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Assessing Caesars Entertainment (CZR) Valuation As Digital Growth Supports A 12.4% Undervaluation Estimate
Recent performance snapshot Caesars Entertainment (CZR) has drawn fresh attention after recent trading, with the stock last closing at $29.20. Short term performance has been mixed, with a slight decline over the past day but a small gain over the past week. See our latest analysis for Caesars Entertainment. At around $29.20, the stock has recently posted a 1-month share price return of 5.19% and a year to date share price return of 23.94%. The 1-year total shareholder return of 13.49%...
My family-run business cleans up parking lots and is AI-proof
My dad inspired me to start a small business cleaning parking lots, and I expanded it to multiple states. I call it "America's Simplest Business."
How an Española cleaner became New Mexico’s top small business owner
Performance Maintenance Inc. started as a side gig for Eric and Celina Quintana to afford Christmas gifts for their sons more than 30 years ago. Now, its an award-winning family business employing over 200 people and serving one of the state's major laboratories.
Scientists found a surprisingly simple way to create powerful quantum states
A team at the University of Chicago has discovered a surprisingly simple way to create powerful quantum states that are normally difficult to produce. By making small adjustments to the energy levels of atoms inside an optical cavity, researchers can generate a wide variety of highly entangled states without adding complicated hardware.
Brockton café, West Bridgewater farm win Metro South business honors
See which local businesses won Metro South’s 2026 Small Business and Entrepreneur of the Year honors.
Small business owner raises concerns about long wait time for business license renewal
A local food truck owner is drawing attention to what she claims is a major problem facing Albuquerque’s small business owners.
As inflation and fuel prices stay high, region’s business community feels the pinch
U.S. Sen. Jeff Merkley, D-Oregon, heard from members of Lane County’s small business community about their challenges amid a volatile economy.
Sen. Jeff Merkley hosts Eugene roundtable on affordability with local businesses
With the cost of housing, goods and gas continuing to rise, Sen. Jeff Merkley hosted a roundtable discussion Friday in Eugene to talk affordability with small b
Savannah's Big Bon Bodega named Georgia Small Business ROCK STAR
One of five businesses recognized at Georgia Economic Developers Association conference
Mighty Cuphead Adventure announced, new Cuphead game on the way
At Summer Game Fest 2026 today, Studio MDHR revealed that it’s working on a brand new Cuphead game and Mighty Cuphead Adventure is set to be released. Mighty Cuphead Adventure is an 8-bit action platformer being made by a small team at Studio MDHR. The announcement notes that “this game goes beyond just taking inspiration from the classics of the...
The Rise of Socialism: Business owners turn on ultra-progressive California town
Business owners and former politicians in Richmond, California speak out as locals grapple with a wave of democratic socialist politicians reigning over the small coastal city.
Office of Economic Development continues to provide small business energy efficiency grants
“Reducing energy use benefits individual businesses and strengthens our community as a whole as we reduce our reliance on the electrical grid,” said Kauaʻi County Office of Economic Development Director Nalani Bru.
Business Report launches the AI Academy to help business leaders move from understanding to implementation
As artificial intelligence rapidly reshapes the business landscape, Business Report’s training division is launching the Business Report AI Academy, a new executive education experience designed to help small and mid-sized business leaders move beyond uncertainty and into practical implementation. Sponsored by Pellerin Technology, the five-session Academy provides a structured leadership learning path that guides participants […]
Christopher Kim: Florida families and small businesses deserve the right to repair
Florida consumers deserve freedom to repair products they own.
Trump cancels Great American State Fair concerts after artists drop out. Here's what they said about it and what will happen instead.
Bret Michaels and Martina McBride were among those who withdrew from the Freedom 250-planned event on the National Mall.
Governor’s small business summit coming to Laredo
Registration is open for the statewide summit featuring local, state, and federal resources.
Michigan Small Business Job Openings Decline in May
Main Street owners contend with increased labor costs.
Maryland Small Business Job Openings Decline in May
Main Street owners contend with increased labor costs.
Indiana Small Business Job Openings Decline in May
Main Street owners contend with increased labor costs.
Small Business and AI Adoption - Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council
by Raymond J. Keating – The adoption of AI among small business is accelerating, and runs particularly higher among employer firms. These are among the findings in the first report in a new research series, Small Business in the Age of AI, from the JPMorganChase Institute. The report, “Understanding the use of AI among small […]
Businesses face strict World Cup trademark rules. Here are the guidelines
A Fort Worth small business owner faced trademark infringement issues due to a World Cup hashtag. We look at how to avoid such problems.
What Paying for College Can Do to a Family Business
Sending children to college not only strains household budgets, but may also stall small business growth, research by Olivia Kim shows.
‘Everwood’ Met a Shocking Cancellation 20 Years Ago
A last-minute renewal of ‘7th Heaven’ meant the end of this small-town family drama.
Midfielder Smallwood pens permanent Bristol Rovers deal
Midfielder Richie Smallwood has made his loan move from Tranmere to Bristol Rovers permanent, signing a one-year deal.
Oura Ring 5: Upgraded Smart Ring Takes Your Health, Fitness to the Next Level
Oura announced the release of the Oura Ring 5 on June 4. The new smart ring is smaller and has upgraded features to improve how you track your health and fitness. Here's what you need to know about cost, how it works, and more.
SEC names five new members of small business advisory committee
The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has appointed five new members to its Small Business Capital Formation Advisory Committee.
Trump plans pedestrian bridge between Lincoln Memorial and Potomac River
The president and Interior Secretary Doug Burgum cast the proposed “Trump promenade” as fulfilling an early-20th-century vision to connect the National Mall with the nearby waterfront.
Businesses face strict World Cup trademark rules. Here are the guidelines
A Fort Worth small business owner faced trademark infringement issues due to a World Cup hashtag. We look at how to avoid such problems.
Rockford summer entertainment series ‘Music on the Mall’ returns to Edgebrook
The sound of music will soon fill Edgebrook with the return of Music on the Mall.
Rockford summer entertainment series ‘Music on the Mall’ returns to Edgebrook
From 6:30p.m. to 8:30, Friday, June 5, the summer concert series returns to Edgebrook’s Center Court where it will run every Friday through August 28.
WEBINAR (6/5/26): How to Create A Fictional World | Issues in Science and Technology
Join Future Tense Fiction and Monica Byrne for a live conversation about worldbuilding in speculative fiction.
Small Businesses Dominate May 2026 Hiring, With Annual Pay Looking Strong
Small businesses with one to 49 employees accounted for more than half of private sector hiring in May, adding 67,000 of the total 122,000 jobs created, according to a June 3 report from payroll service company ADP. Employees at small businesses with 20 to 49 employees also saw pay gains, with me
KC window washer cleans small business windows for free, helps owners go viral on social media
Davis Roethler, the owner of Window Wolf, has been approaching small businesses in the Kansas City area, offering to clean their windows for free and then interviewing the owners on camera.
TxDOT Hosting Event for Small Businesses, July 20th
Texas Border Business PHARR, Texas – The TxDOT Pharr District, which oversees the construction and maintenance of state highways in the eight southernmost counties of Texas, is hosting an event on July 20 for small businesses interested in securing state highway construction contracts. The Pharr event labeled BOSS, for big opportunities start small, gives attendees the opportunity to connect with local TxDOT engineers, […]
US Small Business Hiring Plans Drop to Lowest Since May 2020
The share of US small businesses saying they’re planning new hires or are having trouble filling jobs fell in May to a six-year low, according to the National Federation of Independent Business.
Kevin O'Leary's data center project just got a lot smaller
Kevin O'Leary agreed to scale back his proposed Utah data center after pressure from a top state lawmaker.
10 Shows Like 'Spider-Noir' You Should Watch Next
Spider-Noir is an admittedly weird spinoff of the Spider-Man franchise. Here are 10 other reboots and reimaginings that took a different tack when returning to the small screen.
NFIB Jobs Report: Small Business Job Openings Decline
Report finds Main Street owners contend with increased labor costs
How small businesses are reading the economy right now
Tariffs, fraud, and cautious optimism.
Nottingham Forest appoint Mallinson as new head coach
Nottingham Forest have appointed Tom Mallinson as the new head coach of their women’s team on a three-year deal.WSL Full-Time were informed of the news via an official media update from The Tricky T...
Jefferson County Approves $300,000 for Small Business Development Programs
The Jefferson County Commission has approved economic development funding for two organizations aimed at supporting small business growth across the county.Comm
Autodesk for Small Business update: Making it more affordable to get started with Autodesk Flex
/PRNewswire/ -- Last month, Autodesk launched Autodesk for Small Business for the small teams, independent professionals, and entrepreneurs who depend on our...
Baron SMID Cap ETF Sold Flutter Entertainment plc (FLUT) in Q1
Baron Capital, an investment management company, released its first quarter 2026 investor letter for its “Baron SMID Cap EFT”. This is the first full quarter of results for Baron SMID Cap ETF® (BCSM). A copy of the letter can be downloaded here. Baron SMID Cap ETF® focuses on investing in small, fast-growing businesses that demonstrate significant […]
Visit Warwick Mall for your shopping, dining, and entertainment fun!
WPRI 12 News on WPRI.com is Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts' local news, weather, sports, politics, and investigative journalism source.
Visit Warwick Mall for your shopping, dining, and entertainment fun!
Whether you are looking for terrific shopping options, a place to eat, or just a fun place to relax, Warwick Mall is just the spot for you and they have some new additions that are ready to welcome…
OPINION: Small businesses are backbone of Texas, El Paso, Borderland
State Sen. Cesar Blanco, D-El Paso, is pushing new laws to protect Texas small businesses from cyber threats and red tape.
Oura Ring 5 review: Thinner, lighter, better
The Ring 5, which Oura describes as the world’s smallest smart ring, is 40% smaller than its predecessor and starts at $399.
Small Business Development Center Growth Summit brings statewide network to Penn State
The Penn State Small Business Development Center recently welcomed professionals from 15 centers across Pennsylvania for the annual PASBDC Growth Summit, a statewide professional development event designed to strengthen the network’s ability to support entrepreneurs and small businesses throughout the commonwealth.
ComEd announces $2.5 million small business relief fund as supply prices rise again this summer
ComEd on Thursday announced a new $2.5 million customer relief fund for Chicago-area small businesses.
The Small-Business Owners Managing Whole Armies of A.I. Employees
When you turn A.I. agents loose on your finances, email and customers, what could possibly go wrong?
Business owners say they’re being forced out of Northlake Mall with just weeks notice
Business owners say they have less than 30 days to move out.
Marshall Health Network, Intermed Labs advance next-generation surgical visualization through spatial arthroscopy
HUNTINGTON, W.Va. – Marshall Health Network, in collaboration with Intermed Labs (IL), has announced the development of spatial arthroscopy, an innovative technology designed to transform how surgeons visualize and interact with minimally invasive procedures. The project, currently in development, was conceptualized by Chad D. Lavender, M.D., and represents a new frontier in surgical ergonomics and digital […]
Kalshi wants small businesses to hedge like Wall Street. A NYC bar is trying it with Knicks promotion
A local bar on the Upper East Side is the first small business to hedge with Kalshi over a Knicks game on Wednesday.
Health Costs Jumping 18% For Small And Medium-Sized Businesses
Healthcare costs are rising 18% for small-and mid-sized businesses as employers grapple with a surge in inflation and medical expenses, a Morgan Health report shows.
Health Costs Jumping 18% For Small And Medium-Sized Businesses
Healthcare costs are rising 18% for small-and mid-sized businesses as employers grapple with a surge in inflation and medical expenses, a Morgan Health report shows.
Small business employment reaches highest level of 2026, Paychex reports
Paychex reports small business employment reached its highest level of 2026 in May, showing resilient job growth across industries and regions.
Senate Republicans drop Trump ballroom funding from immigration bill
Senate Republicans have formally removed funding for President Donald Trump’s ballroom security as part of their sprawling immigration funding package, according to revised legislative text released Wednesday.
PNC BANK: Going to Bat for Small Business Winners Announced
FORT WAYNE, Ind., June 3, 2026 – Two standout local businesses – Copper Spoon and Three Rivers Electric – have been named winners of the 2026 Going to Bat for Small Business initiative. The recognition is a collaboration between PNC Bank and the Fort Wayne TinCaps, designed to elevate small
Battles in the Nation’s Courts Impacting Small Business
The NFIB Small Business Legal Center issued briefs on several cases impacting small businesses, including lawsuit abuse, free speech regulations, and more.
Why ocean science is still one of the worst-funded scientific fields worldwide
For a planet that is 71% ocean, humanity spends a surprisingly small amount of time (and money) trying to understand it. Ocean science sits in a strange place in the research ecosystem. It underpin…
Reps. Mejia, Cleaver Demand Trump Administration Automatically Refund Illegal Tariffs Collected from U.S. Small Businesses and Provide Refunds to American Consumers
Reps. Mejia, Cleaver Demand Trump Administration Automatically Refund Illegal Tariffs Collected from U.S. Small Businesses and Provide Refunds to American Consumers Washington D.C. – Today, U.S. Representatives Analilia Mejia (D-NJ) and Emanuel Cleaver, II (D-MO) led dozens of lawmakers in demanding the Trump administration make consumers eligible for tariff refunds and implement an automatic refund[...]
Scientists Create Water Tweezers to Move Small “Surfers”
Breakthrough shows how water waves can be used to move and hold floating objects
Keto diet shows real promise for anorexia recovery
Restricting carbohydrates may sound like an unlikely approach to treating anorexia, but following a ketogenic diet was linked to recovery in 3 in 4 people with the eating disorder in a small trial
Small Business Sales Edge Upward in May as Foot Traffic Continues to Slow, Fiserv Data Shows
Fiserv Small Business Index remains steady at 144; year-over-year sales grew +0.7% MILWAUKEE, June 03, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Fiserv, Inc. (NASDAQ: FISV), a leading global provider of payments and financial services technology, has published the Fiserv Small Business Index for May 2026,
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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