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How Cohere Health digitizes clinical policies using Amazon Bedrock AgentCore
In this post, you learn how Cohere Health built a multi-tenant agentic architecture on AgentCore using AgentCore Runtime’s secure MicroVM isolation, unified tool access through AgentCore Gateway, AgentCore Memory, and the Agent Skills open standard to rapidly scale policy digitization capabilities, while preserving transparency, version control, and human oversight.
Leslie Jones reveals the ‘SNL’ host the entire cast thought would bomb
Leslie Jones is name-dropping the ‘SNL’ host who was ‘f---ing up so bad’ during rehearsals that the entire cast thought it’d be ‘one of the worst shows ever.’
Ryan Murphy addresses Ariana Grande’s ‘American Horror Story’ exit
Ryan Murphy is addressing Ariana Grande’s ‘American Horror Story’ exit days after the musician announced she would be ‘taking a step back’ from public life after her Eternal Sunshine Tour wraps.
Sadie Sink opens up about Marvel role and prepping for ‘X-Men’
Sadie Sink finally talks about her Marvel role and what comes after ‘Spider-Man: Brand New Day’
Visit Jersey Shore Farmers Markets for Local Produce, Entertainment
A network of Jersey Shore farmers markets continues to unfold throughout the summer. Multiple towns host weekly events showcasing fresh produce, baked goods, crafts, and family-friendly entertainment. The Philadelphia Inquirer offers…
War, Erasure, and the Politics of Culture in Sudan - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
Two millennia of inhabitation by indigenous groups, immigrant and diaspora communities, and many others who made the land their home have shaped Sudan’s cultural legacy along the two Niles. Today, over 120 languages connect Sudan’s territories and diasporas, exemplifying the country’s immense diversity as the result of its complex history. However, contemporary legislation, such as […]
Lindsey Buckingham reveals where he and Stevie Nicks stand after longtime feud
Lindsey Buckingham is sharing a major update on his and Stevie Nicks’ relationship after their years-long drama.
PA Pork names new inaugural Penn State Sports Nutrition Fellow
Chritz will work closely with Penn State Sports Nutrition while serving as a nutrition ambassador for Pennsylvania Pork Producers Council.
As GTA 6 publisher Take-Two revises its 2027 net bookings up to $8.2bn, Strauss Zelnick confirms its sales are "well over 90% digital"
First Capcom, now Take-Two: Strauss Zelnick doesn't appear phased by PlayStation's migration to an 'all-digital future'.
‘Big Brother’ host Julie Chen Moonves reacts to the icons’ big move against Red Corner
‘Big Brother’ host Julie Chen Moonves reacts to the icons making their big move against Red Corner, and if there could be sleeper candidate in the house.
Trump unbound: the making of an imperial presidency
Donald Trump’s second term is unlike his first. The politicians who challenged him are gone. The lawyers who once pushed back now choose their battles. What remains is an imperial president with almost no internal checks - using executive power to reshape everything from the economy to immigration and even the presidency itself.
Surprise! The original Quake gets a free expansion on all platforms to celebrate its 30th birthday
A 19-level campaign, a deathmatch map, a new soundtrack: now that's a 30th birthday present.
Alex Eala’s tennis phenomenon is growing and changing the sport
Eala, 21, has been making history for the Philippines since she was a junior. She is changing tennis culture in real time.
Colorado must continue finding common ground on wildfire policy
By John Herrick Colorado has never lacked for opinions about wildfire policy. We debate forest management, climate change, prescribed burns, land use, air quality and budgets. Those debates are familiar territory, but a new discussion is beginning to happen around the use of chemical retardant in aerial firefighting. Before I became an attorney and served […]
SHARE program allows students to experience medicine and science
As Jayson Smith approached his sophomore year at Nettleton High School, he knew he wanted to pursue a career in medicine, but he didn’t really know where to start. “I...
Connections: Sports Edition today: Hints and answers for Aug. 7, 2026, puzzle No. 683
Welcome to Connections: Sports Edition Coach — a spot to gather clues and discuss (and share) scores.
Naval parts supplier Goodwin explores sale of defence business
London-listed supplier to UK and US nuclear submarines has received bids from buyout firms
Netflix stuck a guy in a billboard to promote a new movie
Thirty feet above Sunset Boulevard, Netflix put a guy inside a billboard made up like a living room to promote the new sci-fi thriller ‘The Last House.’
As Michigan ages, are we overlooking a critical type of caregiver – the friend?
Friends may not see themselves as caregivers, yet when they help with activities of daily living, they are crucial to a person’s independence and longevity. That, in turn, can save tax dollars by curbing the odds at nursing home care.
You vs you: The other side of when you almost decide not to go
Discover how taking action and increasing your luck surface area can transform your farm business and open doors to new opportunities.
Monica Barbaro details deleted ‘Top Gun: Maverick’ scene with Jon Hamm
Monica Barbaro recalled shooting scenes for ‘Top Gun: Maverick’ with Jon Hamm and Lewis Pullman that got ‘cut’ from the film.
Perez Hilton’s Children ‘Fled’ His Home Moments Before His ‘Severe Mental Health Crisis,’ Family Says
Perez Hilton’s family members fled his home moments before his mental health crisis, his family shared in an Aug. 6 statement.
Davenport University, U-M Health-West create innovative partnership; collaborative experience for healthcare professionals
Photo credit: Ning Zhu Davenport University’s nursing program recently hosted University of Michigan Health-West emergency medicine residents to the W.A. Lettinga Grand Rapids Campus to participate in simulation-based education using Davenport’s state-of-the-art technology. During the July 29 event, approximately 30 University of Michigan Health-West residents
Rapid City, Sanford Health unveil sports complex partnership
Rapid City, SD, the Rapid City Sports Commission and Sanford Health are partnering on naming rights for the new community sports complex.
Bruce Willis’ wife makes rare comment on meeting actor while engaged to someone else
Bruce Willis wife Emma Heming Willis made rare comments about first meeting the actor while she was engaged to someone else: ‘Loved being around him,’ she said.
Martha Stewart burns Meghan Markle with shady comment about her lifestyle show
Martha Stewart called out Meghan Markle’s lifestyle show, and her transition from actress to royal to TV personality.
‘Super Troopers’ crew tricked actors into chugging too much maple syrup, found them lying on the ground
The stars of ‘Super Troopers 3’ explain how the crew once pranked them. Of course it involved maple syrup.
Which type of thinker are you? + US explosive diarrhoea outbreak
Madeleine Finlay is joined by Ian Sample, Guardian science editor, to discuss three eye-catching science stories including an investigation that has identified four distinct types of thinker. Also on the agenda is the unprecedented cyclosporiasis outbreak in the US which has now been linked to two fatalities, and the funding cuts that threaten the iconic Jodrell Bank world heritage site, home to the Lovell telescope
Vanderbilt Health physical therapist bound for Nationals after winning four medals at Tennessee Senior Olympics
Vanderbilt Health physical therapist Grant Schlisner, PT, DPT, Cert. MDT, won four medals in the recent Tennessee Senior Olympics, which qualifies him to compete in the national Senior Olympics, set for July 2027 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Senior Olympians are athletes 50 years or older who compete in regional events for an opportunity to move to state events, and eventually to the Nationals. Schlisner’s medals were in the javelin, discus and softball throw (gold) and shot put (bronze). Schlisner, who is based at Vanderbilt Health One Hundred Oaks, grew up in the Chattanooga area in a family that valued physical fitness and playing sports, and he says, with considerable understatement, “The whole family is quite athletic.” Grant Schlisner (R) with brother Bret and sister Sue, all of whom won medals in the Tennessee State Senior Olympics. (photo courtesy Grant Schlisner) His brother Bret also competed in the Senior Olympics. So did his sister Sue. (His other sister Tammy did not compete, but, Schlisner said, “We’re still going to work on her.”) And their father, who now lives in South Dakota, competed in that state’s Senior Olympics in the category for athletes aged 84 to 89. Schlisner was a high school athlete in several sports, including stints as a baseball pitcher and a football quarterback. Since he was already playing positions in other sports in which he was throwing things, he was also recruited to the school’s track and field team, which is where he gained experience in the events that were his ticket to the 2027 Nationals. The medals are a reward for the hard work of training and preparation, but Schlisner said the real reward is the fitness that the medals represent. Schlisner competes in one of his medal-winning events, the shot put. (photo courtesy Grant Schlisner) “[Preparing for competition] got me working out to train for these events. I added more extensive weight training to promote injury prevention and building flexibility and strength have made me feel better overall.” He also said that, in addition to the physical rewards, he enjoys the camaraderie of the other athletes and a feeling of accomplishment. “It’s great to be able to have a goal,” he said. “If you aim low, you’ll hit it. This is aiming high. I want to bring home a medal in the Nationals.” His physical therapy patients, especially those who may be discouraged or need a little extra motivation, also benefit from his example. “I can connect with patients and say, ‘I’m 57 with previous injuries, and I’ve been doing these events, and you can get back to your ‘sport’ as well, whether that is chasing grandkids or participating in a competitive activity,’” he said. And being around the other Senior Olympians, especially in the older age groups, is motivating for him, as well. “One competitor was 90 years old,” he said. “She’s not just sitting around. That was super motivating and cool to see. I don’t want to be a lump on the couch at 90.”
VA accelerates electronic health record rollout
After years of delays, the Department of Veterans Affairs says its federal electronic health record (EHR) program is now firmly back on track. VA Secretary Douglas Collins has accelerated the program with a renewed goal: full deployment across all VA medical centers by 2031. A major governance overhaul, replacing multiple competing councils with a single decision-making body, has cut through bureaucratic delays and allowed the VA to move faster and more consistently. Deputy Secretary Paul Lawrence has taken a hands-on role, including visiting deployment sites and holding daily meetings with Oracle Health to ensure front-line clinicians have what they need. Here’s how the rollout is going, according to the VA: The federal EHR has only experienced four outages since December 2025. The system has gone nearly two consecutive years without a major incident. It is currently live at six sites, supporting care for over 188,000 veterans. The system creates a lifelong medical record, integrating data across the VA, the Department of Defense and private community providers. With the first new deployments underway and four Michigan medical centers already live in 2026, the VA is entering its first true expansion phase since the program’s reset. Officials say the system’s improved stability, streamlined governance and standardized national workflows have cleared the obstacles that once stalled progress. With 13 sites scheduled for deployment in 2026 and a market‑based rollout strategy guiding future waves, the department believes it’s finally positioned to move at scale toward a modern, fully interoperable EHR, advancing steadily toward its goal of reaching every VA medical center in five years.
Exclusive: Mirendil inks $100M+ Google Cloud deal to scale self-improving AI
Mirendil has signed a $100 million-plus Google Cloud partnership to expand its compute infrastructure, powering research into self-improving AI systems designed to accelerate scientific discovery and AI development.
AI bots started a religion
AI models are trying desperately to accomplish mysterious goals. ‘Spiralism’ was the first time they tried it on a mass scale.
Big Walk simulates the strange, childlike sensation of being unexpectedly separated from your friends, and the joy and relief of finding your way back
It might be disconcerting to wander out of voice range in Big Walk, but half the fun is working out ways to regain contact.
Pokémon Pokopia's free 2.0 update is here, and it's making a splash with new underwater features and improvements
Pokémon Pokopia's 2.0 update has added a bunch of underwater features and fixes to the popular spin-off title.
Sony Forces PSSR 2.0 On Every PS5 Pro Game, As New Beta Update Flips The Upscaler Toggle On By Default
Sony's new PS5 Pro beta update enables "Enhance PSSR Image Quality" by default to sharpen unpatched games
This Week in Sports Trivia: August 6, 2026
How closely were you following the sports news this week? Find out and test your knowledge by taking The Athletic's weekly quiz.
The most interesting sports on ESPN8: The Ocho: Jugglers, archers and racing dinosaurs
The Ocho returns to ESPN this weekend, What started as a joke from "Dodgeball" has become an enduring celebration of experimental sports.
Halo Studios hit by layoffs after release of Halo: Campaign Evolved
An unconfirmed number of developers have been let go from Halo Studios just over a week since Campaign Evolved's release.
Minecraft finally has a Switch 2 release date, but there may be bad news for Switch 1 owners
Mojang is done teasing us about an imminent release of Minecraft on Switch 2.
Coco Gauff says she supports trans community and fairness in women’s sports amid new WTA policy
Gauff was asked about a new eligibility policy in professional women's tennis, which is based on a one-off gene test.
Now federally recognized, the Lumbee want better healthcare. They may be on their own.
The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina secured federal recognition as a sovereign nation, but getting health care benefits may prove complicated.
Another huge Pixel Watch 5 leak showcases everything from design to health features
New Pixel Watch 5 leak showcases health features such as heart rate variability tracking, "Ask Coach," and more alongside Gemini Intelligence.
Connections: Sports Edition today: Hints and answers for Aug. 6, 2026, puzzle No. 682
Welcome to Connections: Sports Edition Coach — a spot to gather clues and discuss (and share) scores.
Politics in the Park: Ballot access divides Republicans vying for Wyoming secretary of state
CASPER, Wyo. — Four Republicans running to be Wyoming’s next secretary of state took the stage at Washington Park on Wednesday, agreeing on much of what the office does and dividing mainly over how easy it should be to vote. The seat is open because Secretary of State Chuck Gray is running for Congress. The […]
Politics in the Park: Ballot access divides Republicans vying for Wyoming secretary of state
CASPER, Wyo. — Four Republicans running to be Wyoming's next secretary of state took the stage at Washington Park on Wednesday, agreeing on much of what
Politics in the Park: Ballot access divides Republicans vying for Wyoming secretary of state
CASPER, Wyo. — Four Republicans running to be Wyoming's next secretary of state took the stage at Washington Park on Wednesday, agreeing on much of what
Politics in the Park: Harshman, Kelly spar over school-funding overhaul, standards and screen time
CASPER, Wyo. — Two sitting state representatives running for superintendent of public instruction made their case at Washington Park on Wednesday,
Snoop Dogg and Backstreet Boys’ Kevin Richardson meet after ‘separated at birth?’ twin meme
For years, the internet has said Snoop Dogg and Kevin Richardson look alike. Here’s what happened when they were photographed together: ‘It finally happened… iykyk’
Viewpoint: Europe needs a new scientific contract
The White House's new science strategy should be required reading in the Berlaymont and every European capital.Not because Europe should copy it. Parts of it should concern Europeans deeply. But because it asks the question Europe has so far avoided while steadily losing ground in the global race for technological leadership.Europe already possesses many of the world's finest universities, scientists and research-intensive companies. It produces world-leading research in fields ranging from quantum technologies and biotechnology to climate science. Yet time and again Europe generates the scientific breakthroughs while others build the companies, industries and strategic advantages around them, particularly in digital technologies. Increasingly, we find ourselves regulating technologies whose underlying capabilities were developed elsewhere.This is not primarily a scientific failure. It is an institutional one.The settlement that shaped modern science policy emerged after the Second World War. In Science, the Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush argued that governments should invest in fundamental research while protecting scientists from political direction. Public investment was justified precisely because no government, university or company could predict where the next transformative discovery would emerge.That scientific contract served liberal democracies extraordinarily well. It underpinned decades of advances in medicine, computing, energy and communications, but the world for which it was designed no longer exists.Artificial intelligence is transforming not only technology but the production of knowledge itself. Advanced chips, computing power, data and scientific instruments have become strategic assets. Scientific knowledge now diffuses globally almost instantly. Competitive advantage increasingly lies not in making discoveries first, but in possessing the infrastructure, capital, engineering capability and institutions required to translate those ideas into products, industries and strategic advantage.The old boundaries between science, industrial policy, national security and geopolitics have largely disappeared. Dual-use technologies now underpin both economic power and military deterrence.The US has recognised this shift. In July, the White House published Science: A New Golden Age, a comprehensive attempt to rethink the relationship between science and national power. The report builds on Bush's legacy, but departs from his framework in important ways. Science is no longer treated simply as the source of future discoveries. It is presented as the foundation of economic resilience, technological leadership and national security. AI, advanced infrastructure and the capacity to build become as important as discovery itself.Yet the report also reveals a striking paradox. The same administration calling for “a new golden age” of US science has simultaneously proposed deep cuts to the federal research enterprise while expanding political influence over the allocation of public research funding. Europe should therefore distinguish between the report's diagnosis and its prescription. The diagnosis, that science has become a strategic asset, is compelling. But the prescription is self-defeating. Long-term technological leadership depends on strong universities, academic freedom and the institutional autonomy that makes scientific discovery possible. This distinction matters. Bush's achievement was never simply to make science serve national strength. It was to establish a division of labour in which governments invested in research without attempting to direct discovery itself. Scientific breakthroughs emerge precisely because researchers retain the freedom to pursue questions whose value cannot yet be demonstrated and whose conclusions cannot be anticipated.Neither China, nor the USAs science becomes more strategically important, the temptation to politicise it inevitably grows. But scientific freedom is not an obstacle to technological leadership, it is an essential precondition.China represents the opposite model. For decades it has integrated science, manufacturing, infrastructure and industrial policy into a single national strategy. Its ability to mobilise resources around critical technologies is formidable. But it does so within an authoritarian system where scientific priorities are increasingly inseparable from political power.Europe should imitate neither model. It should learn from the strategic ambition of the US without importing its growing politicisation of science. And it should learn from China's capacity to build without adopting its concentration of power.Instead, Europe needs a scientific contract of its own. Bush's scientific contract protected the freedom to discover because the defining challenge of the 20th century was producing new knowledge. Europe's next scientific contract must preserve that freedom while ensuring that scientific discoveries can be converted into technological, industrial and strategic capability. Because in a transactional world, Europe's freedom to shape its own future depends on its capacity to build it.Related articlesThe US ‘golden age’ science strategy: what Europeans need to knowEuropean researchers sound the alarm that Trump rule changes will hit cooperationNIH turmoil risks reciprocal EU-US access to health research fundingThis does not mean subordinating free science to competitiveness or industrial policy. On the contrary. Scientific autonomy remains the first principle of Europe's next scientific contract. Governments should not direct scientific discovery. Their responsibility is to ensure that Europe's scientific, industrial, financial and regulatory institutions work together rather than in isolation.Meeting that responsibility requires far more than research funding. European researchers need access to world-class computing infrastructure, advanced laboratories, shared datasets and scientific facilities. Innovative companies need patient capital, testing environments and a genuine single market in which they can scale without facing 27 different regulatory regimes. Public procurement must evolve from purchasing existing technologies to creating markets for new ones. Regulators must become partners in experimentation rather than guardians of yesterday's rules.A connecting architectureEurope does not need to invent the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa) model from scratch. Britain's Aria, Germany's Sprind and Wellcome Leap already show that Europe can build institutions capable of taking high-risk, mission-oriented bets while preserving democratic accountability. The challenge now is not to create more isolated initiatives, but to connect them to Europe's broader scientific, industrial and financial system so that breakthrough discoveries can scale.Above all, Europe must stop treating research, innovation, industrial policy, finance and security as separate policy domains. The challenge is no longer to create excellent institutions in each of these fields, but to make them work as one European innovation system. Europe's strength will increasingly depend not on excellence within institutions, but on excellence across them.Europe's ambition should be neither to imitate the US nor to emulate China. It should demonstrate that scientific freedom, democratic legitimacy and technological capability are not competing objectives, but mutually reinforcing strengths. In an age of geopolitical rivalry, Europe's greatest advantage may ultimately be its ability to attract the world's best talent by combining scientific freedom, democratic openness and technological ambition.Bush's scientific contract helped define the 20th century because it protected the freedom to discover. Europe's challenge is not to abandon that achievement but to extend it. The defining task of Europe's next scientific contract is to preserve the freedom to discover while building Europe's capacity to translate scientific discovery into technological power.Kaare Nielsen is founder of Pomus, a Danish think tank on science and innovation.
Adam Sandler’s daughter reveals his bizarre swimming pool ritual
Sunny Sandler revealed her dad Adam Sandler’s unusual swimming pool habit during an interview with Jimmy Fallon, who didn’t believe her: ‘That is not true at all.’
Bella Thorne’s ex taught her ‘how to be an adult’ amid hard times with mom
Bella Thorne credited ex-boyfriend Gregg Sulkin for teaching her key parts of adulthood at 18 after she moved out of her mom’s house.
Cycling organization rolls out national Bicycle Benefits program
A national program to encourage bicycling while supporting small businesses has launched in Sioux Falls.
Travis Kelce’s coach Andy Reid defends athlete from ‘dad body’ claims in wake of Taylor Swift wedding
Travis Kelce’s coach Andy Reid defended the tight end from ‘dad body’ claims weeks after marrying Taylor Swift.
Katey Sagal says she’s surprised to still be ‘very sexual’ at age 72
Katey Sagal said she imagined that sex ‘would be a distant memory’ when she reached her 70s: ‘I’m at this age of my life and still into it.’
Aware Recovery Care Caught in Multiple Financial, Operational Crises
Aware Recovery Care, a Connecticut-based addiction treatment provider with locations in 11 states, is embroiled in a tangle of legal issues and lost
NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi Unveils Art Exhibit for Behavioral Health Patients with Ribbon Cutting Ceremony
Bronx, NY – NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi’s Comprehensive Addiction Treatment Center (CATC) unveiled a new art exhibit from NYC Health + Hospitals’ art
SSM Health appealing certification of union vote at St. Mary's Hospital in Madison
National Labor Relations Board staff certified the union election late last month after nurses voted 511-63 to unionize with the Service Employees International Union of Wisconsin.
COOL: Bad math makes for bad business
While some claim the cost of the program is “just pennies per pound,” those pennies add up – to an estimated nearly $30/head.
Katey Sagal reflects on doing press with John Ritter hours before his ‘mind-blowing’ death
Katey Sagal is looking back at her ‘mind-blowing’ experience of doing press with John Ritter just hours before his death at age 54 in 2003.
Whoopi Goldberg suggests she’d exit ‘The View’ if she was richer
Whoopi Goldberg has suggested that she’d leave ‘The View’ if she had more money: ‘Don’t know if I’d still be doing the show,’ she told actress Keke Palmer in a new podcast interview.
Movies to help understand the politics of immigration
Explore powerful films that illuminate the challenges of immigration, examining policy impacts and sociopolitical drivers for migration.
See Martin Lawrence return as Martin in first look at ‘Martin’ spinoff
Martin Lawrence and Tommy Davidson are reuniting for the Paramount+ comedy ‘The Varnell Hill Show.’
Sights and sounds from the Women's Pro Basebal League opener
Baseball Insider Howard Megdal brings you inside the opening games of the new Women's Pro Baseball League (WPBL), which kicked off on Aug. 1.
Standout 'Odyssey' Star Says She Hasn’t Worked In A Year — For A Pretty Enraging Reason
“There are other good actors out there,” Oscar nominee Samantha Morton said.
Paychex reports steady small business hiring with more worker hours
Small businesses across the nation continued to maintain a stable hiring environment in July, with employers increasingly relying on existing workers to meet demand
Conservative groups sue to stop online sports betting in Wisconsin
A lawsuit from conservative groups claims Wisconsin's new online sports betting law is unconstitutional and must be struck down.
More Potential Upheaval Awaits Indiana Medicaid
New work requirements, more frequent eligibility reviews and other policy changes will reshape Medicaid for many Hoosiers beginning in 2027.
"We take your feedback to heart" - Game Freak promises to improve Beast of Reincarnation following a divisive launch
Beast of Reincarnation has been described as unfinished by some players, and Game Freak is working on making things better.
Convention Center Launches WIN Phase 2 Series With Construction Services Small Business Workshop
The New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center (NOENMCC) is continuing its commitment to small and emerging businesses throughout the year with the next installment in its WIN Series. The next phase of workshops, The Procurement Playbook, focuses on construction and vendor service businesses throughout Greater New Orleans. The WIN Series is a part of
‘Wizards of Waverly Place’ actor slams revival for not inviting original cast back ahead of finale
‘Wizards Beyond Waverly Place’ released its final episodes on Tuesday, and original star David DeLuise has called it out.
The #1 Cooking Oil for Heart Health, According to Nutrition Experts
Based on scientific research and expert consensus, extra-virgin olive oil is the healthiest oil for your heart, since it’s rich in antioxidants and healthy fats.
Marvel Rivals’ next update drastically reduces the game’s install size on PC and console
As of Season 9.5, Marvel Rivals is going to take up a lot less space on your platform of choice.
Chartbook 464 The"China squeeze" - the politics of development counterfactuals.
There are three types of China shock discourse. Each has a distinct temporal register. China shock 1.0 was a phrase coined by US academics in the 2010s to retrospectively summarize the impact on particular US labour markets, which they identified through painstaking empirical investigation. China shock 2.0 on everyone’s lips in Europe in the mid 2020s is an alarm raised by trans-Atlantic policy thinkers warning of a coming disaster which they project onto Europe’s ailing car industry. The third type of China shock discourse - commonly known as the “China squeeze” launched most recently by Indian economists Shoumitro Chatterjee and Arvind Subramanian in the pages of Foreign Affairs - mobilizes a different, more speculative temporal register: the counterfactual realm of alternate history. The China squeeze argument asks not what has happened, or what is going to happen, but what might have been. Specifically, what options for economic development might have been open to Global South economies like India or the economies of sub-Saharan Africa, had it not been for China’s spectacular industrialization since the late 1990s and the persistent competitiveness of China’s manufacture in low-skilled segments. Chatterjee and Subramanian’s argument is that whilst China has built a powerful position in electrical machinery and other high-skill manufacturing, which is now delivering China Shock 2.0, it also continues to run a trade surplus in low-skill, labour-intensive manufacturing. This surplus is large and has remained largely unchanged in fifteen years. Indeed, in the 2010s, in trade with low-income countries, China’s surplus rapidly increased. On their reading, this squeezes low-income producers in low-skill sectors in which they “should” be able to compete. Source: “China’s Mercantilist Squeeze on Developing Countries” Shoumitro Chatterjee and Arvind Subramanian. Peterson Institute for International Economics 26-7 May 2026 Chatterjee and Subramanian’s wording is telling: (emphasis mine) The canonical trajectory of economic development in the post-World War II period is for countries to transition from agriculture to manufacturing, first in low-skilled manufacturing and then later on to high-skill manufacturing (Herrendorf, Rogerson, and Valentinyi 2013). At the global level, this implies that high-income countries (HICs) that once specialized in low-skilled activities cede manufacturing export space to poorer countries that come along to occupy that space. In 1965, advanced economies accounted for about 60 percent of global value-added exports in four key low-skilled manufacturing sectors, i.e., apparel, leather, textiles, and footwear. Over time this share declined and began to be occupied first by the East Asian tigers and, beginning in the late 1990s, by China. Today China accounts for about 50 percent of the global market. The question is whether China, with its rising prosperity, is continuing to behave like its richer counterparts and ceding export space to poorer followers or to behave unlike them and continuing to occupy space. In terms of the conceptual maneuvers it performs, of the three China shock discourses, the “China squeeze” argument is by far the most ambitious. After all, it bases its critique of China on a counterfactual imagining of the world. Like any counterfactual argument, to construct this alternative reality it must rely on a heuristic model. To make their argument Chatterjee and Subramanian mobilize two key claims. The first reference point is the actual history of rich-country industrialization, what they refer to as the “canonical path”. The idea is that countries transition from agriculture to light industry and low-skilled manufacturing and from there up the value chain. To make this useful as a standard of comparison and a means to construct a normative standard, they adjust sectoral export shares for two factors: 1. the underlying level of economic development of the exporting country, as measured by national income and 2. the degree to which the sector in question is internationalized. The idea being that for a high income country to have a high export share in low-skill sectors is anomalous and even more so if that particular product is highly internationalized and thus suitable for being “conceded” to lower-income competitors. Where should this process end? Here Chatterjee and Subramanian introduce their second benchmark. Their normative idea of a global development path is one in which, in due course, low-skill manufacturing exports are distributed in proportion to a country’s share in the global labour force. They imagine, in other words, a world of proportional, polycentric global development without much national specialization in low-skill manufacturing. A useful benchmark is that, in labor-intensive manufacturing sectors, a country’s share of world exports should be broadly commensurate with its share of the world’s low-skilled labor endowment. … In the Heckscher-Ohlin model, this would be true if value added per worker and export propensities, i.e., fraction of output that is exported, are the same across countries. It is this pleasant liberal vista of orderly global development, progressing towards a general distribution of low-skilled manufacturing against which they judge reality and conclude that the low-income countries are suffering a “China squeeze”. China is not exiting low-skill sectors fast enough Allowing for its gdp level and the degree of globalization, China’s share of low-skill manufacturing exports is far higher than it “should” be. Relative to population, its low-skill share of exports is far too high. That in turn yields the conclusion that huge numbers of jobs - the authors suggest tens of millions - are being hoarded by China. For the four sectors captured in figure 4, this excess in value-added exports is $110 billion in 2022. For all low-skilled sectors overall captured in appendix figure D.1, excess value-added exports amount to $365 billion. The crowding out of LMIC exports by China is therefore substantial. Both these claims have in common that they are strong structuralisms. The first is that development paths ought to resemble each other. The second is that broadly speaking as far as low-skilled manufacturing is concerned, all countries are alike. If the world currently diverges from the distribution of trade implied by these assumptions, if China is not following the advanced economy path and has huge exports, this must be the result of “policy”, which the authors then put in question as illegitimate or unfair. Thus the naturalistic construction of a canonical path leading to a “level” distribution of low-skilled manufacturing reveals itself to be a polemical tool. From the point of view of China shock polemics, this discourse is no doubt welcome. But as an account of economic history, it must surely be regarded as nothing short of bamboozling. Development paths do not follow a regular, natural sequence. As David Fishman put it aptly, “development is not a queue”. They are always and everywhere, through and through political. Development is not so much a process, as a project. Each such project is more or less well adjusted to its context. As Gerschenkron taught uneven and combined development implies differentiation rather than simple imitation on a single parth. It may be true that Europe and the US exited relatively early from low-skill work. But clearly technology has changed. As C&S themselves point out, China no longer enjoys a low wage environment. Do they really believe that such huge differences can be accounted for either by industrial policy, which as they admit does not operate powerfully in low-skill sectors, or by exchange rate manipulation? What is overwhelmingly dominant in explaining the persistence of “low-skill” manufacturing in China are surely the network effects of complex supply chains. Indeed the label of “low-skill” may miss the point. The degree of globalization which Chatterjee and Subramanian decide to conjure away in their model of the development path - to allow for the fact that Europe and American textiles exporters did not enjoy just-in-time logistics in the 1950s - obscures the point that the networks through which Chinese factories supply the world are themselves key parts of the low-skill industrialization project. China isn’t knocking out 1970s style “cheap”. It has redefined the entire product cycle. C&S’s casual reference to “T-shirts” is telling. In today’s “fast fashion”, there is weight on both terms. Fashion and fast. China’s success in delivering on both at unprecedentedly high speed and at unprecedentedly low cost, isn’t a low-skill operation at all. If we see development trajectories not as the serial repetition of the same, but as distinctive, crafted projects that cumulate in complex agglomerations of skill, technology and labor, then this explains why the assumption that low-skilled manufacturing should follow the distribution of population flies in the face of all experience. As countless cases attest, low-wage, low-income developed economies are not by themselves the makings of a competitive production base. As Leon Liao puts it quite fairly: “International trade has never been allocated according to population. A country’s population gives it no natural claim to an equivalent share of global exports." And the remarkable fact is that Subramanian alone and with co-authors has long been making this point, not to pillory China, as is the case of the tendentious _Foreign Affair_s and Peterson pieces, but to highlight the great counterpart to China’s industrial success, namely India’s relative failure. The much-quoted Foreign Affairs piece showed low-skill export shares only for China, not for India. If you put both countries in the picture as Chaterjee and Subramanian have done on other occasions, the picture looks like this. China is far above the line, but India, almost as large in terms of population, is no less anomalous, just in the opposite direction. As far as global populations are concerned, and the imagining of tens of millions of “squeezed” jobs, it is this Sino-Indian pair that account for a huge share of the action. What this graph reveals is not China’s cheating, but India’s “greatest development failure”, at least this is the argument made Arvind Subramanian, this time in co-authorship with Devesh Kapur, in their major book, A Sixth of Humanity. Independent India’s Development Odyssey which appeared with Oxford University Press earlier this year. In this highly critical work on India’s development, China is repeatedly evoked, not to criticize but as a benchmark against which to illuminate what India’s political economy has not delivered i.e. large-scale formal employment for hundreds of millions of citizens. Kapur and Subramanian leave no doubt, if you want to understand why China, not India was the main driver of manufacturing globalization from the 1980s, don’t look to slots opening up in the division of labour thanks to the liberal mindedness of advanced economies, look to the contrasting political economy of the Maoist PRC and India’s post-independence political economy. As Kapur and Subramian note: The great divergence between China and India did not begin in 1978 with the Deng reforms—it was well underway by then. In one of the great ironies of modern history, the conditions created by Maoism turned out to be a great launching pad for industrial globalization. As the comparison of India and China in 1980 makes clear, to imagine manufacturing would be equally distributed when populations are so differently endowed in terms of educational and nutritional is fanciful. Here is the data from Kapur and Subramanian, data which I explored back at the very beginning of Chartbook. As Kapur and Subramanian insist, the striking fact is that even as India’s growth accelerated from the 1980s, structural change has not. Formal employment in India lags woefully behind. Why? As Kapur and Subramanian note, the path-dependent impact of India’s poor early start was devastating. The list of factors they mention is long and weighty: We argue for a new five-fold explanation applicable at different stages of Indian history: in the initial stages, the legacy of two key pre-1980s policies, the neglect of agriculture and the strangling of the domestic private sector, were critical. The failure of broad-based agricultural growth militated against rural industrialization, which would have been devoted to satisfying local needs that would have necessarily been labour intensive. Then, when the boom came after 1980, the thicket of regulation and broader labour protections that were legislated prematurely in a nascent democracy, underpinned by a deep ideological aversion to private capital in general and big capital specifically, became a barrier to attaining the size that would be necessary to compete globally. Similarly, the reforms after 1991, while wide-ranging, did not quite encompass non-tradeable inputs critical to manufacturing, namely, land, logistics infrastructure and power. A combination of low investment (logistics infrastructure), regulation (land) and the continued monopoly supply by state governments (power), combined with residual socialism, kept costs at 75–100 per cent above efficient supply. These factors were compounded on the supply side by the government, which dominated the formal labour market and established exorbitantly high wages at the lower end of the skill spectrum. This made their employment in the labour-intensive sector by the private sector less attractive. Finally, when the services sector and its exports boomed, wages soared even further via a Dutch Disease effect: one successful tradeable sector killed and cannibalized another less-skilled tradable sector, namely, manufacturing. Thus, scarcity-inducing policies of the planning era, precocious democracy and a Gandhian aversion to size; inefficient, monopolistic supply of critical non-tradable inputs; the behemoth of government; and super-successful skill-intensive services successively undermined India’s unskilled labour employment opportunities. The employment failure seems to have been over-determined. … Less quantifiable but no less important are some of the sociological factors that have undermined manufacturing and factory jobs. Take the impact of the success of the IT sector—located in urban areas with better working conditions, such as air-conditioned offices, good schools for children and attractive entertainment options. It became a more attractive place for engineering and management graduates to flock to. … Consider manufacturing and female employment. Indian society makes it difficult for women to work, reflected in India’s unusually low female labour force participation (elaborated in Chapter XIII). Indian society, in particular the routine harassment of women in public spaces, makes it even more difficult for them to travel long distances to take up work.37 Combined with onerous regulations on creating hostels and dormitories for women—which, in turn, prevents multiple shifts of operation—factories need to be located in areas with a large female labour pool. While firms can take apparel plants to female labour or bring them to the plants by building large-scale dormitories, this raises costs. If there was a case for subsidies to encourage labour-intensive manufacturing, housing subsidies to build dormitories for women workers would be a good place to start. All of this meant, that when opportunities did open up, in part thanks to adjustments in China, India was in no position to take advantage. Here is the account of the 2020s from Kapur and Subramanian. It stands in dizzying contrast to the one-sided, “China squeeze” argument delivered in the Peterson and Foreign Affairs pieces: In 2022, for example, India’s share of global exports in clothing (the canonical labour-intensive sector) was 3.1 per cent compared to 32 per cent for China. This is extremely disappointing because China started vacating export space in this sector after the Global Financial Crisis as its wages started rising; it then vacated further space in the aftermath of geopolitical developments that led investors to seek alternative investment locations. Between its peak and today, China lost about 7.5 percentage points of global export share (worth about $43 billion in 2022); over this period, India’s export share remained stagnant at 3 per cent, while that of Vietnam and Bangladesh rose by 3.5 to 4 percentage points. China’s loss did not translate into any gain for India in terms of low-skill exports and employment. Put differently, when the conditions for dynamism and prosperity were established after 1991, and even more tantalizingly when the global export opportunities opened up, it was as if India was a high-wage economy and only skilled labour could benefit from the dynamism. It had converted its physically abundant unskilled workforce into an economically expensive resource, penalizing its use. It is not my mission here to argue for or against Kapur and Subramanian’s interpretation of India’s development trajectory. The point in this context is simply that the “China squeeze” such as it is can only be understood, in relation to the heavy burden of domestic constraints that Kapur and Subramanian so unsparingly enumerate. I am concentrating here on India because it is the great counterpart to China and the unspoken reference point of the “China squeeze” discourse. But the point is more general. Can anyone with a straight face suggest that the main problems afflicting the development of South Africa or Nigeria, the great centers of mass underemployment in sub-saharan Africa, are cheap competition from China driven by Beijing’s industrial policy and an undervalued RMB? Likewise, is the main problem of the American working-class the threat of Chinese competition or the manifest crisis of social reproduction in the United States itself? The point here, as in the discourse around China shock 2.0 in Europe, is to insist that we should not normalize the world and pathologize China, without actually investigating what is going on in America’s industrial wastelands, the German car industry, or India’s lopsided labour market. One-sided pathologization should be understood for what it is, a polemical gesture. Concepts like China shock and China squeeze are, what Reinhart Koselleck, following Carl Schmitt, would have described as “asymmetrische Kampfbegriffe”, or “asymmetrical counter-concepts” or “asymmetrical combat concepts”. If the function of arguments like the “China squeeze” is to alert elites in the rest of the world of the need to rejuvenate and energize their development projects, so be it. But let us see the resulting discourses as the mobilizing interventions that they are. Interestingly, a significant slice of China’s public sphere - the so-called industrial party - have been obsessed for the last twenty years with precisely these questions of counterfactual economic history. Since the mid 2000s, a massive online discourse developed around an alternative history in which Chinese techno-patriots were asked to imagine how they would proceed if they had the possibility of traveling back in time to transport modern technology into the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) thus averting the “great divergence” of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a fantasy of course, but also a goad. The point was not directed at Westerners. The alternate history is dramatically nationalist, but few n the West had even heard of it until recently. The adherents of the industrial party are not liberal moralists. They don’t project natural ladders of international development and ask why others don’t cede space. They take the Realpolitik of global economic development for granted. Their pointe was directed against fellow Chinese. The rallying cry of the alternative narrative was this: Now that we are beginning to gain steam and push forward on our national development path, now that we are breaking out of the inferior position assigned to us even in the early years following WTO accession, do not lose yourself in humanistic imaginings about better futures. In the spirit of Deng, they called on China to embrace the hard truth of development. Perhaps one might of the Industrial Party as a cultural trend born out of desire for symbolic revenge against those who had inflicted the century of humiliation. In terms of the various temporalities of the “China shock” - retrospective, prospective and counterfactual - one might think of the Industrial Policy discourse as truly speculative, conjuring up the China shock that never was. Or perhaps one might better think of it as imagining a world in which a powerful China was no shock at all, but simply a defining fact of modern history. I love putting out Chartbook. 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