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Krafton settles with Subnautica 2 developer after drawn-out dispute over $250 million
The battle is over.
How a UVA Darden Executive Program Alumnus Helped Bring the Rotunda to Taipei
During America’s Bicentennial, a Taiwanese university president found inspiration in UVA’s Rotunda. Fifteen years later, a Darden Executive Program alumnus helped carry that vision across the Pacific.
Garden City restaurant violations include black mold, unsafe foods
Wayne County health reports show violations at Garden City eateries, including improper food storage, equipment malfunctions and hygiene issues.
As Taylor Swift, Travis Kelce prepare to tie the knot, wedding experts weigh in
They expect a "venue inside a venue" at Madison Square Garden with a carefully constructed theme
Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce expected to marry at Madison Square Garden this week, sources say
The highly anticipated wedding of Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce is expected to take place at Madison Square Garden this week, two sources familiar with the plans told CNN Tuesday.
ScottsMiracle-Gro names new CEO as longtime leader exits
The Marysville-based national lawn and garden manufacturer has announced some big leadership changes, effective immediately.
James Harden reportedly declines $42.3 million option with Cavaliers, but wants to stick with team
James Harden is reportedly working on a multiyear deal with the Cavaliers.
What’s Open, What’s Closed: Big changes for a few businesses, while chains add Denton County locations
Harvest House and Flowergarden118 find new ownership. The Chestnut Tree Tearoom & Bistro and Fiesta Eats Hub close. Target, Bath & Body Works and Panda Express open new locations in
Paso Robles unveils entertainment lineup for July 4th celebration at Barney Schwartz Park
The evening's entertainment will begin at 5:30 p.m. with a performance by Garden Party, a local group playing music from the 1960s and 1970s.
Efzimfotase alfa demonstrated improvements in bone health in treatment-naïve pediatric patients with hypophosphatasia achieving median difference of 1.67 vs placebo in RGI-C Score at week 25 in MULBERRY Phase III trial
Positive results from the MULBERRY Phase III trial showed that efzimfotase alfa (ALXN1850), an investigational enzyme replacement therapy, demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in bone health in children (2 to
This Week's 10 Must-Read Stories on Women in Politics: Title IX Anniversary, AI's Anti-Women Bias and Ranked-Choice Voting Victories
Weekend Reading on Women’s Representation is a weekly compilation of stories about women’s representation in politics, on boards, in sports and entertainment, in judicial offices and in the private sector in the U.S. and around the world—with a little gardening and goodwill mixed in for refreshment! Published every Friday. —This week marked the 54th anniversary of Title IX. —As the Taliban approaches the five-year mark of its return to power this August, a rare protest in western Afghanistan last week laid bare both the brutality of its rule and the resilience of those living under it. —A woman will replace Eric Swalwell in California … but for not two more months. —A study of 133 AI systems found that 44 percent demonstrated gender bias, and more than a quarter showed both gender and racial bias. ... and more.
The Business of Grand Theft Auto VI, Explained: How a Billion Dollar Game Is Likely to Pay Off
Anthony Palomba on why the stakes are so high for the Grand Theft Auto VI launch and what it means for the gaming industry and the entertainment industry as a whole.
Make/Films opens new Lancaster city studio in Stadium District
Make/Films — the studio that brought a story about a Garden Spot teacher to movie theater screens nationwide — recently tripled its space with a new studio.
Student From Des Plaines Wins National Science Foundation Award
Elmhurst University biochemistry major Hannah Cardenas, of Des Plaines, recently received a National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (NSF REU) award to participate in a 10-week summer research internship at the University of Texas at Dallas.
Trump will welcome farmers and ranchers to White House dinner to celebrate trade, tax wins
President Trump hosts farmers and ranchers at a Rose Garden dinner to spotlight trade wins, tax cuts and expanded market access for agriculture.
'You're picking who gets protected': Scientists raise concerns about beachfront hardened structures
The N.C. Coastal Resources Commission's Science Panel draft report was released as the state Senate is considering rolling back the long-standing ban on structures like seawalls and groins along the coast. The scientists warned policymakers to be cautious about changes.
I ordered the same meal at Olive Garden and Carrabba's; clear winner
I compared bread, salads, entrées, and desserts from Olive Garden and Carrabba's to see which Italian-American chain had the better dishes and deals.
UVA Names Darden Vice Dean as Business School’s New Leader
Yael Grushka-Cockayne, an accomplished international scholar and leader, has served on Darden’s faculty since 2009.
UVA names Darden vice dean as business school’s new leader
Yael Grushka-Cockayne, an accomplished international scholar and leader, has served on Darden’s faculty since 2009.
Business Monday: Kona Brewing’s historic Kona Pub creating beer garden entrance to make waiting enjoyable
With several renovation phases planned for the entire pub, the first is an estimated $2 million project focusing on the eatery’s curb appeal.
This emerging treatment is helping people avoid knee replacement surgery
A minimally invasive treatment called GAE is helping people with chronic knee pain get back to gardening, cycling, and other activities without undergoing knee replacement surgery. Early studies suggest the procedure can provide years of relief by reducing inflammation inside the joint.
Book lovers rejoice! “The Five Star Weekend” gets companion podcast with author Elin Hilderbrand (exclusive)
Jennifer Garner, D'Arcy Carden, Regina Hall, Chloë Sevigny, and Gemma Chan star in Peacock's adaptation of the best-selling novel.
Man falls to death during Goose concert at Madison Square Garden
A 51-year-old man is dead after falling from an upper tier of Madison Square Garden into a lower section during Saturday's Goose concert.
NC science panel urges caution in use of hardened structures to protect coastline
As state lawmakers consider repealing the longstanding ban on jetties on North Carolina’s coastline, some of the state’s top scientists are recommending "a cautious approach" to allowing any new hardened structures.
James Dolan Is a Champion, Much Like His New York Knicks
The so-called Dolan discount evaporated as shares of Madison Square Garden Sports, Madison Square Garden Entertainment, and Sphere Entertainment took wing.
The New York Knicks Championship and the End of the ‘Dolan Discount’
Madison Square Garden Sports Corp. shares are up nearly 100% in the past year, nearing a record high.
Garden Grove businesses continue to deal with fallout from GKN Aerospace chemical leak
Small business loans available for businesses impacted by Garden Grove chemical crisis
The loans are part of the federal government's disaster recovery funds.
“The Five Star Weekend” boss on which role was 'hardest' to cast
Peacock's upcoming adaptation of Elin Hilderbrand's best-selling novel stars Jennifer Garner, D'Arcy Carden, Regina Hall, Chloë Sevigny, and Gemma Chan.
It’s a perfect weekend for al fresco entertainment in San Jose
Opera San Jose will fill the Municipal Rose Garden with music this weekend in a free tribute to “The Three Tenors.”
A Father’s Day Garden - HottyToddy.com - Ole Miss Sports, Oxford Entertainment, Dining & More
A Father’s Day Garden reflects on hard childhood work, summer gardens, and the lessons of discipline, responsibility, and gratitude.
“The Five Star Weekend” cast on how women are 'siloed' away from each other in Hollywood — but not on their show
Jennifer Garner, Gemma Chan, Regina Hall, D'Arcy Carden, and Chloë Sevigny star in the upcoming Peacock series based on Elin Hilderbrand's best-selling novel.
Cardenas enters Chicago mayor’s race with focus on city finances
Cardenas, a former 12th Ward alderman who spent two decades on the City Council and later served as floor leader under former Mayor Lori Lightfoot, announced his candidacy today.
Central City Flower Girls: A treasured tradition marks its 94th year
CENTRAL CITY OPERA Central City News: The 94th presentation of the Central City Flower Girls got off to its usual booming start, thanks to a perfectly timed dynamite blast that reverberated from an undisclosed location within earshot of the Teller House Garden. The window-rattling boom may startle those unfamiliar with the time-honored tradition, but it generates knowing smiles and a smattering of applause from everyone else. Once the sound subsides, master of ceremonies Roopesh Aggarwal, vice president/investor relations […]
Duluth riders invited to ‘Bike for Science’ event collecting safety data for MnDOT
Riders can participate Wednesday at the Rose Garden at Leif Erikson Park.
Music & Morsels festival will bring DJs, food and live entertainment to North Broad Street
The free event on June 26 will feature 25 DJs, food trucks, dance performances, games and community activities between Spring Garden and Poplar streets.
Business roundup: Garden center closes, cookware shop opens and Ore House timeline uncertain
In this week’s business roundup: Botanical Concepts Garden Center in northeast Durango decided to call it quits this spring, a new cookware shop is set to open on Main Avenue, and a timeline for the r...
James Harden arrested in Houston Saturday for carrying an unlawful weapon
All Grow a Garden 2 Plants and Seeds Guide
Here is the full list of Grow a Garden 2 plants and seeds you can purchase, steal, or earn from packs in the game.
It’s not just gross: Seaweed buildup can pose health risks on South Florida beaches
WPEC CBS 12 provides local news, weather, sports, traffic and entertainment for West Palm Beach and nearby towns and communities in South Florida including the Palm Beaches and Treasure Coast, serving Stuart, Royal Palm Beach, Fort Pierce, Vero Beach, Port St. Lucie, Okeechobee, Jupiter, Palm Beach Gardens, Wellington, Delray Beach, Boca Raton, Lake Worth, Boynton Beach, Greenacres, Belle Glade, Palm Beach, and Riviera Beach.
The best recent science fiction, fantasy and horror
Not With a Bang by Temi Oh; Tillinghast by Clare Cavenagh; Atomic Coffin by Benedict Anning; The Unicorn Hunters by Katherine Arden; Bad Things Happen Here by Mark Morris
🏆 Y! Sports AM: Greatest comeback ever
A Wu-Tang Clan prayer and a gutsy Knicks performance delivered magic at the Garden.
NBA Finals: Taylor Swift, Timothée Chalamet and other Knicks fans erupt at Madison Square Garden after wild Game 4 win over Spurs
Nobody seemed to want to leave Madison Square Garden after the Knicks' wild win on Wednesday night.
NBA Finals: Victor Wembanyama draws flagrant foul early in Game 4 loss, called for a flagrant after hitting Karl-Anthony Towns
Victor Wembanyama appeared to get the best of Mitchell Robinson early on Wednesday night at Madison Square Garden.
NBA Finals: Victor Wembanyama draws flagrant foul early in Game 4, called for a flagrant after hitting Karl-Anthony Towns
Victor Wembanyama appeared to get the best of Mitchell Robinson early on Wednesday night at Madison Square Garden.
Bulletin Board: Greenfield Garden Cinema outlasts Pipione’s Sports Shop in GGSL action
Greenfield Garden Cinema jumped ahead in the second inning in a 25-16 win over Pipione’s Sports Shop in GGSL action at Murphy Park on Wednesday Night. Greenfield Garden Cinema did not allow a run in the second, pulling ahead 10-5 after the second frame of Ponytail play. Makenna Ward was the winning pitcher in the […]
Mamdani and Knicks owner feud over Madison Square Garden security
The cancellation of the Knicks' game watch party outside Madison Square Garden sparked a feud between NYC Mayor Mamdani and owner James Dolan.
NBA Finals: Mitchell Robinson called for flagrant after drilling Victor Wembanyama in the neck early in Game 4
Victor Wembanyama appeared to get the best of Mitchell Robinson early on Wednesday night at Madison Square Garden.
Astronauts Could Grow Their Own Medicines in Space Using Plants
The pharmaceutical cabinet of the future might look a lot like a garden.
Biochemistry Student to Participate in National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Program
Elmhurst University biochemistry major Hannah Cardenas ’27, of Des Plaines, Illinois, received a National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (NSF REU) award to participate in a 10-week summer research internship at the University of Texas at Dallas.
God's Laboratory: On Science in the Service of Myth
Scientists have located the Garden of Eden. It is in Botswana. This was reported not in the theology section of any publication but as a science story,
From The Sports Desk: A raucous evening inside and outside Madison Square Garden
NBC News reported on the ground, as the New York Knicks played their first NBA Finals home game in 27 years. Plus, Canada’s Alphonso Davies is today’s World Cup spotlight.
Is Donald Trump going to Game 4 of the NBA Finals?
After getting booed at Madison Square Garden and overseeing the end of the New York Knicks' historic winning-streak, Donald Trump has revealed whether he plans to attend Games 4 and 5 of the NBA Finals.
Donald Trump reacts to being booed in the room at NBA Finals game
Donald Trump responded after New York Knicks fans booed him at the NBA Finals game inside Madison Square Garden.
Draymond Green Blames One Factor for Knicks’ Loss to Spurs
The New York Knicks had the chance to gain major momentum with a Game 3 win; however, the San Antonio Spurs did enough to claim their first victory of the 2026 NBA Finals. While the win remained the highlight of the night, another major storyline centered around the referees, which even caught Draymond Green’s attention. The Knicks lost to the Spurs in the first NBA Finals game at Madison Square Garden since 1999.
Six Years on, Local Businesses Still Feel Effects of March 2020 Tornado
Asphalt Beach and FLWR Shop return to East Nashville, while High Garden charts new location
NBA Finals: Victor Wembanyama finds redemption with Madison Square Garden takeover
Spurs bounce back in The Garden
Nekias Duncan and Steve Jones dive into the Game 3 action from MSG.
Donald Trump greeted with boos at Madison Square Garden during NBA Finals game
Donald Trump was greeted with boos at Game 3 of the NBA Finals, which saw the San Antonio Spurs face off against the New York Knicks at Madison Square Garden. The Spurs won 115-111.
Mike Brown Explains What Makes Jalen Brunson So Special
When Mike Brown was hired as the head coach of the New York Knicks, he knew that he had a special talent waiting for him at Madison Square Garden, someone whom he had watched from afar with amazement for many years. That would be Jalen Brunson, the Knicks' All-Star point guard and heart and soul of ...
From The Sports Desk: Knicks host first NBA Finals game since 1999
Madison Square Garden hosts its first NBA Finals game tonight in 27 years. It will be a sight to behold.
Look at Truss Club, other Brewers stadium improvements coming soon
Renderings of the Truss Club, a new experience for high-end ticket holders at American Family Field, as well as a new beer garden for all fans.
Bob on Business: Down by the riverside, Westside Village adds beer garden/retail concept
Also, the devil and gin; tequila; airport retail takes off and acquisitions.
Barbie Harden Hall suspends campaign in CD 11
She challenged Dan Webster in 2024 and was the leading Democratic contender for the open seat this cycle.
🏀 Y! Sports AM: Game 3 at the Garden
The NBA Finals are back at Madison Square Garden, and New York City is ready to explode.
POST-RACE INTERVIEWS: Josef Newgarden, Marcus Ericsson & Christian Rasmussen after Bommarito Automotive Group 500 🏁 INDYCAR on FOX
Check out the post-race interviews from Josef Newgarden, Marcus Ericsson and Christian Rasmussen after the Bommarito Automotive Group 500 from the World Wide Technology Raceway at St. Louis.
FINAL LAPS: Josef Newgarden holds off Marcus Ericsson to win the Bommarito Automotive Group 500 in St. Louis 🏁 INDYCAR on FOX
Check out the final laps as Josef Newgarden takes the checkered flag at the Bommarito Automotive Group 500.
ProBiotix Health targets long-term women’s health beyond menopause symptom support
Women’s health research is growing, and scientists are learning that supporting consumers through menopause means going beyond addressing symptoms. Cellan Davies, head of marketing at ProBiotix Health, tells Nutrition Insight which menopause-support ingredients and formulation approaches are gaining the most traction within women’s health.
Wayne Winegarden: Politics and conflict are driving up your food costs
The federal government can, and should, help families struggling with rising food costs by reforming the ill-considered regulatory policies that are meaningfully inflating the price of food.
A Look At Ardent Health (ARDT) Valuation As New CEO Dave Caspers Takes The Helm
Leadership change and what it signals for Ardent Health stock Ardent Health (ARDT) has moved into the spotlight after appointing former Chief Operating Officer Dave Caspers as President, Chief Executive Officer, and board member, succeeding long time leader Marty Bonick. The board is tying this leadership shift to Ardent’s existing operating and growth plans, with Caspers continuing to oversee the IMPACT program, which targets margins, performance, agility, and care transformation across the...
Donald Trump, Knicks fan, heads back to New York to root on his team
Donald Trump plans to be back at Madison Square Garden in New York to watch Game 3 of the NBA Finals between the Knicks and the San Antonio Spurs.
Oliver Gilbert making it official today in CD 24, setting a Miami Gardens collision course with Shevrin Jones
Miami-Dade Commissioner Oliver Gilbert III will formally launch his campaign for Florida's 24th Congressional District on Sunday, capping a week in which
Man killed in shooting at Arden-Arcade business
A 31-year-old man was fatally shot Saturday morning in an Arden-Arcade business, the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office said.
Science panel to present hardened structure report findings
The North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission is expected to hear from its science advisory panel its findings on the effects hard structures have on sandy, open-ocean coastlines.
Clearwater City Council again approves Scientology request for Garden Avenue, but it’s not quite final
A final City Council vote is still required, and there's still a group suing over a related ballot initiative.
Linda Julien drops Miami-Dade Commission bid one week after launching it
‘Miami Gardens is not a stepping stone for me; it is my home.’
Scientists race to collect the last seeds from a critically endangered tree before it goes extinct
Seeds from the last surviving wild Dendroseris neriifolia tree are now stored in Kew Gardens' Millennium Seed Bank as researchers work to find ways to reintroduce the species into the wild.
Trump plans to attend Game 3 of NBA Finals at Madison Square Garden
President Donald Trump said Thursday that he is planning to attend Game 3 of the NBA Finals between the New York Knicks and San Antonio Spurs on Monday at Madison Square Garden.
Politics and puppets: The enduring appeal of ‘31 Minutos’
The Chilean children’s show has gained an international following, but Mexico is home to some of the most ardent fans of its satirical humor.
Trump says he will nominate Todd Blanche to serve as attorney general
“We are going to make him permanent attorney general,” President Donald Trump said at a Rose Garden event.
Arts and Entertainment Agenda, June 4-11
Hotel Jerome’s Twilight Tarot, June 4 Hotel Jerome’s new Twilight Tarot series will take place weekly at 8 p.m. Thursdays in the Garden Room starting June 4. A local expert tarot card reader will guide...
Digging out: One man’s recovery and the business it inspired
Craig Stevens was just a kid when he started to build worlds. While growing up in West Brookfield, he’d take the blocks he was always given for Christmas and construct cities in his backyard. He used the garden hose to make flowing rivers, his hands to sculpt the land. When he was 10, he wanted […]
UCare paid CEO $1.28M during collapse, including a bonus
Hilary Marden-Resnik and a dozen top executives received incentive compensation last year as the nonprofit health insurer staggered toward its demise.
Amid talk of Trump at NBA Finals, Silver cites power of sports
There has been no announcement that President Donald Trump plans to attend an NBA Finals game at New York's Madison Square Garden next week, though Commissioner Adam Silver hinted at Trump's intentions Wednesday.
Amid talk of Trump attending NBA Finals game in New York, Silver says sports can be unifying
SAN ANTONIO (AP) — There has been no announcement that President Donald Trump plans to attend an NBA Finals game at New York's Madison Square Garden next week, though Commissioner Adam Silver hinted at Trump's intentions Wednesday when he said sports remain something that unifies even in divided ...
Live entertainment boom fuels growth for MSG and Las Vegas Sphere
‘The Big Money Show’ highlights the booming live entertainment industry as Madison Square Garden benefits from the Knicks’ Finals run and Sphere reports strong growth amid rising demand for in-person experiences.
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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