kentucky's governor rallying Democrats and the history of political debates.
Assessing How Phoenix Suns Starters Performed in Preseason Opener
From Devin Booker’s mid-range mastery to Dillon Brooks’ efficient breakout, discover how an aggressive starting five fueled an early lead before a narrow loss to Detroit.
Dillon Gabriel designated to return
The Browns are getting one of their quarterbacks back from injured reserve.
‘Adventure Time’ creatives break down its most haunting episode
Talk about a pillow fright! ‘Adventure Time’ writers and storyboard artists talk about how they created one of the cartoon’s most haunting episodes ever, ‘Puhoy!’
'Captaincy ends': Harmanpreet Kaur’s top five achievements as India captain
Harmanpreet Kaur has stepped down as India’s all-format captain after a landmark leadership stint. Her tenure featured India’s maiden ODI World Cup title in 2025, a record number of T20I wins as captain, four Asia Cup triumphs, the milestone of captaining 150 T20Is and a historic Test victory at Lord’s. She now returns to playing cricket.
Pistons Newcomer Sets Tone Early After Altercation With Suns Enforcer
A Pistons newcomer set the tone early after a heated altercation with Dillon Brooks led to a lengthy review and two penalties. The post Pistons Newcomer Sets Tone Early After Altercation With Suns Enforcer appeared first on HEAVY.
James Gunn dispels Wonder Woman casting rumors while roasting Frank Grillo
James Gunn addressed the Adria Arjona-Wonder Woman casting rumors by roasting DC star Frank Grillo. ‘You don’t believe he doesn’t know anything? Exhibit A.’
How a 'superwoman' who plays pro tackle football has built a flag football powerhouse
During the fall, Rachel Karos coaches Willowbrook flag football. Come spring, she is a professional tackle football player in the WNFC.
Senate GOP smashing political spending records in TX with ad-buying binge for Paxton
KVII serves the Amarillo, Texas and Panhandle region with local news, sports and weather for the city and surrounding towns, including Canyon, Hereford, Borger, Pampa, Dalhart, Dumas, Childress, Perryton, Clarendon, Texas; Guymon, Oklahoma; and Clovis, Portales, Tucumcari, New Mexico.
Rajasthan Royals star creates history, surpasses Chris Gayle for highest T20 score
Lhuan-dre Pretorius has made T20 cricket history with his phenomenal score of 188 runs off 79 balls while playing for the Titans against the Knights. This feat breaks Chris Gayle's former record of 175 runs, showcasing Pretorius's exceptional talent as he maintained a striking rate of 237.97. His recent century for South Africa further underscores his remarkable consistency and prowess on the field.
Friday Open Thread
This is a slow time of year for baseball news, if your team isn’t in the playoffs. MLB doesn’t like teams to make news during the playoffs, because they want the focus to be on the playoff teams, which is fair. Jameson Taillon is going to have elbow surgery next week. He’s had Tommy John […]
Do the Massillon Tigers play an OHSAA football game tonight?
The unbeaten Massillon Tigers do not play in tonight. Here's what's ahead for the Tigers and where they sit in the OHSAA football playoff picture.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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