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Colts’ Daniel Jones Given Concerning 2026 Projection
Daniel Jones has his share of doubters, and one NFL analyst is seemingly betting against him succeeding next season.
Democrat Xavier Becerra advances in California governor’s race
Steve Hilton, a Republican, still leads Tom Steyer, a Democrat, for the second spot in the general election.
As inflation and fuel prices stay high, region’s business community feels the pinch
U.S. Sen. Jeff Merkley, D-Oregon, heard from members of Lane County’s small business community about their challenges amid a volatile economy.
In roundtable, Eugene and Springfield business leaders raise concern about federal policies economic impact
Several business owners at the roundtable, convened by Oregon Democratic Sen. Jeff Merkley, said customers are spending less. Merkley said higher prices are linked to tariffs, inflation and the Iran war.
Unflappable in face of headwinds, Trump draws loyal Wisconsin crowd
President Donald Trump was unflappable in Wisconsin as he gathered more than 1,000 supporters into a massive pole barn 10 miles north of Eau Claire.
What the June 2 primary results tell us about politics in Montana
New faces advance, outside money exerts outsized influence, the continuing power of a Trump endorsement, and other key takeaways from Tuesday’s primary election
LARRY KUDLOW: Trump loves business, and business is booming
The Trumpian boom: jobs rising more than double the predications, prior months revised higher. wage income beating inflation
Breaking News: NFL Franchise To Move To New State (Report)
The NFL has learned that one of their historic franchises will officially have a new home. The bombshell news surfaced on Friday morning and has gone viral throughout the league. The NFL has not seen a team move locations since 2020 (the Raiders to Las Vegas) and 2016 (the Rams to Los Angeles). Now, there […] The post Breaking News: NFL Franchise To Move To New State (Report) appeared first on Gridiron Heroics.
Tuchel will not let Tampa pitch affect selection
England head coach Thomas Tuchel says reports about the state of the pitch at the venue for his side's friendly against New Zealand will not influence team selection.
Bills, Vikings Connected in Massive $140M Trade Rumor
A proposal has been made from one prominent NFL Analyst, who predicted a blockbuster Justin Jefferson trade rumor connecting the Bills, Vikings.
Myles Garrett to Rams? A.J. Brown to Patriots? CBS Sports picks favorite NFL trades of 2026 offseason
Several stars have changed teams this offseason and we're breaking them down here.
The NFL's edge rusher market has exploded. What does it mean for the Steelers and T.J. Watt?
To pay or not to pay? That is the question NFL teams are facing with the league’s top edge rushers. In recent years, no market has exploded in the...
Michigan Matters: Influential voices emanating from Mackinac Island
Where do the Eagles rank among elite defensive units?
Taking a closer look at the NFL's elite defenses, and where the Eagles rank among the league's best
Rams' Myles Garrett wants to break an NFL record that has stood for 23 years and he might just pull it off
The Rams newest star wants to end his career as the NFL's sack king.
Sony, Amazon Unsure If Their Supply Chains Funded Armed Conflict In 2025
Do PlayStation 5s and Amazon Basics headsets fund armed conflict? Who knows!
Caleb Williams' 'Madden NFL 27' cover inspired by Michael Jordan
The Bears quarterback said the pose, skyline and overall concept were designed as a tribute to Chicago's most famous athlete.
Research digs deeper into how paternal drinking shapes offspring health
New $2.9 million NIH grant will lead to a better understanding of how alcohol use before conception influences the child’s risk for developmental disorders, chronic disease and accelerated aging.
VIEW Strong May jobs number sends yields, rate expectations higher
The U.S. economy posted another month of strong employment gains in May, confirming that the labor market was gaining traction after stumbling last year and sending short-term interest rates higher on Friday morning in the face of inflation stemming from the war with Iran.
NFL fans believe Browns won the Myles Garrett trade
Who won the Myles Garrett trade? NFL fans weigh in
Invisible Geniuses, Visible Challenges: Science Communication in the Age of Attention
While social media has put celebrities and influencers at the centre of public attention, the scientists shaping society’s future often remain on the sidelines. This visibility gap not only affects how science is perceived but also shapes how we understand and respond to the most pressing challenges of our time, including climate change.
No jet fuel shortage in Europe, transport chief says, despite Middle East conflict
Rolling coverage of the latest economic and financial news
Seattle granted NFL Franchise on this day 52 years ago
Seattle was awarded an NFL franchise 52 years ago today. Look back at the origins of the Seahawks and their 1976 start.
Raiders 2026 OTAs
Head inside Intermountain Health Performance Center as the Raiders hold their tenth and final OTA.
High Growth Tech Stocks In Asia Featuring Damai Entertainment Holdings And 2 Others
In recent weeks, Asian markets have been navigating a complex landscape influenced by global geopolitical developments and economic indicators. As investor sentiment remains buoyant with optimism surrounding AI and technology advancements, this article explores high-growth tech stocks in Asia, featuring companies like Damai Entertainment Holdings that are poised to capitalize on these trends. A good stock in this environment is one that demonstrates resilience through innovation and has the...
Economy still growing, data center construction driving growth, economist says
Data centers are driving U.S. business investment, inflation is up because of energy prices, and consumer sentiment is down to a level lower than during the Great Recession, a University...
Conflict over identity politics could lead to civil war in the long term, Kemi Badenoch says
In an interview for a BBC Radio 4 documentary, England's Identity Crisis, the Conservative leader warned of rising tensions as groups on the left and the right.
New York Giants among teams 'under the microscope' in 2026
The New York Giants have been ranked among the top-10 NFL teams "under the microscope" in 2026.
Jacksonville Jaguars: Sign Experienced Corner with 31 Regular-Season Starts
The Jacksonville Jaguars still needed to address their cornerback depth this offseason after losing Greg Newsome II to the New York Giants and failing to select one in the 2026 NFL Draft. Travis Hunter is recovering from a season-ending LCL tear and has been limited to individual drills off to the side during OTAs but […] The post Jacksonville Jaguars: Sign Experienced Corner with 31 Regular-Season Starts appeared first on Gridiron Heroics.
Major Update Emerges on TJ Watt’s Future With the Steelers
Top NFL insider Ian Rapoport shed some light on T.J. Watt's future in Pittsburgh following Nick Herbig's $100 million extension.
NFL analyst makes bold prediction for Chargers' Tre Harris
Chargers wide receiver Tre' Harris could play a big role in 2026. An NFL analyst certainly believes he will.
Does Salt Secretly Damage Your Brain? Scientists Finally Reveal the Truth - Futura-Sciences
The answer is not as simple as saying salt “damages” the brain directly. Current research suggests that excess salt may influence brain health indirectly, especially through blood pressure, blood vessel health, inflammation, and possibly the gut-brain connection. Why Salt Matters for the Body Salt contains sodium, a mineral the body...
‘Packers Family Night, presented by UW Health Kids,’ set for Friday, Aug. 7
Family Night serves as annual highlight of Packers Training Camp, with practice schedule to be announced soon
Report says attacks on health care workers are on rise in conflict zones
MAHA moms test their influence in US glyphosate fight
'Make America Healthy Again' activists see legislative wins, White House disappointments and questions for the midterms.
With Oval Office replica and skyline views of Chicago, Obama's new museum is political and personal
Former President Barack Obama’s influence in his presidential museum runs deep, from the Chicago location to the textured stone adorning its dramatic tower, art installations and a striped reading chairs that resemble ones in his own home
Detroit Lions Draft Pick OUT FOR SEASON After Tearing ACL
Detroit Lions rookie wide receiver Kendrick Law has suffered a torn ACL and will miss the entire 2026 NFL season.
Patriots OT Will Campbell delivers humble reality check to critics
New England Patriots offensive tackle Will Campbell still believes his best is yet to come in the NFL.
Packers’ Keisean Nixon facing backlash after blunt words for Bears
The 2026 NFL season is still months away, but the rivalry between the Green Bay Packers and the Chicago Bears never stops. It simply does not take a pause. Just recently, Packers defensive back Keisean Nixon further fueled that with a statement on Chicago. Via Dave Schroeder of WBAY-TV: Keisean Nixon on the Bears: “Free [...]
Alix Earle Is Reportedly Joining Benson Boone’s “The Time of My Life” Video
Alix Earle’s next entertainment move may take her from TikTok, reality TV, and magazine covers into Benson Boone’s music-video world. The influencer and media personality ... Read More
Detroit Lions QB Teddy Bridgewater Disrespected by Sports Illustrated
Sports Illustrated ranked Detroit Lions backup Teddy Bridgewater No. 21 among NFL backup quarterbacks entering the 2026 season.
Ranking NFL's 12 new coach-QB duos: Where do Josh Allen, Lamar Jackson rank with new coaches?
There are 12 teams with a new coach, quarterback or both, and we rank them all.
Greatest QB in Wisconsin Badgers history officially retires from NFL
Arguably the greatest quarterback in Wisconsin Badgers history, Russell Wilson, has announced his NFL retirement.
Lions DC Kelvin Sheppard adding principles from NFL’s top defenses
Detroit Lions defensive coordinator Kelvin Sheppard admitted he watched the top-5 NFL defenses and took inspiration from it.
Bob Jones grad/Vandy AD Candice Storey Lee named Sports Business Journal Athletic Director of the Year
From the halls of Bob Jones High School in Madison, Dr. Candice Storey Lee has become one of the most influential and successful women in college sports. Now, she is one of the most successful people in college athletics. Lee, Vanderbilt’s vice chancellor for Athletics and University Affairs and athletic director, was recently honored as […]
Eli Manning’s Private Equity Firm Buys Youth Sports Company Behind NFL Flag
Brand Velocity Group, a private equity firm whose partners include Eli Manning, has acquired RCX Sports, the youth sports operating partner for the NFL and other leagues.
Cowboys Headlines: Another WR signed, Pickens price tag rising
The latest news and notes around the Cowboys and NFL.
Eli Manning's private equity firm acquires licensing company for NFL Flag in bet on youth sports
Eli Manning's Brand Velocity Capital announced a deal to acquire youth sports company RCX amid congressional bill to ban private equity from youth sports.
NFL releases preseason national TV schedule, Lions receive none
As the NFL revealed its national TV schedule for the 2026 preseason on June 3, the Detroit Lions have been left off the air.
Ex-New York Giants QB Russell Wilson announces retirement from NFL
Former New York Giants QB Russell Wilson has officially announced his retirement from the NFL.
Lyon open to Endrick return
Speaking on RMC Sport show Rothen s’enflamme, Olympique Lyonnais’ technical director, Matthieu Louis-Jean, has left the door open for a return for Endrick (19). Endrick joined Lyon on loan fro...
BofA Says Foreign Buyers Lured by UK Yields Despite Politics
Bank of America predicts a streak of gilt purchases by foreign buyers extended through May, as some of the highest government yields in major developed nations offset political turbulence and inflation fears.
Opinion | Alleged fraud by United Healthcare undermines trust in health system
Insurer accused of making patients appear sicker to inflate payments.
Pope Leo’s AI Warning Challenges Big Tech’s Growing Influence
The Catholic Church, which represents nearly 1.4 billion people, sought to establish itself as a prominent voice in debates over AI governance
Presidential museum showcases political and personal sides of Obama with sprawling community campus
CHICAGO (AP) — Former President Barack Obama’s influence in his presidential museum runs deep, from the location on Chicago's South Side to textured stone adorning its dramatic tower to striped reading chairs that are similar to ones in his own home.
Presidential museum showcases political and personal sides of Obama with sprawling community campus
Former President Barack Obama’s influence in his presidential museum runs deep, from the Chicago location to the textured stone adorning its dramatic tower to art installations and a pair of striped reading chairs in the library that are similar to the ones he owns.
San Jose businesses gear up for multi-week World Cup boost
With the World Cup kicking off next week, businesses across San Jose are preparing for a massive influx of soccer fans—and they are hoping the economic benefits will stretch far beyond downtown.
After 14 NFL seasons, Russell Wilson enters a sports TV role
Russell Wilson is heading to television after 14 seasons. The 10-time Pro Bowl quarterback announced Wednesday that he is joining CBS Sports.
Lamar Jackson lands among MVP favorites in recent season projection
As we venture under 100 days before the start of the 2026 NFL season, lamar Jackson is named as an early MVP candidate.
Caleb Williams strikes jump-throw pose for Madden NFL 27 cover
Chicago Bears quarterback Caleb Williams has been announced as EA Sports’ cover athlete for Madden NFL 27. On the standard cover, Williams is depicted in a position similar to his
House passes Iran war powers resolution in rebuke to Trump
The House passed a resolution on Wednesday to limit President Donald Trump’s war powers in Iran, a significant rebuke to Trump and his handling of the conflict.
In a first, House votes to block Trump from ordering further strikes on Iran
The Senate advanced a similar war powers resolution last month on a procedural vote, reflecting growing impatience with a conflict Congress hasn’t authorized.
2027 NFL Draft Summer Scouting Report: Ahmad Hardy, RB, Missouri
Another Summer scouting report is ready, this time on Missouri RB Ahmad Hardy.
Poll: President Trump’s approval is 10 points lower than start of second term
People aren’t happy with his handling of their top issue – inflation and the cost of living.
Health Costs Jumping 18% For Small And Medium-Sized Businesses
Healthcare costs are rising 18% for small-and mid-sized businesses as employers grapple with a surge in inflation and medical expenses, a Morgan Health report shows.
Health Costs Jumping 18% For Small And Medium-Sized Businesses
Healthcare costs are rising 18% for small-and mid-sized businesses as employers grapple with a surge in inflation and medical expenses, a Morgan Health report shows.
US economic activity and inflation both up in recent weeks, Fed survey shows
U.S. economic activity increased a bit in recent weeks, employment was little changed, and the fallout from higher energy prices due to the war in the Middle East was pervasive, the Federal Reserve said on Wednesday, two weeks before Kevin Warsh convenes his first policy meeting as head of the U.S. central bank.
In race for Pelosi's seat, her famed political influence was a factor
Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco), 86 and retiring, is still a political influence in the Bay Area, as seen by her endorsement of her replacement.
Denver Broncos win Hashtag Sports Award for Best Youth Sports Partnership
The award recognizes a partnership that increased the visibility and/or accessibility of youth sports with players, fans, and/or new audiences.
Trump suffers rare House defeat as bipartisan vote moves to withdraw troops from Iran conflict
The House voted to curb Trump's war powers in Iran after Democrats and several Republicans bucked the president in a rare bipartisan rebuke of his policy.
From Belfast to America: Learning to Prevent Political Violence and Heal Division
U.S. faith and civic leaders travel to Belfast with The Carter Center and Rethinking Conflict to learn how to prevent political violence, heal division, and strengthen democracy.
Sean McVay breaks his silence on Aaron Donald returning
The Los Angeles Rams made a blockbuster trade with the Cleveland Browns to acquire the reigning Defensive Player of the Year in the NFL, Myles Garrett, who is coming off an NFL record-setting 23-sack season. Since acquiring the NFL’s single-season sack record holder, there has been more and more buzz surrounding a potential return of…
Blue wins “Best on TikTok” at Hashtag Sports Awards
The ceremony was held Tuesday in New York City.
Judge with intimate ties to Dem Party's key Russia Hoax players behind latest anti-Trump decision
Trump accuses Obama-appointed Judge Cooper of conflict of interest over Kennedy Center ruling, citing wife Amy Jeffress' work for Biden and Democrats.
2027 NFL Draft Summer Scouting Report: Gavin Sawchuk, RB, Northwestern
Another Summer scouting report is ready, this time on Northwestern RB Gavin Sawchuk.
Dion Dawkins And Wegmans Teach Kids Healthy Eating And Activity!
In partnership with Wegmans, the Buffalo Bills invited St. Lawrence Catholic to the Wegmans Conference Center in Rochester, NY as part of the Play 60 Charged Up By Wegmans Field Trip Grand Prize! The event included an hour of physical activity stations as
Iran conflict hasn’t slowed the economy, but rising inflation coaxes businesses to freeze hiring
The largest part of the economy grew faster in May even as businesses had to cope with the worst inflation in several years, but it came at a cost to jobseekers. Many companies have adopted temporary hiring freezes to offset their own rising costs.
NFL insider hints at Falcons’ next big contract extension
After Drake London's megadeal Bijan Robinson may be next in line
Houston Texans Win Best On Instagram At The 8th Annual Hashtag Sports Awards
“The Running of the Bull: How the Houston Texans’ Mascot TORO Dominated Sports Social in 2025” also earned bronze honors in the Best on TikTok category.
It’s Possible to End Corporate Influence in Politics
There’s more money in politics than ever. But some state governments are finding ways to fight back.
Cowboys Headlines: Trade with Steelers a possibility? Edge rusher news
The latest Cowboys news and news around the NFL.
Caleb Williams is EA Sports Madden NFL 27 cover athlete
Chicago Bears quarterback Caleb Williams is the EA Sports Madden NFL 27 cover athlete.
Inside Caleb Williams' EA SPORTS Madden NFL 27 cover shoot
Bears content presenter Jasmine Baker gives fans an exclusive look at quarterback Caleb Williams' cover shoot for EA SPORTS Madden NFL 27 in Los Angeles.
Health and Safety Impacts of Aircraft Cabin Temperatures
Excessively hot or cold temperatures in commercial aircraft may affect the health and safety of passengers and flight attendants. A new National Academies report surveys the evidence on the influence of cabin temperature and humidity on safety and recommends strategies to improve monitoring and risk management.
Elections to top science bodies test Croatia’s gender equality in research
Croatia’s track-record on gender equality in science has been both questioned and lauded in recent months, following both bad and good news on the topic. On the one hand, a senior awards committee was announced without a single woman researcher included. On the other, the national science academy welcomed its first cohort of fellows with more women than men.Members of the committee, which gives national awards recognising scientific achievement, are proposed by the ministry of science and endorsed by the parliament. The current line-up does include a woman, but she is culture minister Nina Obuljen Koržinek rather than a researcher. Even then, she didn’t make it into the photograph released to announce the appointments on April 16. “The image speaks a thousand words,” says Tanja Rudež, a science journalist for Jutarnji List newspaper. “I am surprised that none of these men, all well-known scientists, saw a problem with the fact that there was not a single successful female scientist on the committee,” she told Science|Business.Ivan Đikić, a prominent Croatian biochemist based at Goethe University Medical School, commented on LinkedIn that the news illustrated a “sad truth” about the state of science in Croatia.“It [. . .] reveals a system where women, despite contributing a substantial share of high-quality, internationally competitive science, are systematically excluded from the very processes that determine recognition and influence,” he wrote. Some 60% of researchers in Croatia are women, according to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, and they perform well in international competitions. For example, of the 12 European Research Council (ERC) grants awarded to Croatian researchers, seven went to women.“So how is it possible that decision-making bodies are still dominated by men over 60, while not a single female ERC laureate is involved in the selection process?” asked Đikić. “This is not a marginal oversight; it is a structural failure.” The ministry of science did not reply to a request for comment. The awards committee is not unusual. For example, a scientific advisory body announced by the ministry of demographics in April comprises 35 men and five women. The board of the Croatian Science Foundation, newly appointed by the parliament, is a little better, with five men and two women, but still unequal. “This is especially significant because such bodies do not merely distribute prestige. They shape research priorities, funding allocation and long-term scientific development,” Marija Lugarić, chair of the parliament’s committee on gender equality, told Science|Business. “Representation here matters not only symbolically, but materially.”Referring to the awards committee and the board of the science foundation, Lugarić says that while both bodies were appointed by parliament, neither met the minimum 40% gender balance threshold that Croatian law and EU guidelines expressly recommend for public bodies.Đikić wants to see EU institutions put pressure on the government to ensure basic standards of fairness, transparency and democratic governance in science policy are met. “Meaningful change will not come without pressure,” he wrote. “It must intensify both within Croatia and at the level of European institutions. Anything less undermines the credibility of Europe’s commitment to excellence and inclusion in science.”Rudež also underlined the importance of talking and writing about this topic, “because public opinion in Croatia does influence changes in the status and visibility of women in science.”The European Commission has not yet responded to a request for comment.Good news from the academyA more positive story came from the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts on 21 May, with the announcement of seven new women fellows and five men. This is the first time in the academy’s 165-year history that women have outnumbered men in a new intake.One of the new fellows, two-time ERC grantee Iva Tolić, credits the academy leadership with trying to be more modern and inclusive, representing the whole community better. “The academy is really aware that so far, before this election, there were very few women,” she told Science|Business. “So, they are actively trying to make this more equal.”Related articlesExplained: How the MSCA is close to achieving gender balanceCall for EU to leverage academic freedom in global talent raceRudež is more cautious, noting that despite the academy’s “breakthrough this year [. . .] it is still a predominantly male institution, with only 18% women.”This reflects a wider imbalance in Croatia’s research landscape. “The key levers of power in science are still in the hands of men,” she went on. “For example, all 14 rectors of private and public universities are men.”Similarly, Lugarić says a structural glass ceiling still exists in Croatian science, which is “most visible precisely where power is exercised.”She cites data from the Commission’s She Figures 2024 report, which shows that Croatia ranks second in the EU for gender equality in research and innovation overall, with an equality index of 79.6 out of 100. It is in the top five for women’s career advancement, participation in research; representation across all research sectors and for scientific publications.In stark contrast, it ranks second to last when it comes to women in decision-making positions in science. “This is not a coincidence,” Lugarić says. “It is a structural pattern.”Informal barriersThe persistent under-representation of women in the highest structures of Croatia’s academies, boards, award committees and leadership positions is not down to formal barriers, Lugarić says, but arises from more subtle obstacles such as “informal networks, persistent expectations regarding traditional gender roles and the unequal distribution of care responsibilities.”Tolić would like to see more support for young women in terms of affordable housing and child support, and higher salaries. Currently, she says, salaries in science stay low for the first 10-15 years, while housing and spaces in kindergarten are limited and expensive. “You have to work a lot, you get very little money, so it’s not great to have a family in this situation,” she says.But despite the challenges, Tolić is optimistic, saying that gender equality in research in Croatia is “definitely improving and going in the right direction.” The situation is particularly promising in biology, she adds, where most full professors, heads of department and deans of faculties are women. Lugarić, too, see the glass ceiling “very slowly, cracking,” and cites the academy election as an example that structural change is possible. Yet the situation in the national awards committee is a “stark reminder that without a conscious, systemic commitment to gender balance, progress will remain slow and uneven.”
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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