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Lopez strike seals Wolves win in Black Country Derby
Wolves claimed local bragging rights on Sunday as Fer Lopez’s second-half goal secured a 1-0 victory over West Bromwich in the Black Country derby.Wolves dominated the opening stages and could easil...
How Toronto Blue Jays' Playoff Chances Stack Up Entering Sunday
After consecutive losses against the Texas Rangers, the Blue Jays have their backs against the wall.
Dodgers Finally Secure First Series Victory of 2026 vs. Giants
The Los Angeles Dodgers ignited a 15-hit offensive explosion to dismantle the San Francisco Giants' pitching staff.
Verily Health Secures Investment From NVIDIA And CU Healthcare Innovation Fund To Expand Precision Health AI Platform
Verily Health has secured new investment from NVIDIA and existing backer CU Healthcare Innovation Fund II as the precision health technology company expands its data and artificial intelligence platform. The financing extends Verily’s March fundraising. The company did not disclose the size of the additional investments. Verily’s existing investors also include Alphabet, Series X Capital and UCHealth.
Double-digit increases await Pennsylvania Obamacare enrollees
For the second year in a row, Pennsylvanians with individual health insurance through the Affordable Care Act will see an average double-digit increase...
Penn State Breezes Past Buffalo: Post-Game Link Dump
Koby Howard has put in the work to become the Nittany Lions’ go-to receiver. Penn State’s secondary was near perfect in the non-conference slate. The Nittany Lions defense had another strong performance, this time forcing four turnovers. Penn State’s ground game took a major step forward with a 100-yard day for Quinton Martin Jr….has Martin […]
Giants may have caught a huge break before Monday night
The Giants have enough to manage in their own secondary before flying west. Deonte Banks is questionable with a calf […]
'A thin squad but they still have quality'
When David Moyes returned for a second spell in charge of Everton in January 2025, the Toffees were 16th, one point clear of the relegation zone. There's been a lot of discontent among the fanbase regarding the owners and a transfer policy that left themselves short in forward areas.
Easily Remove Ants From Your Lawn With An Eco-Friendly Find From Home Depot
This EcoSmart plant-based formula uses essential oils, like clove and thyme, and can be used to treat lawns of pests like ants. The product is in granular form.
PSG XI vs Marseille – Predicted lineup and team news
PSG will be aiming to record a third consecutive victory in all competitions before the first international break of the season when they travel to face Marseille on Sunday.PSG head into Le Classique ...
Scotland must show more belief
Evie Gallagher says Scotland must believe they belong amongst the world's best if they are to compete against the top international sides. The number eight scored both of Scotland's tries against New Zealand but the Black Ferns were a class apart as they ran in 10 tries for a 66-14 victory at Hive Stadium. It was a second straight defeat for the Scots in the WXV Global Series following last weekend's defeat to Canada.
2nd NYC health system makes deal
A second major New York City health system has struck a deal with the Trump administration to no longer provide gender-transition care to adolescents and pay a penalty to the federal government, the Justice Department announced on Friday.
Dana White Reacts to Gable Steveson Losing at UFC 331
UFC president Dana White shared his reaction to Gable Steveson’s shocking knockout loss to Sean Sharaf at UFC 331.Entering UFC 331 as a -2500 betting favorite, Steveson was fully expected to defeat Sharaf and make it look easy. But he was brutally knocked out in just 12 seconds as Sharaf caught him with a left […] The post Dana White Reacts to Gable Steveson Losing at UFC 331 appeared first on HEAVY.
Maringá seal second win in the Série C final stage
Maringá defeated Botafogo-PB and claimed its second win in the final stage of Série CCredits: Fernando Teramatsu / MFCMaringá secured its second win in the final stage of Série C this Saturday (19...
Farage says he wants to ‘hijack’ Trump’s ICE czar to help secure UK border
Reform leader also tells US event Europe should have ‘more sensible view’ of president’s administration
Sean Sharaf Pulls Off Biggest Upset in UFC History
Heavyweight Sean Sharaf pulled off the biggest upset in UFC history when he knocked out Gable Steveson in just 12 seconds at UFC 331. Sharaf stormed across the cage and caught Steveson with a massive left hook that immediately knocked him out cold for the biggest win of his MMA career to date and the […] The post Sean Sharaf Pulls Off Biggest Upset in UFC History appeared first on HEAVY.
High school football: Saturday's scores
Results from CIF City and Southern Section high school football games on Saturday, Sept. 19.
Together for Good: LCMC Health, Second Harvest and Junior League of New Orleans partner in food and diaper drive
Learn about the collaborative efforts of LCMC Health, Second Harvest Food Bank, and the Junior League of New Orleans to support families through a food and diaper drive.
Michael Vick notches first Division I win, more to come?
Michael Vick secured his first Division I victory in resounding fashion with a blowout win over Hampton in this year’s Battle of the Bay. Last year’s matchup was a high-scoring affair that stayed close throughout and saw Hampton ultimately emerge victorious. But in Vick’s second year leading the Spartans, they looked way more potent offensively and […] The post Michael Vick notches first Division I win, more to come? appeared first on ClutchPoints.
High school flag football: Friday and Saturday scores
CIF City Section and Southern Section high school girls' flag football scores for Friday and Saturday.
Bristol, Blue Star ‘breakup’ has Ivywild hallways abuzz
Bristol Brewing Co. and Blue Star restaurant marked the beginning of a beautiful business partnership almost 30 years ago, inside neighboring operations, in co-owned property near the intersection of South Tejon Street and East Ramona Avenue. When the historic former Ivywild elementary building went on the market just blocks away at 1604 S. Cascade Ave., […]
Peters' properties under foreclosure are on the market for over $42 million
Most of the properties are located in the downtown area, while another one is situated at the corner of the busy Cerrillos Road-Rodeo Road intersection.
Florida Stuns Auburn in Wild SEC Showdown
The Florida Gators are officially 3-0. Florida traveled to Jordan-Hare Stadium on Saturday night and defeated Auburn 44-39 in a wild SEC opener, giving first-year head coach Jon Sumrall his first conference victory with the Gators. Gators Jump Out Early Florida wasted no time making its presence felt. The Gators took a 7-3 lead in…
Misery Index: NC State's all-time collapse brings up questions about Dave Doeren's job security
Recap: Sporting KC falls 4-3 to Philadelphia Union
Sporting Kansas City (5-17-3, 18 pts.) fell to a 4-3 defeat against the Philadelphia Union (10-10-6, 36 pts.) at Sporting Park on Saturday night. Andre Luiz scored twice in the first half to go along with Wyatt Meyer’s first goal for the club before red-hot Philadelphia responded with four second-half
Tennessee defeats Kennesaw State ahead of SEC play
Tennessee defeats Kennesaw State in Week 3 at Neyland Stadium.
BYU Starts Strong, Gets Road Win at Colorado State
LJ Martin and Legend Glasker showed their star power and BYU jumped out to a 38-7 lead before fluttering late in a 41-23 win at Colorado State Saturday night in Fort Collins. BYU led 31-7 at halftime, and scored a touchdown on their first drive of the second half to go up 38-7 before pulling […]
Five key takeaways from Florida's first SEC win against Auburn
Florida football defeats the Auburn Tigers in Week 3 of the college football season, 44-39. Here are five key takeaways.
Cam Schlittler Gets Great Sign For Entering AL MVP Race
Second year pitcher Cam Schlittler is the strong American League Cy Young candidate, but he may have a chance at another award. The New York Yankees ace continues to add to the great body of work and saw his ERA dropping below 2.00 in recent weeks. Schlittler has an outside chance at the AL MVP […] The post Cam Schlittler Gets Great Sign For Entering AL MVP Race appeared first on HEAVY.
AI 'warning shots' focus Beijing on national security risks
While AI researchers in the United States fret over out-of-control superintelligence wiping out humanity, Chinese policymakers have until now been more focused on immediate risks, from deepfakes to child safety.
Seminoles Succumb to No. 10 Crimson Tide in Road Loss
Florida State looked like the better team in Tuscaloosa on Saturday, at least for the first 28 minutes of the game. But the second half belonged to the Alabama Crimson Tide, scoring 24 points and running away with a 50-36 victory over the Seminoles.
MVDs: Arkansas Edition
You don’t go on the road and take care of business in the SEC without a total team effort. Even then some Bulldogs are bound to distinguish themselves above and beyond the crowd. Those undaunted Dawgs are your MVDs, the Most Valuable ‘‘Dawgs from Georgia’s 45-17 victory over Arkansas. Offense: Gunner Stockton. Sure, we could […]
Laser Your Way Into Debug Mode On The RP2350
The RP2350 is actually a pretty secure chip, all things considered. It has secure boot, ARMv8’s TrustZone to split secure and non-secure execution, and you can permanently disable debug — the…
Everything Stanford HC Tavita Pritchard said following Duke's win
Duke used a big second half to rout Stanford, 35-7, in the Blue Devils' ACC opener.
Indiana Rolls Again With Shutout Win Over Western Kentucky
No. 4 Indiana keeps rolling. The defending national champions overcame a slow start Saturday afternoon before taking over in the second half and crushing Western Kentucky 38-0 at Memorial Stadium. The victory moved the Hoosiers to 3-0 and extended their winning streak to 19 games. The final score made the game look easy, but Indiana…
Hannah Waddingham and Octavia Spencer’s ‘Ride or Die’ Canceled at Prime Video After One Season
Amazon's "Ride or Die" starring Hannah Waddingham and Octavia Spencer will not return for a second season on Prime Video.
Butterfly Pavilion Scientists Complete Final Survey of Northwest Parkway Pollinator Corridor
Scientists from Butterfly Pavilion completed the second and final field survey on Monday along the Northwest Parkway’s southern right-of-way.
Michigan Dominates UTEP In Second Half In 52-17 Beatdown
The Wolverines struggled to find their rhythm early, but Michigan exploded for 28 points in the third quarter behind an efficient performance from quarterback Bryce Underwood.
WATCH LIVE: Pete Buttigieg keynotes Texas Democrats Johnson-Jordan Dinner
Former Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg delivers the keynote address at the Texas Democratic Party’s 12th Annual Johnson-Jordan Dinner as Democrats rally ahead of midterms.
Another SEC Game, Another Loss for Arkansas
Arkansas’ loss to No. 2 Georgia extended the Razorbacks’ SEC losing streak to 12 games. The number does not yet match the worst conference skid in program history, but it is close enough that Arkansas can no longer treat it as a temporary concern. Another SEC Game, Another Loss for Arkansas Arkansas did not need …
Chile's Bachelet quits race to be next UN chief
Michelle Bachelet, the former president of Chile, withdrew her candidacy for the position of United Nations secretary-general on Saturday, weeks after a straw poll showed her in second to last
Arkansas volleyball drops final nonconference match before SEC play
The Arkansas volleyball team saw its five-match win streak end Saturday, losing to Illinois in straight sets in the Arkansas State Invitational in Jonesboro.
The Worst Seed The Cubs Can Get In The Postseason
A three-way deadlock atop the Wild Card standings forces Chicago into a high-stakes sprint. With postseason odds secured, the North Siders must now battle for crucial seeding.
Georgia Bulldogs Hammer Arkansas Razorbacks in SEC Opening Victory
The Georgia Bulldogs got their SEC schedule started off right.
Florida vs Auburn: live updates, Week 3 game score, highlights
Florida football opens SEC play on the road against Auburn. Follow for live score updates, highlights, injury news, key plays and instant analysis.
Auburn opens SEC play vs Florida: Live updates, score, highlights
Follow along for the latest score updates and highlights from Auburn football's SEC opener vs the Florida Gators from Jordan-Hare Stadium.
Georgia Rolls Past Arkansas in Dominant SEC Opener
No. 2 Georgia wasted no time showing that it is ready for another run through the SEC. The Bulldogs traveled to Fayetteville on Saturday and dominated Arkansas from the opening whistle, cruising to a 45-17 victory in their first conference game of the season. Georgia improved to 3-0 overall and 1-0 in SEC play with…
Czechs beat USA to qualify for Davis Cup finals
Jiri Lehecka downed Learner Tien in a deciding rubber as the Czech Republic stunned the United States 3-2 in Davis Cup qualifying for a second straight year, while South Korea
EB-2 NIW Green Card Case Study: Approval for Business and Wellness Professional from Venezuela
Business Executive and Wellness Professional Colombo & Hurd secured an EB-2 National Interest Waiver (NIW) green card for a business and wellness professional from Venezuela focused on mental wellness education, early awareness, and prevention. USCIS approved the EB-2 NIW petition without a Request for Evidence, and after the Adjustment of Status (AOS) process, the client received her green card and is now a permanent resident of the United States.
Devils well-beaten by Flames in Challenge Cup
Guildford Flames thump Cardiff Devils 5-1 to secure their first Challenge Cup win of the 2026-27 season.
Business Tech News: 86% Of Solopreneurs Try AI Before Hiring
SurveyMonkey, Autodesk, Claude, QuickBooks and FreshBooks roll out new AI, security and support tools aimed at helping small businesses work smarter.
The growing Dodgers 10-strikeout club
Tyler Glasnow on Friday night struck out 10 Giants in his six innings, his most in a start this season. Aside from securing Los Angeles-area folks a free Jumbo Jack with a purchase of a large drink for the 130th time this season and the 27th time in the last 28 days, Friday affirmed the […]
Chivu: “A second half of grit, courage and personality”
A comeback draw, secured thanks to a superb second-half performance from Inter, who recovered from two goals down against home side Roma. The game at the Olimpico showcased great quality, but above al...
High school football: Top performers in the Southland
A look at the top performers from CIF City and Southern Section football games this week.
Analysis: Glasner left with food for thought
There will be plenty to ponder for Nottingham Forest boss Oliver Glasner after this result. Forest's 24 shots today were their second most in a Premier League match since they returned to the top flight in 2022. Similarly, only Pascal Gross (15) has created more chances in the league this season than Nottingham Forest's Morgan Gibbs-White (14).
Vance plans Greensboro visit Monday
It will be the vice president’s second trip to North Carolina this year.
Vance plans Greensboro visit Monday
It will be the vice president’s second trip to North Carolina this year.
Russian election observer loses consciousness during arrest by police, opposition party says
The three-day election, which began Friday and ends Sunday, features virtually no opposition and is all but certain to secure the Kremlin’s political dominance.
Davion Mitchell reveals Giannis Antetokounmpo's secret behind his success
Giannis Antetokounmpo is bringing a winning mentality to the Heat, and his teammates are seeing it firsthand.
Lowly Peterborough sack manager Williams
Peterborough United sack manager Luke Williams after Saturday's defeat at home by Doncaster leaves them second from bottom in League One.
Philippine Airlines' Manila Lounge & Ground Experience Is Laughably Bad
A long security line, near-invisible lounge signage, and Wi-Fi that won't connect to laptops — here's why Philippine Airlines' Manila transit experience disappoints.
Closer Look At OKC's Young Players: Bennett Stirtz
Sam Presti traded up to secure this high-IQ playmaker, betting on elite offensive processing and lethal range to overcome defensive questions in a loaded Oklahoma City rotation.
Will unlikely starts continue in second week of NFL season?
Four NFL games feature 0-1 teams facing 1-0 opponents. History shows how rare and unpredictable these 2-0 starts are.
Millions of funds from Rural Health Transformation program earmarked for Coast efforts
Mississippi is awarding more than $104 million to modernize and expand rural healthcare. The funding is part of the state’s Rural Health Transformation Program. George County is receiving multiple awards for hospital and healthcare upgrades, including new patient monitoring, lab and maternal health equipment, cybersecurity improvements, and other technology. Memorial Health System is also receiving millions for projects in Stone...
Everton 1-0 Ipswich: What Moyes and Pickford said
If we get the second goal it changes the game but Ipswich clung on and it allowed them to put us under pressure late in the game. The first year in the Premier League is always tough, he has found his feet and he has started a lot better this year.
Harmless myths everyone still believes that science has totally debunked
Harmless myths everyone still believes that science has totally debunked Some myths survive purely because correcting them feels unnecessary. Nobody gets hurt believing a goldfish forgets everything in three seconds, so nobody bothers checking. That […]
Newcastle 2-1 Hull: What Jaissle said
Newcastle have won three of their last four Premier League games against Hull (drawing the other), winning their first-ever home match in the competition against the Tigers. Lewis Hall's goal after just six minutes and 34 seconds was the earliest Newcastle have been 2-0 up in a Premier League home game since April 2023 against Spurs (Joelinton netting the second goal in the sixth minute).
Ten-man Linfield secure narrow win over Crusaders
A second-half Kitt Nelson goal gives Linfield a 1-0 win over Crusaders in their Irish Premiership game at Windsor Park.
Telehealth companies keep exposing their customers' medical data. What should they do?
The Federal Trade Commission recently filed a lawsuit alleging that telehealth company Hims & Hers secretly exposed customers’ health data.
"Chill Out a Bit": FOX Sports Broadcaster Calls Out Dak Prescott on Live TV After Cowboys' QB Questions Fans
Dallas Cowboys went 7-9-1 in 2025 and missed the playoffs for a second straight season, so a 0-1 start this season after losing to the New York Giants was always going to test the patience of the Cowboys Nation. That is the backdrop for Dak Prescott’s comments this week, when asked about a fan’s disappointment.
Phoenix Suns Insider Provides More Insight on Duop Reath Signing
Discover how a clever contract technicality allowed Phoenix to secure the versatile big man with little risk, bolstering frontcourt depth while preserving crucial roster flexibility.
Scott Gardner: We were solid in every department
Leeds United Under-21s put in an impressive performance at home to Newcastle United Under-21s, controlling the game throughout to secure three valuable points.Goals from Josh McDonald and Freddie Lane...
Tottenham 2-3 Aston Villa: What De Zerbi said
Second goal, we have the offside decision [disallowing Spurs' goal] but the focus had to be better. This is Spurs' worst start to a Premier League season after five games, with two points and a goal difference of -6, eclipsing their 2008-09 start (2 points, -3 goal difference).
Mensah sets ACC consecutive-completions marks as No. 5 Miami tops Wake Forest
The former Duke QB completed 30 of 34 passes for 220 yards and three touchdowns.
Kennedy tells antivaccine activists they have a friend in White House
Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. tells antivaccine activists from an organization he once chaired that they have a friend in the White House.
Democratic Gov. Katie Hobbs leans into a GOP-friendly message in battleground Arizona
Even as the political environment favors her party, Hobbs is focused on the middle as she seeks a second term in a state Trump won in 2024.
‘Today’s Gonna Be Wild,’ ‘Love This Sport’ — CFB Fans React As Lane Kiffin Faces Wrath of Ole Miss Fans During ESPN’s GameDay Segment
The rivalry between Lane Kiffin and Ole Miss reached another level Saturday morning when ESPN’s College GameDay went live from Oxford. Within seconds of the broadcast beginning, Ole Miss fans in The Grove broke into loud chants aimed at their former head coach.
PA Health Department prepares to withdraw request for CDC aid amid rise measles cases
Pennsylvania Secretary of Health calls on the CDC to publicly recognize four measles-associated deaths
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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