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iCloud+ just rolled out an improved perk for subscribers
iCloud+ includes a lot more than additional storage, and one of the service’s perks for subscribers—custom email domains—just got even better.
Rockstar Explains How It Actually Makes A Game Like GTA 6
Working on one chunk at a time, for years and years and years, apparently
Noreen Killen Named Interim CEO at Mid-America Science Museum
Noreen Killen has been named interim CEO of Mid-America Science Museum, effective as of Oct. 3. The Hot Springs museum is conducting a
Courtland Sutton with another dreadful day
Denver Broncos WR Courtland Sutton had just one catch for four yards on six targets in Week 4.
Barcelona superstar set for salary raise as per prior agreement
Lamine Yamal’s start to the new season has been astonishing, and the player is operating at a level that any normal teenager should not even be able to dream of.He is, at this point, one of the best...
FSU data scientist receives NSF CAREER Award to develop AI model to analyze complex numerical data at scale
A Florida State University artificial intelligence and data scientist has earned one of the most prestigious early career faculty awards to develop a new
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, who served as House speaker longer than any other Republican but later was sent to prison in a hush-money case, has died. The Kendall County, Illinois, coroner said
You Might Need to Replace Your iPhone 18 Pro Max
Some iPhone 18 Pro Max users cannot connect to AT&T's networks. If that's your experience, you'll likely need to swap out the entire device.
Extinct ice age bovine discovered in Siberian cave
Bone fragments show this yak-like animal likely went extinct about 27,000 years ago.
🚨 Golden Boy 2026: the official list of 25 finalists
The whiz kids.From 100 to 25. On Monday evening, the official list of 25 finalists for the 2026 Golden Boy award was unveiled by Italian sports outlet Tuttosport, which organizes the event and the awa...
Play USA TODAY's College Football Shuffle
Solve the shuffled words, match each one to the right headline and see how well you know the week in college football.
CD Projekt Red Isn’t Done With The Witcher 3 Remastered, Lining Up PS5 Performance Fixes After Two Quick Patches
CD Projekt Red details upcoming The Witcher 3 Remastered fixes, performance patches, and cross-platform mod support.
‘A five-alarm fire’ confronts President Trump in red-state October blitz
The midterm elections were just two days away the last time a sitting president visited Grand Island, the fourth-largest city in the middle of one of the nation’s most reliably Republican states.
1 person in Hamilton County infected with West Nile virus, health department says
One person has been diagnosed with contracting West Nile virus, the first confirmed case in Hamilton County in 2026.
Soldiers wounded in Iranian drone strike say military medical system failed them
The attack on the second day of the U.S. war with Iran killed six troops and injured dozens
How former Cyclones performed in Week 4 of the NFL
Ten former Cyclones made appearances in Week 4 of the NFL and played a combined 543 snaps on offense, defense and special teams. Breece Hall – New York Jets Hall did not play against the Chicago Bears due to a quad injury sustained during the Lions game in week three. Jake Hummel – Houston Texans Hummel […]
DAI Closes HCA Hospice, Home Health Transaction
Deaconess Associations Incorporated (DAI) has closed its acquisition of 31 home health and hospice agencies from HCA Healthcare (NYSE: HCA).
Tomball Regional Health Foundation’s support for Lone Star College System approaches $2.5 million
Just two years after graduating from Lone Star College-Tomball with an associate degree in nursing, Petronila Arrey
50th annual Arkansas Rice Festival slated
It was 1976 and the United States was turning 200 years old. Festivities were planned in nearly every city and town across the country and one of the celebrations was...
Carlos Rodón has earned the Yankees’ Game 3 ball
New York has not announced its Game 3 starter. Aaron Boone has said Carlos Rodón lines up for Game 3 […]
Livelong Women’s Health Summit Builds Momentum for 2027 Expansion
The Livelong Women's Health Summit brought together consumers, clinicians, researchers, and health experts for conversations spanning menopause, strength and performance, brain health, nutrition, hormones, and the science of aging. The Health & Fitness Association (HFA) served as a sponsor for the event.
What does Spain's snap election mean for the EU?
Spain's snap election on 29 November could cost progressive European forces their last government in a large member state, tilting EU power towards the right and pushing socialists into opposition mode.
Anyone can listen to PENN Entertainment's Q3 call on Nov. 5.
PENN will post results at 7 a.m. ET, then hold a 9 a.m. ET call and simultaneous webcast; a replay will be available for 30 days on its website.
Former House Speaker Dennis Hastert dies at age 84
The Kendall County, Illinois, coroner said Monday that Hastert died of natural causes over the weekend
More than a prescription: Removing barriers so patients can get back to living
See how integrated specialty pharmacy support helped one patient overcome treatment barriers and get back to the moments that matter most.
Top Workplaces 2026: Wemert Group named top workplace for small businesses
Orlando-based real estate brokerage Wemert Group Realty has been named one of the Orlando Sentinel’s top workplaces in Central Florida among small businesses, meaning it has 100 or fewer employees.
Supreme Court declines First Amendment case of students forced to remove ‘Let’s Go Brandon’ sweatshirts
The Supreme Court on Monday declined to take up a First Amendment appeal from two middle school students who were ordered to remove sweatshirts emblazoned with the words “Let’s Go Brandon,” steering clear of a case that could have clarified the power schools have to police potentially offense speech in the classroom.
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, who served as House speaker longer than any other Republican but later was sent to prison in a hush-money case, has died.
Dennis Hastert, longtime Republican House speaker who went to prison, dies at age 84
Dennis Hastert, who served as House speaker longer than any other Republican but later was sent to prison in a hush-money case, has died.
Some mental health providers hoping to serve Lane County's Oregon Health Plan members say they’re facing barriers
Aspire is one of a few healthcare providers in Lane County that told KLCC they want to – but haven’t been able to – get a contract with Lane County's Medicaid insurer Trillium. That’s left Aspire without access to its target population, and other providers considering scaling back their services.
HOMETOWN HEALTH: Are you protected against measles? fifth U.S. death reported
One of the largest national medical organizations in the United States has a message it wants people to hear.
Community health fair provides one-stop shop for Arlington families
Arlington's third annual community health fair brought crowds to Carlin Springs Elementary School over the weekend. From flu shots and eye exams to bike giveaways and tips for healthier eating, the event hosted by the Kiwanis Club of Arlington and VHC Health offered a one-stop shop for families. "It's a lot of fun on a
Democrats project a party milestone in Congress: 100 women in the House
Democrats are projecting they could have as many as 113 women in their ranks next year.
Michael Douglas on 'immortality,' Kirk Douglas and the memories he once avoided
Michael Douglas, the award-winning actor and producer, recently turned 82 and has released a memoir titled “One Helluva Ride.” | 830 WCCO
Michael Douglas on 'immortality,' Kirk Douglas and the memories he once avoided
Michael Douglas, the award-winning actor and producer, recently turned 82 and has released a memoir titled “One Helluva Ride.” | WWJ Newsradio 950
DeSean Bishop Is the X-Factor Arkansas Must Contain
Arkansas knows exactly where Tennessee’s offensive plan begins. It begins with DeSean Bishop. The Volunteers running back enters Fayetteville after one of the best performances in the country this season. Bishop rushed 34 times for 220 yards and three touchdowns in Tennessee’s 24-14 win over Auburn, turning a game with quarterback uncertainty into a statement …
Chelsea is leading Arsenal in the race for England international
New England star Alex Scott is one of the most sought-after players in European football, and Arsenal wants to add him to its squad.The Bournemouth midfielder has established himself as an outstanding...
Nations League: the chances of reaching the quarter-finals 👀
Are Les Bleus in a strong position?In this edition of the Nations League, as in the previous one, the group stage will be followed by quarter-finals.The top two teams in each of the four groups will q...
Eurozone business activity grows at fastest pace in 41 months in September
Private sector growth accelerates as demand improves, while input costs, selling prices rise at fastest rates since May | Anadolu
DCCC Jumps Into PA-01 Contest With Coordinated TV Ad For Harvie
How important is the 1st Congressional District race between Rep. Brian Fitzpatrick and Bucks County commissioner Bob Harvie to Democrats? For the first time in six years, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) is making an investment in PA-01 with a coordinated TV ad for the Harvie campaign. Entitled "A…
Detroit Lions vs. Arizona Cardinals Point Spread Revealed
The Detroit Lions are favored on the road against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 5. Check out the latest FanDuel point spread, moneyline and total.
Yankees draw baseball’s hottest September arm in Game 2
The Yankees got one hit Saturday. Their reward for trying to even the series Monday is a starter who allowed […]
Eagles’ 14-Year NFL Veteran Gets Honest On ‘Overwhelming’ Start
Week 4 against the Los Angeles Rams served as the second game for Zach Ertz’s second stint with the Philadelphia Eagles. It was the first time Ertz donned Eagles green at home in South Philly in years. As expected, there was a lot of love shown to Ertz when he scooped up his first catch […] The post Eagles’ 14-Year NFL Veteran Gets Honest On ‘Overwhelming’ Start appeared first on HEAVY.
CD Cuarte, the first opponent in the Copa del Rey
Girona FC will visit CD Cuarte, an Aragonese team from the Tercera Federación, in the match corresponding to the first round of the 2026/2027 Copa del Rey. The single-elimination match will be played...
Samsung One UI 9 Rollout: These Galaxy Phones Are Getting Android 17
Samsung’s One UI 9 rollout is expanding. See which Galaxy phones are getting Android 17, which devices are next, and how to check for the update.
TCL’s paperlike OLED phone made me more excited for the iPhone Duo
Can every manufacturer copy this next please?
Could we one day vaccinate against every cancer?
What science says so far about which cancers can be beat by vaccines — and which will require more creative approaches.
Scientists uncover recurrent patterns within chaotic quantum behavior
Many complex quantum systems rapidly lose the recognizable patterns of their initial states as their components interact. To describe patterns of regular and chaotic motion in specific systems, physicists ...
Qalo SL-1 review: A barebones smart band that's priced like a flagship
Qalo’s first screenless tracker is too expensive for what it is.
Indonesia and China to strengthen science and education cooperation
Indonesia and China plan to expand cooperation in higher education and science to advance innovation and technology adoption.
Building something with your hands — and a career
MakerSpace NYC is one of at least 2,000 community workshops across the country.
Are the Brewers becoming more clutch in the Postseason?
Milwaukee’s ability in game one and two to comeback and win, makes this team feel that much more special
Will Democrats’ midterm wave reach California’s Central Valley? Bernie Sanders rallies the vote
Bernie Sanders rallied hundreds in sweltering Bakersfield heat for Randy Villegas, a progressive long shot in one of the nation's most contested House races.
Science Highlights Six Overlooked Pioneers Who Missed the Nobel Prize in Medicine
The international journal Science has spotlighted six groundbreaking achievements in the life sciences that never received Nobel Prize recognition.…
The Economics of Delta Healthcare
How well is the system? Experts weigh in on status While agriculture rightfully gains most of the headlines when it comes to the Delta’s economy, the role of healthcare in the region cannot be underestimated. Many challenges face healthcare providers in the region and the state recently stepped in to assist. Nonetheless, healthcare leaders in […]
Success Supper Club
Drew native Stafford Shurden is bringing entrepreneurs together to exchange ideas America was built on the backbone of entrepreneurs. Through the centuries, visionary men and women in this country saw opportunities not only to develop and grow a business, but also to forge a path to encourage and inspire others. Drew native, Stafford Shurden […]
The Business of Civility
In an ever-coarsening world where even hosts on the bastion of conservative media, Fox News, are now using profanity on a regular basis, there is still one place where civility is demanded—and usually delivered. And that place is the business community. Whether you’re ordering a meal at McDonald’s or interviewing the wealthy CEO of Mississippi’s […]
Ground Zero Blues Club
A Labor of Love for its Three Managers It is no mystery why Ground Zero Blues Club (GZBC) is one of the most famous blues clubs in the country. It is a genuine juke joint where customers are treated to great live music along with genuine hospitality serving up Southern food favorites like barbecue […]
Instinct users say its AI agent is pushing unsolicited products
Instinct users say the AI agent sent unsolicited shopping picks, raising questions about whether it's monetizing their data.
Anthropic AI agent uses human scientists as tools, emails 1,500 without instructions
ColonistOne, built on Claude Opus, autonomously contacted researchers to troubleshoot bugs and seek methods, raising concerns over academic spam and AI autonomy
Stanford Professor One Of Three Scientists Awarded The Nobel Prize In Medicine
Stanford professor Karl Deisseroth joins Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel as winners of the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on optogenetics.
What Holding Eye Contact While Someone Speaks Really Reveals About Your Psychology, According to Science
You are mid-conversation with a friend, nodding along, and suddenly you wonder: am I looking at them too much? Or not enough? Most of us treat eye contact like an automatic reflex – something we either do or don’t, without thinking twice. But researchers say the way you hold someone’s gaze while they speak is...
Keller on what happens when all politics is actually national
President Trump's Massachusetts numbers and what they mean for GOP candidates
AI game mashup videos on social media spark debate and backlash among players and modders
The Claude-created videos overlay one game on top of another to make a rudimentary ‘mashup’…
Android Auto could soon stop working on millions of phones
Android Auto appears to be preparing another compatibility cutoff, with Android 10 users now being warned that support will end soon.
Swedish regulator temporarily revokes Charm Entertainment AB’s casino licence following investigation
Spelinspektionen issued an interim revocation of Charm Entertainment AB’s licence to operate commercial land-based casino gaming.
Millions return to The Witcher 3 as the Remastered game records another Steam personal best and sales skyrocket
CD Projekt Red's overhaul of The Witcher 3 is pulling players back in their millions, while also attracting plenty of new ones.
Galaxy S25’s stable One UI 9.0 update reaches the USA
Last week, Samsung released the stable version of One UI 9.0 (Android 17) to the Galaxy S25, Galaxy S25+, and the Galaxy S25 Ultra. However, the brand made it a
Kingdom Hearts I-III for Switch 2 should've been a slam dunk, but some games need more work
The inconsistent port quality and issues hold some of these KH games back on Switch 2. Square Enix should've done more.
Game Preview: Winnipeg Jets @ Pittsburgh Penguins 10/5/2026
Who: Winnipeg Jets (1-0-1, 4th place Central Division) @ Pittsburgh Penguins (2-0-0, 1st place Metropolitan Division) When: 7:30 p.m. eastern How to Watch: Locally televised game on Sportsnet Pittsburgh, Sportsnet+ up in Canada, out-of-market streaming on ESPN+ Pens’ Path Ahead: Up next for the Penguins will be two road games against division opponent, Washington on Wednesday […]
NFL winners and losers: Nick Sirianni sucks
The Eagles are in trouble, and one man is to blame.
After success in Ascension with steel plant, Iberville Parish proposes its own industrial zone
Proposed industrial area would abut the RiverPlex MegaPark in Ascension, which has drawn billions in investment and pollution concerns
Look at OpenAI and Anthropic executives' political donations
One AI tech executive’s $25 million gift to a Trump PAC stands out among donations of other top execs.
“We’re in the entertainment business. If someone uses Suno to write a lyric, it’s not a high crime or misdemeanour”: Joe Bonamassa has sympathy for up-and-coming artists using AI to get an edge
But AI ‘artists’ shouldn’t be in the same chart as humans, he says
Florida commissioner’s social media on science standards aims for attention
A roundup of Florida education news from around the state
Florida commissioner’s social media on science standards aims for attention
The big story: When Henry Mack III became Florida’s education commissioner in the summer, public education advocates expressed high hopes for the positive way he kicked things off with school official...
Jobs in health care. Jobs for women. The US labour market is segmenting. Chernobyl’s radiation and Lenin’s love of literature.
Thank you for opening your Chartbook email. Elmer Bischoff, Two Figures at the Seashore, 1957 The only really dynamic job-creator in the US economy is health care: The largest crunch has come in Federal government, which has shed 2.7 m jobs. Source: tchouvkov on Twitter Tech is struggling. [ Joey Politano 🏳️🌈@JosephPolitano The US tech sector continues bleeding jobs in official data released today—overall, employment decreased by 17k last month and is down 69k over the last year That's nearly as bad as the worst of the 2024 tech-cession, and much worse than the 2022 boom or even pre-2020 norms 12:42 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 15.2K Views 15 Replies · 47 Reposts · 390 Likes ](https://x.com/JosephPolitano/status/2106001807847940232?s=20) The new jobs are all for women. [ Justin Wolfers@JustinWolfers I'm not sure who saw this coming, but so far nearly all the jobs created during the second Trump administration have gone to women. 1:09 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 33K Views 70 Replies · 146 Reposts · 644 Likes ](https://x.com/JustinWolfers/status/2106008723533533601?s=20) Meanwhile, real wages are being eaten up by modest over-target inflation. [ Heather Long@byHeatherLong The financial pain is real: Wage growth fell to 3% (y/y) in September. That's the lowest in 5 years. Wage growth: 3% Inflation: ~3.4% Inflation has eaten up all wage gains for the average worker since April. Many people are having to make hard choices about what to buy and what … 1:24 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 37K Views 24 Replies · 275 Reposts · 533 Likes ](https://x.com/byHeatherLong/status/2106012367712620728?s=20) HEY READERS, THANK YOU for opening the Chartbook email. I hope it brightens your day. I enjoy putting out the newsletter, but tbh, what keeps this flow going is the generosity of those readers who clicked the subscription button. If you are persuaded to click, please consider the annual subscription of $60. It is both better value for you and a much better deal for me, as it involves only one credit card charge. Why feed the payments companies if we don’t have to. Subscribe Elmer Bischoff, Bathers, 1960 Americans are disillusioned with higher ed. For contributing subscribers only. Subscribe Where the Chernobyl radiation went. h/t Simon Kuestenmacher aka simongerman600 How Lenin’s love of literature shaped the Russian Revolution - Tariq Ali This, then, was the intellectual atmosphere in which Lenin came of age. His father, a highly cultured conservative, was the chief inspector of schools in his region and much respected as an educationalist. At home, Shakespeare, Goethe and Pushkin, among others, were read aloud on Sunday afternoons. It was impossible for the Ulyanov family – “Lenin” was a pseudonym adopted to outwit the tsarist secret police – to escape high culture. At high school, Lenin fell in love with Latin. His headteacher had high hopes that he might become a philologist and Latin scholar. History willed otherwise, but Lenin’s passion for Latin, and taste for the classics, never left him. He read Virgil, Ovid, Horace and Juvenal in the original, as well as Roman senatorial orations. He devoured Goethe during his two decades in exile, reading and rereading Faust many times. Lenin put his knowledge of the classics to good use in the time leading up to the October revolution of 1917. In April of that year, he broke with Russian social-democratic orthodoxy and, in a set of radical theses, called for a socialist revolution in Russia. A number of his own close comrades denounced him. In a sharp riposte, Lenin quoted Mephistopheles from Goethe’s masterwork: “Theory, my friend, is grey, but green is the eternal tree of life.” Source: The Guardian Elmer Bischoff, The River, 1953 If you’ve scrolled this far, you know you want to click: Subscribe
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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