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CD Projekt Co-founder, Michał Kiciński, Acquires GOG.com
CD Projekt and GOG.com co-founder, Michał Kiciński (who left CD Projekt in 2010, but has remained involved with the company) now has full ownership of GOG.com.
The brain has a hidden language and scientists just found it
Researchers have created a protein that can detect the faint chemical signals neurons receive from other brain cells. By tracking glutamate in real time, scientists can finally see how neurons process incoming information before sending signals onward. This reveals a missing layer of brain communication that has been invisible until now. The discovery could reshape how scientists study learning, memory, and brain disease.
Staten Island owner of plumbing and HVAC business is recognized for positive attitude, leading by example
For his accomplishments, Eric Campione is being honored with a Louis R. Miller Business Leadership Award, which he will receive in the Established Businessperson category.
Deadline Hollywood
Media and entertainment is seeing a burst of dealmaking from M&A to spinoffs, AI investment and leveraged buyouts, setting the stage for a pivotal 2026. Read more below.
D-10 high school wrestling notebook explores December storylines
One month of the District 10 high school wrestling season is nearly complete. Jeff Uveino's notebook explores five storylines from December.
Kratom and 7-OH products are widely available. They’re also at the heart of a public health debate. : Short Wave
Kratom and 7-OH products are available in many smoke shops. But earlier this year, the FDA recommended certain 7-OH products be scheduled alongside opioids. This isn’t the first time kratom has come under scrutiny. Nearly a decade ago, the DEA wanted to make certain active ingredients in kratom controlled substances. Meaning products would go from being widely available to highly restricted. After a massive wave of protest, the DEA decided not to move forward. Producer Rachel Carlson joins host Emily Kwong to talk about what could happen this time around, and what scientists know – and don’t know – about kratom and 7-OH. Interested in more of the science behind drugs and supplements? Email us your question at shortwave@npr.org.Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave.
Ubisoft is rolling back Rainbow Six Siege servers after being forced to shut them down
Rainbow Six Siege players will have to wait until Ubisoft resolves this major breach that led to a complete server shutdown.
Did the foldable iPhone just get leaked? Seems like it.
YouTuber Jon Prosser is being sued by Apple for his previous leaks. Now he dropped a new one.
We may finally have a way to reverse grey hair | BBC Science Focus Magazine
The hidden trigger behind greying hair may have finally come to light. And it could hold the key to slowing ageing
MongoBleed (CVE-2025-14847) Now Exploited in the Wild: MongoDB Servers at Critical Risk
A high-severity unauthenticated information-leak vulnerability in MongoDB Server, dubbed MongoBleed after the infamous Heartbleed bug, is now being actively exploited in real-world attacks.
Ex-MP Liz McInnes says Westminster politics 'exhausting'
Ms McInnes says being the MP for Heywood and Middleton felt "remote" compared to being a councillor.
Live updates: Trump administration news, Epstein files release
Highlights! Top Prospect Crushes Tyson Nam
A late addition to the 2025 Knockout of the Year conversation has officially arrived. Top prospect Abdul Hussein may have punched his ticket to the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) after brutally knocking former UFC Flyweight Tyson Nam unconscious in the main event of Ice Cage Fighting (IFC) 6 on Fri., Dec. 26, 2025, inside Espoo […]
Russian Business Leaders Ask Putin to Ease Wave of Nationalizations
Russian business leaders have appealed to President Vladimir Putin to rein in a wave of state asset seizures that has affected factories, ports and major corporations worth more than 4 trillion rubles ($43 billion), the Kommersant business daily reported.
Charleston's top business stories of 2025
A $9 billion AI investment from Google, a snapback at Boeing South Carolina and the final year-round Carnival cruise from downtown Charleston were among the biggest headlines of the past year.
Business express concern about Ohio’s THC beverage regulations change
Governor DeWine previously signed Senate Bill 56 that banned all weed products from being sold outside licensed dispensaries.
Seeing Sound For Under $200
There are five general senses: touch for feels, taste for food, smell for avoiding trash, hearing for sounds, and, of course, eyesight for visualizing the very waves making up that sound. [Plasmatr…
A-Mountain Sports will 'conclude' being NMSU NIL collective
To "remain competitive in the new collegiate athletics landscape", NMSU says A-Mountain Sports will cease being its official NIL collective.
Allegheny County implementing involuntary outpatient mental health care services
Officials were motivated by people's calls for helping someone before they reach the legal threshold of being a danger to themselves or others.
Mark Perry to stay at Kentucky
The longtime Wildcats staffer, Mark Perry, will remain in Lexington as Will Stein builds his Kentucky football staff.
NVIDIA’s RTX 5080 Is Now Being Sold in a “Chunky” 32GB VRAM Configuration in China, Gobbling Up GDDR7 Modules for AI Workloads
The Chinese GPU industry is selling modded GeForce RTX 5080s, which feature twice the memory compared to the GPUs' initial specifications.
Rainbow Six Siege Is Being Hacked, As Players Are Gifted 2 Billion Credits, While Ban Logs Are Spammed With Digs At Ubisoft
Content creators urge players to stay offline until the problem has been resolved, given the extent of the breach.
Rainbow Six Siege hacked as attackers give players billions of in-game currency – Ubisoft responds
Rainbow Six Siege players are reporting a major ongoing exploit that has resulted in mass account bans and billions of R6 Credits being added to accounts unexpectedly.
Vivek Ramaswamy is rebranding himself
Vivek Ramaswamy barreled into politics as a flame-thrower willing to offend just about anyone. He declared America was in a “cold cultural civil war,” denied the existence of white supremacists, and referred to one of his rivals as “corrupt.” Two years later, Ramaswamy says he wants to be “conservative without being combative.”
'Embarrass them': Trump urges DOJ to out any Dems in Epstein files
“The Dems are the ones who worked with Epstein," Trump said in a Dec. 26 social media post. “Release all of their names, embarrass them.”
Board Channels: AMD and NVIDIA GPU price hikes may reach AIB cards in Jan-Feb 2026
It looks like GPU price hikes are just about to start According to the post Board Channels, board partners (AIBs) are being prepped for price increases
Health Beat: The benefits of creatine
But if you’re not seeing the results you want in the gym, Cleveland Clinic says this supplement can help.
petgugu to Showcase Its AI-Driven Pet Health Ecosystem at CES 2026, Featuring the World’s First Self-Flushing Smart Cat Toilet
LAS VEGAS, Dec. 26, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- petgugu, a leading pet technology company focused on AI- and robotics-enabled intelligent care systems, will introduce its full AI Pet Health Ecosystem at CES 2026 (January 6–9, 2026), at Booth 53162 in the Venetian Expo Halls A–D. The ecosystem is designed to help families better understand and manage their pets’ well-being through continuous monitoring, data insights, and automated hygiene technologies. AI Pet Health Ecosystem: A Data-Driven Framewo
Samsung Smart TV Owners Get Hundreds Of Channels For Free - Here's How
With the preinstalled Samsung TV Plus app, you can access nearly 700 live TV channels and over 1,000 movies, including exclusive content, for free.
Jay Glazer: Maxx Crosby Left Raiders Facility After They Wanted to Shut Him Down
DE Maxx Crosby left the Raiders' facility after disagreeing with the team's plan to shut him down, per FOX Sports' Jay Glazer.
My 65-year-old mom is healthy, but she started purging her stuff. Being part of the process is helping me learn about my family.
My mom began Swedish death cleaning to prepare for the future — but what she really gave me was peace, connection, and understanding.
Small businesses sound the alarm as inflation, high rates crush Main Street
‘The Big Money Show’ panel discusses whether small businesses are being squeezed by inflation, high borrowing costs and corporate dominance as Wall Street profits soar and bankruptcies on Main Street hit record highs.
4 people injured in overnight shooting at San Jose business, police say
San Jose police say that four people were injured in a shooting at a business overnight and are currently being treated at the hospital.
Bay Area group trying to expand access to health insurance
Wellness event is happening on December 29, 2025 in San Jose. Lucy Hernandez, spokesperson for Bay Area Community Health appeared on Mornings on 2, to discuss the services being offered, and the timeliness of this end-of-the-year event.
Small Town Politics: WALB investigates allegations of election fraud; several South Georgia counties being investigated by the state elections board
Across South Georgia, small town politics can divide communities, neighborhoods, and even families. That’s why we are launching a new segment...Dedicated to uncovering and unpacking stories about local corruption, confusion, and conflicts. Beginning in the city of Nicholls where the November election led to a recount.
Try not to smile at these 5 feel-good science stories from 2025 | BBC Science Focus Magazine
We run down five of the best good-news science stories from 2025 – from beating ageing to uncovering the distant Universe
A Healthy Gut Could Improve Mental Health
New research explores the gut-brain connection, suggesting that improving gut health may enhance mental well-being.
Deceiving US experts; proving Einstein wrong: 2025 China science breakthroughs
From the detonation of a hydrogen-based explosive to ending a century-old debate, here are some of the major science developments of the year.
Code Vein II character trailer
Bandai Namco has released a new trailer for Code Vein II introducing character Valentin Voda.
Stardew Valley Nintendo Switch 2 Edition Out Now With Mouse Controls, Local Split-Screen, And More
With Game Share, you only need one copy to play with friends.
Court: consultant liable after bad advice dooms laundry business
A southern Israel man hired a financial consultant after seeing Facebook ads, paying 200,000 shekels for his services; the business collapsed within months, and a court ruled the consultant was negligent
Why Being a Black, Female Science Teacher Matters So Much to Students Who Look Like Me
Educator's view: Diversity in teaching and STEM is not just about who stands at the front of the classroom, but about who kids believe they can become
Ohio Hills Health Center Receives Grant To Expand Dental Services in Belmont County
Ohio Hills Health Centers recently received a grant through the Delta Dental Foundation to purchase dental equipment to expand the scope of services which will include extractions and endodontic procedures such as root canals. “OHHC is extremely grateful to the Delta Dental Foundation for this funding which allows us to purchase additional dental equipment to […]
I cofounded my AI startup while on paternity leave. Here's how I balance work and being a dad.
Aaron Cannon thought up his startup, Outset, while on paternity leave. As his kid has grown up, so has the company.
I went from consulting to being the CEO of Pittsburgh's airport. Here's what passengers don't see.
Christina Cassotis went from consulting to the CEO of a major airport. Here's how she got there and what passengers don't see.
Major food chains are reinventing themselves. We ranked their efforts to see who's winning the Great Restaurant Reset.
Many restaurant chains have been undergoing rebranding efforts this year. Business Insider ranked each effort in order of effectiveness.
Hidden Gems 2025: The Best New Games You Might Never Have Heard Of
With more games than ever being released, it's easy for terrific games to slip past many people. Here are a bunch of our favorites from 2025.
Belvidere business owner donates leftover toy drive gifts to children in need
A Belvidere business owner says seeing children smile is what motivates her to keep giving back.
Charlie Loves Science: Reindeer food
Santa’s reindeer will be hard at work tonight, so be sure to leave them something yummy
So This Is Why Trump Didn’t Want to Release the Epstein Files
The latest batch includes many new references to Trump—and enough ammunition for Congress to keep pressing.
DOJ says it may need a ‘few more weeks’ to finish releasing Epstein files
More than a million more documents could be relevant to the Epstein case
DOJ says it may need a ‘few more weeks’ to finish releasing Epstein files
More than a million more documents could be relevant to the Epstein case
DOJ says it has found over a million additional documents potentially related to Epstein
The Justice Department on Wednesday said it has uncovered over a million more documents potentially related to the Jeffrey Epstein case and may need “a few more weeks” to process and release them to the public.
Ukrainian soldiers have incredible tactical patience and are far happier moving slowly than the British military
The Ukrainians are "are very happy being slow" as they know they need to secure everything, a British military officer told BI.
Timothée Chalamet insisted on being spanked for real by Kevin O'Leary in 'Marty Supreme'
Timothée Chalamet took the full force of Kevin O'Leary's paddle whacks during a spanking scene in "Marty Supreme" and refused to use a stand-in.
Apple Discontinued These 25 Products This Year
With the end of 2025 near, the time has come to look back at the devices and accessories that Apple discontinued throughout the year. Most of the products that were discontinued this year were simply replaced by a new model with an updated chip. However, the iPhone SE line was entirely discontinued when the iPhone 16e launched, and the iPhone Plus line is being phased out. Below, we have listed 25 products that were discontinued by Apple this year.
Exciting changes on our innovation team
Brad Davis and Debbie Strong are both being elevated to Deputy Executive Editor on Business Insider's Innovation team.
Mass. health officials warn of possible measles exposure in multiple locations
Health officials are issuing a warning about possible measles exposure in multiple locations in Massachusetts. The state Department of Public Health announced Wednesday that an out-of-state visitor who spent time in Boston and Westborough earlier this month was diagnosed with measles and visited multiple locations which could have resulted in other people being exposed to the virus. Health officials said…
2025 NFL Week 17 Best Bets, Expert Picks: Back Broncos, Bears in Key Road Games
The stakes are high in NFL Week 17, and Geoff Schwartz is back with his best bets, featuring a few squads that are eyeing the postseason.
Bruins Labeled Top Trade Destination For Veteran Forward
The Boston Bruins find themselves in the middle of their worst stretch of hockey in the 2025-26 campaign, as they have lost their last four games, with their two most recent defeats seeing them lose 6-2 to both the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Canadiens. Still, the B’s remain in the thick of the playoff hunt […]
Disabled veteran claims N.J. sheriff’s office turned on him after mental health crisis
A disabled Air Force veteran claims the department continued retaliatory actions even after a state commission ordered his reinstatement.
Madeleine’s Shin Splint Scare Leads to Leg-Saving Play at MU Health Care
Madeleine cherished the camaraderie of college soccer, but recurring injuries — including a chronic stress fracture in her right tibia — ultimately ended her career and required surgery during Thanksgiving break in 2022. A surgical complication involving a nerve block caused severe damage, leading her surgeon to refer her to MU Health Care’s Limb Preservation Program.
After decades in St. Paul, trailblazing lawmakers reflect on what’s changed for women in politics
Sens. Sandy Pappas and Ann Rest watched as women went from being relegated to the sidelines to leading caucuses and top committees at the Capitol.
Blackstone's CTO explains how he uses his 35-minute subway ride to stay sharp and upskill
John Stecher reads about technology in another industry on his daily subway ride to work and spends his weekends being hands-on with tools.
6 charts to show your family when they ask why you don't have a new job
From the highest unemployment in years to job switchers seeing more modest raises than years past, charts show how the job market fared in 2025.
‘It’s perpetuated this news cycle’: Frustration mounts in Trump’s orbit about messaging on latest Epstein documents
When the Justice Department released a first batch of Jeffrey Epstein files on Friday that included photographs of former President Bill Clinton, White House officials raced to amplify the importance of the new documents.
Augusta business gives away toys despite delayed opening
An Augusta business gave away toys to kids in the community one night before Christmas Eve, despite not being able to open this holiday season.
Scientists Released Caged Mice Into The Wild, And an Incredible Thing Happened
This may have implications for humans.
Jeffrey Epstein's wills listed former bank CEOs and other Wall Street figures as possible estate executors
Jeffrey Epstein's wills named figures like Larry Summers and Jes Staley as possible executors, DOJ files show.
Advancing the America First Global Health Strategy Through Landmark Bilateral Global Health MOUs - United States Department of State
On December 22 and 23, the United States signed four additional new, landmark global health Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) with Madagascar, Sierra Leone, Botswana, and Ethiopia, reinforcing U.S. leadership that delivers measurable results for the American people and puts America First by directly countering global infectious disease threats and reducing foreign dependence on U.S. taxpayers. […]
Redacted Material in Some Epstein Files Is Easily Recovered
The ease of recovering information that was not properly redacted digitally suggests that at least some of the documents released by the Justice Department were hastily censored.
Sitting out the $1.7 billion Powerball? Let these stats about just how unlikely winning is comfort you
The chances of winning the Powerball Grand Prize is much smaller than being struck by lightening, killed in a shark attack, or born on a Leap Day.
Analysis: Extreme redactions undercut Epstein files release
Rather than settling matters, the government’s release of the Epstein files has had the opposite effect.
Death certificates reveal new information about Rob Reiner and wife Michele's deaths
The death certificates for Rob Reiner and Michele Singer Reiner have revealed new information about the timeline of the filmmakers' deaths.
Trump appears in new batch of Epstein documents
The Justice Department released a new batch of documents from Epstein investigation. President Donald Trump’s name is mentioned many times in the documents, including in references to flight records related to Epstein’s private plane. Authorities have not accused Trump of criminal wrongdoing related to Epstein. CNN’s Marshall Cohen reports.
4 takeaways from the latest batch of the Epstein files
The Justice Department has released a new batch of documents related to convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein – documents that include many more mentions of President Donald Trump than last week’s dump.
The Heinz History Center is renaming its sports museum to honor Franco Harris
It’s been 53 years to the day since Franco Harris hauled in the Immaculate Reception and carried the ball into the end zone at Three Rivers Stadium. In...
Science funding was hit in 2025. What does that mean for the future? : Consider This from NPR
2025 was a hard year for science. The Trump administration upended federal funding for all kinds of scientific pursuits, slashing budgets across agencies like NASA, NIH and NOAA. NPR's Rob Stein and Katia Riddle spoke to scientists and officials who worry that those cuts could cause the United States to lose its competitive edge as a global hub for research and innovation, and steer future generations away from careers in science. For sponsor-free episodes of Consider This, sign up for Consider This+ via Apple Podcasts or at plus.npr.org. Email us at considerthis@npr.org.This episode was produced by Michael Levitt, with audio engineering by Zo vanGinhoven. It was edited by Sarah Handel, Scott Hensley and Amina Khan. Our executive producer is Sami Yenigun.
Rep. Harriet Hageman, who defeated Liz Cheney, announces run for Wyoming Senate seat
Wyoming’s lone U.S. representative is running for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Cynthia Lummis, who isn’t seeking re-election.
Harriet Hageman announces run for Wyoming Senate seat
Wyoming’s lone U.S. representative is running for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Cynthia Lummis, who isn’t seeking re-election.
Shake Shack rolls out health-oriented menu
The ‘Good Fit’ lineup of curated items focuses on protein while also offering low-carb, vegetarian, and gluten-free options
After 70 years of business, Circle Furniture is closing its doors
On Tuesday morning, employees received an email confirming they’re being laid off.
All of the Power, None of the Fun
Being a GOP member of Congress in the Trump era is pretty miserable.
Latest Epstein files name Trump multiple times
In the more than 10,000 files released Tuesday, Jeffrey Epstein’s brother, Mark Epstein, said the sex trafficker was killed because he was going to name co-conspirators.
I'm 'Shark Tank' investor Kevin O'Leary. I wake up at 5 a.m. with no alarm and refuse to answer emails.
"Shark Tank" and "Marty Supreme" star Kevin O'Leary explains his daily routine, which includes eating protein, biking, taking naps, and avoiding email.
Your roommate’s genes may be shaping your gut bacteria
Scientists studying thousands of rats discovered that gut bacteria are shaped by both personal genetics and the genetics of social partners. Some genes promote certain microbes that can spread between individuals living together. When researchers accounted for this social sharing, genetic influence on the microbiome turned out to be much stronger than previously thought. The study suggests genes can affect others indirectly, without DNA ever being exchanged.
Nine mental-health tips for a happier 2026
Regardless of any resolutions you may have for 2026, one thing is for sure: Everyone wants to have a happy new year.While losing weight or saving money may be great goals, the most straightforward path to happiness is caring for your mental and emotional health. A robust body of research shows that simple cognitive and behavioral strategies can reliably boost happiness and reduce stress – and they’re generally free and accessible to all.These strategies don’t have to be super time-consuming, but they do require intention: They only work if you do them.Here, psychologist Valentina Ogaryan, PhD, clinical director of the Simms/Mann UCLA Center for Integrative Oncology, shares her top tips for cultivating more calm, centeredness and happiness in the new year (or anytime):Make time for playPlay isn’t just for kids, and it’s far from frivolous. The National Institute for Play says engaging in silliness, fun and just-for-pleasure activities reduces stress and increases optimism and resilience. A recent review also found that play improves mental health.“Adults can benefit from play as much as children,” Dr. Ogaryan says, “not just as a reward, but something that helps regulate.”So go ahead and dance with your dog, build something with Legos, tell a joke, sing karaoke or do anything else that feels like fun. Don’t worry about being productive, just enjoy yourself. And, if you can, opt for more analog play, Dr. Ogaryan suggests, as a respite from our ever-more-digital world. Move your bodyWhether you dance, ski, do yoga, play pickleball, ride a bike, roller-skate, hike or lift weights, physical movement benefits overall happiness and well-being. A 2018 review study of more than 1.2 million adults in the U.S. found that doing any kind of exercise was “significantly and meaningfully associated” with better self-reported mental health.The sweet spot was 45 minutes of movement three to five times a week, but even short bursts of physical activity can boost brain health, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.“Movement helps support mood and regulate the nervous system,” Dr. Ogaryan says.Plus: exercise can improve sleep quality, and sleep is essential for mental health.Prioritize sleep“Sleep plays a major role in managing stress,” Dr. Ogaryan says. Research shows that lack of sufficient sleep increases the risk of various diseases, including depression.While stress can interfere with sleep, practicing good sleep hygiene can make logging ZZ’s easier. That means maintaining a consistent bedtime; keeping the bedroom cool, dark and quiet; and avoiding social media, news and stimulating shows before bed.Consume lessWe live in a consumer culture, inundated by endless streams of content and advertising everywhere we go, which makes it easy to get overstimulated.“Something really helpful for stress reduction is to simply consume less,” Dr. Ogaryan says – less news, less social media, less information, less noise, less screen time. “It’s about reducing the input,” she says.Consider setting a maximum number of news articles per day, for example, or a time limit on scrolling. Maybe even go device free for an afternoon or a whole day.Practice present-moment awarenessWith so much coming at us all the time, focusing on the here and now can make life feel more manageable, Dr. Ogaryan says: “When everything feels super overwhelming, when everything feels larger than life, let’s make our world a little bit smaller for that moment in time.”She suggests taking things one day, or even one hour, at a time. Ask yourself: What’s my next right action? Release the need to know how everything turns out and liberate yourself from having to handle everything right now. Let the future take care of itself and just focus on the current moment. Then the next one. Have a daily anchorFrom work to the daily commute to family and life responsibilities, our days can feel jam-packed. Dr. Ogaryan recommends creating a centering daily anchor that can fit into even the busiest day.Maybe it’s a 10-minute walk during your lunch break or mindfully enjoying your coffee in the morning. Let your anchor adapt to your needs each day, she says, but be intentional about using that time to ground yourself and calm your nervous system. You might even say to yourself, “I choose this walk to help me become centered,” or “My day already feels stressful, so I’m going to take the next 10 minutes to enjoy this cup of coffee, feel the warm mug in my hand and just be present.” Having an anchor won’t erase the busy-ness from your day, but it will allow you to approach it more calmly.Be kind to yourselfMost of us have a harsh inner critic in our heads who works overtime. But that critical voice only increases our stress, triggering the same fight-or-flight response as caustic words from another person.To feel happier, we need to replace that inner critic with a kinder, more compassionate voice, Dr. Ogaryan says. Studies show that self-compassion is a source of eudaimonic happiness – the kind of happiness associated with purpose and meaning in life.While our knee-jerk reaction may be to self-criticize – “How could you let it get to this point? You didn’t manage your time well and now the project is going to be late. You’re so inept.” – we fare better mentally by treating ourselves with kindness, like we would a friend. That might sound like, “You’ve got a lot on your plate, but you are capable and you’ll get it done. I believe in you.”We may think that speaking kindly to ourselves means letting ourselves off the hook, so we end up becoming lazy do-nothings. But research shows the opposite: People who are self-compassionate are more likely to try harder in the face of failure and ultimately reach their goals.You can thank your inner critic for its good intentions, but resolve to talk to yourself in a kind, compassionate voice.Connect with othersHumans are social animals built for connection. Stress can be isolating and cause us to withdraw, but connecting with others is a salve for the psyche, Dr. Ogaryan says.“We know that not all relationships are always easy, but if we can think about intentional, nourishing connection – even in really small doses – it could really help center us,” she says.Take a moment to laugh with your colleagues, hug your pet, have a conversation with a friend or smile at the barista making your coffee. A study found that even tiny interactions with casual acquaintances and strangers decreases loneliness and improves happiness and well-being.Seek supportIf you try these practices and happiness remains elusive, or if you can’t access the wherewithal to follow these tips, seek support from your physician or a therapist. Mental health conditions are among the most common health issues in the U.S. and around the world – more prevalent than diabetes or heart disease. One in five people in the U.S. experiences a mental illness each year, with depression and anxiety the most common, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.“We can all think about these tips,” Dr. Ogaryan says. “But it’s important to recognize if you’ve done everything you can and you’re still really struggling, it’s really important to seek help.”
The disunity of science is a feature, not a bug
Mathematical models wield miraculous power, but mistaking them for reality has trapped science in a destructive quest for a “Theory of Everything.” Physicist and philosopher Ragner Fjelland argues that this leads to bloated, Frankenstein theories kept alive by clumsy, ad-hoc amendments, which reduce rather than boost science’s power. Fjelland calls for a radical shift in our attitude: we must reorientate towards creating entirely new theories, celebrating rather than lamenting disunity and diversity in science. Science, from the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day, has more or less developed in a “reductionist” way. The fundamental assumption is that all sciences may be ordered in a hierarchy that can be represented as an upside-down pyramid. At the top we find the human sciences, and at the bottom physics. Strong (or “ontological”) reductionism maintains that all theories at one level can be completely reduced to the lower level, all the way down to theories of atoms and elementary particles, or whatever is “at the bottom.” In the end, all diversity in the world can be unified in one fundamental theory. Hence it is called a final theory, or a Theory of Everything.One of the central figures in developing the idea of a Theory of Everything is the Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft, who received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 for his work. He emphasizes the non-empirical status of the theory:There exists no closely resembling alternative theory. This means that any slight change brought about in the rules would make the theory unlikely or inelegant. The theory will be a "package deal": take it, or leave it. This should hold both for the local laws and for the boundary conditions.This endeavor is not new. On the contrary, it goes all the way back to the birth of Western philosophy 2,500 years ago. The Babylonians made regular astronomical observations during a period of 600 years, from 747 BCE until 150 ACE. They developed mathematical techniques to predict astronomical phenomena, but they made no attempts at explaining them. However, the Greeks developed models, both material and theoretical, to explain the observed phenomena.The best example is Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. Here he introduces a divine craftsman, the Demiurge, who has constructed the universe according to an original plan. Plato seems to have thought that the original plan is what is actually real, while the material world is merely an imperfect realization of it. He therefore does not, in the Timaeus, reconstruct the material universe, but the original plan, which can then be used to explain the material universe.Plato’s aim in producing a theoretical model is to reconstruct the original plan. That is what he carries out in Timaeus—and some modern physicists have embarked on the same project. For example, Einstein’s basic attitude is reflected in the title of Abraham Pais’ biography: “Subtle is the Lord...,” echoing Einstein’s comment, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not.” In an interview Einstein compared our situation to a child who enters a huge library. The child knows that someone has written the books, but he does not know the languages in which they are written. He suspects that there is a mysterious order, but he does not know what it is.___“We have all been working in what Husserl called the Galilean style; that is, we have all been making abstract mathematical models of the universe to which at least the physicists give a higher degree of reality than they accord the ordinary world of sensation.”Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)___This Platonist view is contrary to a widespread impression of science, symbolized by the picture of the “father” of modern science, Galileo Galilei, with his telescope. According to this impression, Galileo liberated himself from the dominating metaphysics of his day—basically Aristotelian philosophy—and constructed a telescope that he directed towards the sky, showing that Jupiter has four moons. He also performed experiments with bronze balls rolling down inclined planes and found the law of freely falling bodies.However, in other cases Galileo emphasized the unreliability of our senses. It is easy to see why. He defended Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, we are not at rest at the center of the universe, but moving at a tremendous speed through space. Why don’t we observe this motion? Galileo praises Copernicus because “with reason as his guide he resolutely continued to affirm what sensible experience seemed to contradict.” In other places he directly refers to Plato. SUGGESTED VIEWING The quest for a final theory With Michio Kaku Galileo’s Platonism goes back to his early writings. In The Assayer, published as early as 1623, Galileo compared the universe to a grand book that is written in the language of mathematics, and “its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.” Therefore, things that cannot be described by mathematics—for example, colors, smells and odors—are not real. They are merely subjective.This division into subjective and objective, advocated by Galileo and his younger contemporary René Descartes, is normally associated with a mechanistic world view, which is regarded as the opposite of Platonism. When we reduce something to, for example, molecules and atoms, we move “downwards.” In contrast, the Platonist moves “upwards,” to abstract entities. However, it only shows that when we address fundamental questions, we should be careful in applying everyday spatial metaphors like “up” and “down.”___Nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world.___The endeavor of finding a Theory of Everything has been heavily criticized. In 2006, the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin published “The Crisis in Fundamental Physics.” He argued that one of the most fundamental principles of science is that we should only regard theories as scientific if we have the possibility to show that they are false by experiments. Although he did not refer to Karl Popper, other critics have referred to Popper and argued that a theory is not scientific if it cannot be falsified (see for example Ellis & Silk 2014).These were not the first physicists to be anti-reductionists. In 1972, the journal Science published an article by the physicist Philip Anderson with the title “More Is Different.” This is the kind of article a scientist would normally write only after he has won a Nobel Prize. However, Anderson won the Nobel Prize for physics five years later, in 1977. The article is amazing, not primarily because it argues in favor of anti-reductionism in general, but because it argues for anti-reductionism within physics itself. Anderson’s conclusion was:At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry.We may say that Plato started the “unity of science movement,” based on Euclidean geometry as the model of all knowledge. A distinguishing mark of geometry is that all possible constructions can be reduced to a few fundamental principles. We have to acknowledge that this approach has limitations. In general, we can easily model technological systems. In addition, we may construct simplified and idealized models that capture important aspects of systems, from various perspectives and for various purposes. But nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world. In a complex system, each level has its distinct, emergent, properties that are characteristic of this level. Therefore, a complex system should be investigated at different levels and from different perspectives. Instead of exclusively pursuing a scientific ideal based on the unity of science, we should acknowledge the diversity—or even the disunity—of science.
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