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Uplifting and Not Ceding Ground on Health Equity Practice Is Critical to Strengthening Public Health and the Health of the Nation

Public health science gains in the last quarter century in the United States have been formidable due to a focus on structural and social determinants of health, thereby enhancing understanding of the role of inequitable policies in shaping health inequities and inequitable access to ameliorative resources.

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Mar 23 • 1:54 PM EDT • Health • milbank.org
2026 Fantasy Baseball ADP Risers: Tigers' prized prospect gaining traction
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Mar 23 • 1:53 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
NRG CEO: Too early to change business models from impacts of war in Iran

Larry Coben, NRG CEO, joins 'The Exchange' to discuss managing NRG amid the energy landscape, pullbacks in energy use and much more.

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Mar 23 • 1:46 PM EDT • Business • cnbc.com
The live-action 'Moana' trailer debuts Dwayne Johnson as Maui — and fans can't stop talking about his hair

The remake of the 2016 animated film hits theaters July 10.

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Mar 23 • 1:42 PM EDT • Entertainment • yahoo.com
Trump says talks are happening. Iran says they’re not. Why a former Trump Iran negotiator says both might be true
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Mar 23 • 1:34 PM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
F1 CEO talks US growth as business accelerates

Formula One (F1) CEO Stefano Domenicali joins Yahoo Finance Executive Editor Brian Sozzi to discuss F1's rapid growth in the US market, new racing regulations, and more. Watch the video above to hear more on the sport's focus on expansion and entertainment.

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Mar 23 • 1:30 PM EDT • Business • finance.yahoo.com
Women's March Madness live updates, scores, results: Alabama leads Louisville in tightly contested first half; UConn, South Carolina, UCLA back in action Monday
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Mar 23 • 1:15 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Thousands in taxpayer funds spent on horse, hair and makeup expenses for Kristi Noem’s Mount Rushmore ad

Tens of thousands of taxpayer dollars were spent on expenses for hair and makeup artists and a horse for the advertisement showcasing outgoing Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem in front of Mount Rushmore, according to invoices seen by CNN.

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Mar 23 • 12:51 PM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
NBA MVP rankings: Luka Dončić is rising, but can anyone take the trophy from Shai Gilgeous-Alexander?
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Mar 23 • 12:49 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Linden Entertainment Signs ‘Your Friends & Neighbors’, ‘Tow’ Director Stephanie Laing

EXCLUSIVE: Linden Entertainment has signed Emmy-winning director, writer, and producer Stephanie Laing for management. Laing is coming off the theatrical release of her new film, Tow, a comedy-drama s...

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Mar 23 • 12:19 PM EDT • Entertainment • yahoo.com
Microsoft-backed startup raises $40 million for advanced chipmaking equipment tech

Lace, a Norway-headquartered chipmaking equipment startup which is backed by Microsoft, has raised $40 million in funding to further develop a technology ‌that could enable significant advances in semiconductor design and manufacturing, the company said on Monday. To make ‌cutting-edge chips, manufacturers such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co and Intel employ a process called lithography that uses light to draw complex circuits ​that form the foundation of advanced artificial intelligence chips. Manufacturers use light-based lithography systems made by the Dutch company ASML - which dominates the market - as they race to shrink chip components and squeeze in more features to boost the computing horsepower on a limited area of silicon.

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Mar 23 • 12:02 PM EDT • Technology • finance.yahoo.com
Southcoast Community’s Choice Awards business spotlight: Perfect Smiles Dentistry

Nominations for the SouthCoast Community's Choice Awards are rolling in! Don't miss your chance to recognize your favorite local businesses.

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Mar 23 • 11:39 AM EDT • Business • yahoo.com
Trump was offered an off-ramp to the DHS shutdown but he didn’t take it

President Donald Trump was presented Sunday with a potential off-ramp to the more than month-long Department of Homeland Security shutdown: fund every part of the department except enforcement operations by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, two sources familiar with the conversations told CNN.

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Mar 23 • 11:33 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
Nominate a Capital Region health care executive who’s making a difference

Who’s running the organizations shaping health care in the Capital Region — and doing it well? That’s the question at the heart of the Outstanding Health Care Executive category in Business Report‘s inaugural Excellence in Health Care Awards. This recognition is for the senior leaders who are making the hard calls, building strong teams and […]

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Mar 23 • 10:27 AM EDT • Health • businessreport.com
Revolutionary Submarine Mysteriously Disappears Without a Trace – Scientists Are Now Preparing for a Bold Return

A pioneering robotic submarine that explored beneath Antarctica’s glaciers has been lost, but its discoveries are reshaping our understanding of ice melt as a more advanced successor is prepared to continue the mission.

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Mar 23 • 10:04 AM EDT • Science • scitechdaily.com
Roger Bennett of the Men in Blazers discusses the agony and the ecstasy of watching a penalty shootout
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Mar 23 • 10:01 AM EDT • Sports • cnn.com
Kyler Murray Vikings Era Begins

Why Kyler Murray's stats say he could be Darnold 2.0 — plus free agency, the draft, and Harrison Smith's future.

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Mar 23 • 9:42 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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When Vermont’s treatment landscape shifts, community providers step up

As Vermont’s substance use treatment landscape shifts, community providers are stepping up to maintain access to care. In Washington County, strong partnerships ensure rapid connection to treatment, recovery services, and coordinated support.

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Mar 23 • 9:38 AM EDT • Health • vtdigger.org
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Supreme Court hears arguments in mail-in voting case

The Supreme Court is hearing arguments today in a case about whether states may count mail-in ballots received after Election Day. Follow here for live updates.

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Mar 23 • 9:36 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
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The week ahead: Another big (and tough) week for Penguins

Looking at what the Pittsburgh Penguins need to do to secure their spot in the Stanley Cup Playoffs this season.

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Mar 23 • 9:24 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Top architectural and historic preservation groups sue Trump over Kennedy Center plans

A consortium of the nation’s top architectural and historic preservation groups is targeting President Donald Trump’s plans to temporarily close and extensively renovate the Kennedy Center, filing a new lawsuit Monday that asks a federal judge to indefinitely halt the project.

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Mar 23 • 9:00 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
Cowboys mock draft tracker: A trade might make sense early

How interested are you in trading back in the first round?

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Mar 23 • 9:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
WSU launches bilingual video series to help beekeepers improve colony health

Researchers with WSU's Honey Bee and Pollinators Program have produced a new video series giving novice keepers a strong introduction to best practices and the science of apiculture, in both Spanish and English.

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Mar 23 • 9:00 AM EDT • Health • news.wsu.edu
Jack Gibbens reflects on ‘bittersweet’ decision to leave Patriots

Gibbens signed a two-year deal with the Cardinals in free agency.

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Mar 23 • 9:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
NFL draft injury analysis: Connor Lew, C

Connor Lew medical report

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Mar 23 • 8:48 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Blue Jays extend manager John Schneider, GM Ross Atkins following World Series appearance

The Blue Jays are locking up two architects of the team's World Series run.

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Mar 23 • 8:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Danone to buy protein shake maker Huel as health nutrition craze drives demand shift

Merging the companies is an opportunity in fast-growing nutrition space, said Danone CEO Antoine de Saint-Affrique.

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Mar 23 • 8:14 AM EDT • Health • cnbc.com
Every NFL franchise's biggest position to improve, plus free agency and draft solutions

The Cowboys need to add to their defense, and they have the draft capital to make it happen.

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Mar 23 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • cbssports.com
Samsung's Galaxy S26 will get Apple AirDrop support starting today

The feature was first launched on Pixel 10 phones last year.

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Mar 23 • 7:04 AM EDT • Technology • engadget.com
‘President Trump is right’: The White House’s go-to line about Trump’s false claims

President Donald Trump’s White House spokespeople have a favorite two-step reply when reporters ask them to comment on one of Trump’s false claims.

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Mar 23 • 7:00 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
There’s little information about a large measles outbreak in Florida, so we went to see it

One of the largest measles outbreaks the US has seen in decades erupted at Ave Maria University in Florida, but very little information was being shared with the public. So CNN went to the small Florida town to learn what’s driving the case count.

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Mar 23 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • cnn.com
Staff revolts, secret meetings: Inside the tense fight between Mike Pence and the Heritage Foundation

Mike Pence used to dream of following two successful Donald Trump terms with his own turn in the White House.

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Mar 23 • 6:00 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
How AI therapies are changing health care

It may become harder to tell whether a compound or an algorithm is doing the healing.

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Mar 23 • 5:30 AM EDT • Health • axios.com
High-Signal Publisher
Fertilizer prices bring more pain for American farmers amid war in Iran

The war in Iran is pushing up prices for already-strained farmers, with higher costs for fertilizer and energy on top of last year’s tariffs. And the increasing pressure on American agriculture could lead to even bigger price tags at the grocery store.

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Mar 23 • 5:00 AM EDT • Business • cnn.com
Leeds 0-0 Brentford

Paul: Leeds played as if they are frightened of losing rather than trying to win. Chris: Good point in the end - they are a good side pushing for a European place and have good players. Hopefully in the final run-in we will see more of Daniel James, Wilfried Gnonto and Noah Okafor, especially in the home games, to create more goals and keep us in the Premier League.

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Mar 23 • 4:22 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Tribune All-Area girls' basketball team full of winners

2025-26 Tribune All-Area girls' basketball team features a group of winners, boasting a ton of talent on the hardwood.

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Mar 23 • 4:01 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Ballard set to miss Northern Ireland's Italy play-off

Dan Ballard is set to miss Northern Ireland's crucial World Cup play-off semi-final against Italy on Thursday because of a hamstring injury.

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Mar 23 • 3:05 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Incredible offer signals Liverpool are all-in on Rio Ngumoha

An incredible offer of a player signals a real intent from Liverpool to go all-in on teenager Rio Ngumoha.Are Liverpool about to go all-in on Rio Ngumoha? They’ve been reluctant to do so this season...

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Mar 23 • 2:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Winners and losers from first weekend of the NCAA tournament feature John Calipari, Darryn Peterson, Big Ten and blue bloods
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Mar 23 • 2:04 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Devin Booker gets 100% on Suns’ playoff seeding chase

Devin Booker knows where the Suns sit amid their previous five-game skid and how it impacts the playoff seeding chase.

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Mar 23 • 1:30 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
NCAA women's tournament takeaways, Day 3: Minnesota drains buzzer-beater as LSU, Texas dominate again
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Mar 23 • 1:01 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
St. Louis Blues Weekly Prospect Report (March 22)

Jiricek has big scoring week; McIsaac announces future plans; Ralph, Michigan State head to NCAA Tournament with Mayich, Clarkson University eliminated; Peterson scored pair, including a SH beauty for Springfield

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Mar 23 • 12:54 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Power Play Primed – Hurricanes 5, Penguins 1

The Carolina Hurricanes scored three power play goals and dominated the Pittsburgh Penguins, 5-1 on Sunday afternoon in the Steel City. The Canes controlled the puck most of the game and were holding the Pens to a paltry 12 shots on goal until the Pens finally found some offense with five minutes and change to […]

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Mar 23 • 12:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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NCAA tournament takeaways, Day 4: Big Ten's March Madness domination continues with 6 league teams making Sweet 16
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Mar 23 • 12:24 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Trump’s new red line could set the Iran war on a fateful course

On Friday, President Donald Trump said he was considering “winding down” his war with Iran. But a day later, he threatened to “obliterate” the country’s power plants in an escalation that could further tip the conflict out of control.

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Mar 23 • 12:01 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
Chris Sale 2026 MLB Season Preview
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Mar 22 • 11:56 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
3 things to know about new 49ers punter Corliss Waitman

The San Francisco 49ers are replacing Thomas Morstead with Corliss Waitman. Let's get to know the team's new punter before he boots his first ball.

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Mar 22 • 11:45 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Michigan State basketball time, TV channel set for Sweet 16

Michigan State basketball knows when it will be playing, even before it knows its opponent in the Sweet 16 in Washington on Friday night.

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Mar 22 • 11:05 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
No. 1 Arizona takes care of business against No. 9 Utah State to advance to Sweet 16
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Mar 22 • 10:32 PM EDT • Business • sports.yahoo.com
No. 1 Arizona takes care of business against No. 9 Utah State to advance to Sweet 16
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Mar 22 • 10:32 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Scientists Trap Light in a Layer 1,000x Thinner Than a Hair

Scientists have found a way to trap light in an extremely thin layer, potentially reshaping how future photonic devices are built.

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Mar 22 • 10:07 PM EDT • Science • scitechdaily.com
Alvaro Folgueiras hits game-winner to lift Iowa past No. 1 Florida, into first Sweet 16 since 1999

Florida's hopes at back-to-back national titles are gone.

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Mar 22 • 9:40 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Statue of Christopher Columbus installed on White House grounds

A statue of Christopher Columbus has been erected outside of an ornate federal office building on the White House grounds — the latest sign of the Trump administration’s efforts to reshape cultural and historical representations across the nation’s capital.

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Mar 22 • 9:09 PM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
Arizona Diamondbacks Spring Training Gameday Thread, #30 @ Padres

Roster moves The Arizona Diamondbacks made the following roster moves and have 33 players in camp. Optioned to Triple-A Reno: Reassigned to Minor League camp: The first of these is a bit of a surprise. Only yesterday, I was noting how Abner seemed to have the inside track for left-handers job, after the recent meltdowns […]

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Mar 22 • 9:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Kansas coach Bill Self unsure about future after buzzer-beater loss to St. John's: 'I haven't decided'

After a heartbreaking last-second loss in the second round of the NCAA tournament, Self wasn't ready to discuss his coaching future.

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Mar 22 • 8:39 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Jerry Hanlon, longtime Michigan football coach, dies at 96

"Michigan Athletics has lost one of the finest ambassadors and mentors our football program has ever known," U-M AD Warde Manuel said in a statement.

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Mar 22 • 8:34 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Two veteran relievers clinch jobs on Diamondbacks' Opening Day roster

Right-handers Jonathan Loaisiga and Joe Ross have made the Diamondbacks' roster for Opening Day. Both will pitch in relief.

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Mar 22 • 8:24 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
The M-Trends 2026 report shows how to strengthen business cybersecurity.

Learn more about the evolving threat landscape based on Mandiant's new M-Trends 2026 cybersecurity report.

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Mar 22 • 8:00 PM EDT • Business • blog.google
Ralph the dog's impact on science and his family
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Mar 22 • 7:00 PM EDT • Science • yahoo.com
Ducks Sign Herman Träff to Entry-Level Contract

The 20-year-old had 41 points in 51 games this season for Oskarshamn in the HockeyAllsvenskan.

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Mar 22 • 6:24 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Oil prices rise after Trump issues ultimatum and Iran threatens to close the Strait of Hormuz indefinitely

Oil prices rose Sunday after President Donald Trump threatened to “obliterate” Iran’s power plants if the Strait of Hormuz is not reopened by Monday evening.

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Mar 22 • 6:15 PM EDT • Business • cnn.com
Jason Momoa forced to evacuate as devastating storm hits Hawaii

Thousands have been ordered to flee as the archipelago faces its most intense surge of storms in two decades.

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Mar 22 • 6:00 PM EDT • Entertainment • yahoo.com
Women's March Madness live updates, scores: LSU makes history in NCAA tournament; Minnesota stuns Ole Miss to advance to Sweet 16
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Mar 22 • 5:19 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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The Cowboys are making a mistake with this move

The Cowboys still have to find help at linebacker.

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Mar 22 • 5:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Former acting ICE director under Obama shares concern about ICE airport deployment
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Mar 22 • 4:42 PM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
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Cockroaches with smart backpacks? Scientists turn insects into cyborgs to detect hidden pipeline leaks

Science News: Although the concept seems like something from science fiction, science is rapidly adopting it. Researchers have started creating ‘cyborg cockroaches,.

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Mar 22 • 4:30 PM EDT • Science • timesofindia.indiatimes.com
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Bursaries open for help with sports memberships

Children meeting certain criteria can get up to £200 from Epsom & Ewell Borough Council.

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Mar 22 • 4:25 PM EDT • Sports • yahoo.com
Minnesota Wild, NHL mourn hockey writer Jessi Pierce after death in house fire

Pierce and her three children were killed in a house fire outside of Minneapolis early Saturday morning.

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Mar 22 • 3:56 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Full 7-round Arizona Cardinals mock draft simulation

We have a new 7-round mock draft for the Arizona Cardinals.

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Mar 22 • 3:51 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Student researchers bring Kentucky State University science to Posters-at-the-Capitol

With lawmakers just steps away, three Kentucky State University undergraduates presented research on cattle health, soil amendments and food safety at the Capitol Annex on March 5, bringing student-led agricultural […]

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Mar 22 • 3:00 PM EDT • Science • state-journal.com
Kentucky Gov. Beshear takes jabs at JD Vance in his home state of Ohio

Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear, speaking in JD Vance’s home state of Ohio on Saturday, tore into the vice president, questioning his Appalachian roots and telling voters they “deserve better.”

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Mar 22 • 2:44 PM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
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Crimson Desert developer apologizes and promises to replace AI-generated art

Pearl Abyss announced a comprehensive audit of its in-game assets and will replace any AI-generated content.

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Mar 22 • 2:37 PM EDT • Technology • engadget.com
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan

Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.

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Mar 22 • 2:18 PM EDT • Health • erictopol.substack.com
The Boston Celtics are terrifying to their opponents again

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Mar 22 • 2:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 12:46 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 12:36 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 12:00 PM EDT • Health • politico.com
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Mar 22 • 11:42 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 11:35 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 11:30 AM EDT • Health • finance.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 9:50 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
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Mar 22 • 9:13 AM EDT • Science • yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 9:04 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 8:45 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Titans sign ex-Browns linebacker

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Mar 22 • 8:24 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 8:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • cnn.com
Chicago Cubs news and notes

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Mar 22 • 8:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 7:24 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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In Maine’s marquee Senate primary, Janet Mills reaches out to women by raising Graham Platner’s online past

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Mar 22 • 7:00 AM EDT • Politics • cnn.com
Cowboys news: Rumors about possible linebacker trades

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Mar 22 • 7:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Game Preview: Carolina Hurricanes @ Pittsburgh Penguins 3/22/2026

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Mar 22 • 6:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Mar 22 • 5:55 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Flexitarian and the MIND included in top diets for a healthy brain, according to U.S. News

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Mar 22 • 5:00 AM EDT • Health • qz.com
What time is Michigan women's basketball's second round game?

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Mar 22 • 4:46 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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