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Italy to ban veils in schools, limit foreign students per class, Giorgia Meloni says
The integration of migrants, particularly those from Muslim-majority countries, remains contentious in Italian politics and society.
Most Automakers Race What They Sell. With the GR GT3, Toyota Is Selling What It Races
Instead of designing a road car and then modifying it for the track, Toyota prioritized the needs of racing in the GR GT's design.
Fable Has Survived A Decade Of Development Because It's Seen As 'Vital' By Xbox, Says Director
The contract was first signed for it in 2017
Here's why Apple scrapped its shorter Apple Pencil designed for iPhone Duo: report
Leading into the iPhone Duo launch, we heard from Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman that Apple was considering a new Apple Pencil...
Optimism and tight polls: Can Florida Democrats flip Sunshine State blue in 2026?
Florida Democrats gathered in Miami with renewed hope as tight polls signal potential turnarounds in key 2026 midterm races.
Health experts urge young adults to keep primary care appointments
Mercy Health and Warren County health experts say young adults without primary care can miss baseline checks and early disease warning signs.
The company Trump can't ignore
The president wanted to unleash AI. Then came Anthropic.
Three Last-Minute Packers vs. Jets Predictions
The Green Bay Packers aim to stifle Garrett Wilson and ignite a struggling ground game against the New York Jets.
Dodgers Finally Secure First Series Victory of 2026 vs. Giants
The Los Angeles Dodgers ignited a 15-hit offensive explosion to dismantle the San Francisco Giants' pitching staff.
Human Rights Watch urges Venezuela to 'protect people's basic rights', release political prisoners
In its first official visit to Venezuela in 18 years, Human Rights Watch said its representatives met with interim President Delcy Rodríguez, foreign diplomats, human rights organizations, journalists, and families of those currently incarcerated.
Scalpers List Steam Frame Reservations at $1,700+ on eBay, Community Fights Back
Scalpers have apparently started listing Steam Frame reservations on eBay within hours of Valve sending its first reservation emails. Per IGN, listings for the 256 GB kit start around $1,700 versus Valve's $1,059, while 1 TB kits are listed at roughly $2,000 versus $1,299. IGN says at least some...
Litchfield County cancer screening program focuses on health risks facing firefighters
Fifty firefighters received cancer and health screenings Saturday as organizers work to expand a program designed specifically around the risks firefighters face on the job.
Chicago Athletic Association: Inside the private club turned hotel
I stayed at the Chicago Athletic Association, a historic gentlemen's club turned luxury hotel with Gilded Age charm and whimsical designs.
Serie A official line-ups: Frosinone vs. Como
Frosinone welcome Como to the Stadio Benito Stirpe on Sunday afternoon, as both teams look to extend their good start to the campaign.It kicks off at the Stadio Benito Stirpe at 14.00 UK time (15.00 C...
Why the Morant Trade Might Only Be the Beginning
With a crowded backcourt and new ownership chasing blockbusters, Portland’s aggressive acquisition of Ja Morant signals a massive roster overhaul that could leave Scoot Henderson vulnerable.
Brandon Lowe on Possible Future With the Pirates
Would Brandon Lowe be open to re-signing with the Pittsburgh Pirates this offseason?
Puck Drop Preview: 2026-27 Tampa Bay Lightning
Last Word On Hockey's Puck Drop Previews are back for the 2026-27 season! As the regular season approaches, Last Word will preview each team's current outlook and stories to watch for the upcoming year. We'll also do our best to project how things will go for each team throughout the campaign. Today, we're previewing the …
Tissot Introduces the First Quartz PRX Chronograph
Tissot adds a quartz chronograph to the PRX collection, pairing its integrated steel design with a cool vertically brushed dial and slim built.
GUEST OPINION: Families should check behavioral health resources early
As families begin a new school year, many are focused on shopping for school supplies, adjusting schedules and helping children settle into new routines. It’s also a good time to check in on a child’s emotional well-being. For families, small changes in a child’s everyday habits can sometimes be early signs of behavioral health concerns. […]
Andre-Frank Anguissa can leave Napoli, confirms sporting director
Serie A side Napoli have been struggling regarding a renewal for Andre-Frank Zambo Anguissa and there are signs an exit can go through soon.The Partenopei take on Fiorentina in a league clash today an...
Brown Health residents struggle with low pay, paid leave
A neurosurgery resident details the struggle of balancing medical training with low pay and lack of family leave.
‘Voters are like, No thanks’: Trump’s tariffs fall flat with the working class
It’s become an article of faith for trade hardliners in both parties that a protectionist agenda is a guaranteed pathway to building support among working-class voters. But now that President Donald Trump is testing that theory in practice, it is largely flopping on the campaign trail.
‘Who wants to sign up to deal with the political pressure?’: Smithsonian faces Trump’s culture war as search for leader is on
By René Marsh, CNN (CNN) — As the Smithsonian Institution prepares to launch a nationwide search for a new leader, an unexpected question mark hangs over the position that’s long been considered a plum one in the worlds of art, science and history. “Who wants to sign up to deal with the political pressure?” one
‘Who wants to sign up to deal with the political pressure?’: Smithsonian faces Trump’s culture war as search for leader is on
As the Smithsonian Institution prepares to launch a nationwide search for a new leader, an unexpected question mark hangs over the position that’s long been considered a plum one in the worlds of art, science and history.
California Republicans walk tightrope as Trump jumps into campaigning
California Republicans running in the state's most competitive House races are appearing to keep some measure of public distance from Trump ahead of the Nov. 3 election.
Is the deluge of negative dark-money political ads in Ohio working? Editorial Board Roundtable
So what does our Editorial Board Roundtable make of this onslaught of negative ads? A sign that dark-money spending needs to be better regulated? Could it depress turnout or make governing harder for whoever does win?
Meet Kianoosh Nawai, the West Virginia eighth-grader who built a low-cost 3D-printed bionic hand and became his state’s only finalist in a national STEM contest
Kianoosh Nawai, an eighth-grader at West Virginia Virtual Academy, wanted to explore how technology could help people with disabilities. His project led him to design and build a 3D-printed prosthetic hand that aims to offer a lower-cost option for people who have lost a limb.
Six Flags Entertainment (FUN) Launches Flex Pay, Is The Stock Still Cheap?
Six Flags Entertainment (FUN) has rolled out Flex Pay by Upgrade, a pay over time option for eligible online purchases from $49, including Season Passes, that lets guests spread fixed monthly payments. The new Flex Pay option lands at a time when Six Flags Entertainment’s share price has come under pressure, with the stock closing at US$12.22 and recording a 30 day share price return down 26.96% and a 1 year total shareholder return down 45.25%. This signals fading momentum even as management...
Wolverine developer Insomniac denies using generative AI after fans spot strange restroom sign
Insomniac denies using generative AI on Marvel's Wolverine after fans spotted a strange bathroom sign, blaming a "UV map bug" instead.
Byron Donalds emphasizes FSU roots for Florida governor bid
Byron Donalds is embracing his FSU alumni status as he campaigns to become the next governor of Florida.
AI agents can finally run your errands
Tech firms like Meta are betting users will embrace AI agents, even though they have shown they aren't always aligned with our interests.
Liverpool eyeing fourth £100 million signing for January
One of the key weaknesses in the squad that Liverpool failed to address in the summer is the right-wing position. With Mohamed Salah no longer at Anfield and Federico Chiesa out injured, the Reds are ...
🗞️ Front pages: King Raphinha reigns on derby Sunday
Sunday’s front pages are split between an immeasurable Brazilian and an elite derby.Raphinha scored a hat-trick in Seville, taking his tally to twelve goals in seven matchdays, and Barça head into ...
Qatar denies funding Hamas after Israeli report claims Netanyahu ignored warnings over Gaza aid
The report also included quotes from several prominent Israeli politicians reacting to the news and censuring Netanyahu's behavior.
‘No difference’ may be wrong conclusion, scientists warn
Researchers from the Universities of Manchester, Oxford and Arkansas are urging scientists to stop treating “non-significant” results as
AC Milan vs Lecce – Predicted lineup and team news
AC Milan will aim to keep their perfect, unbeaten run alive in Serie A this campaign as they host Lecce at the San Siro on Sunday, in what is their last outing before the international break arrives.T...
A Fiery Return To European Competition for The Lads
Amid fireworks, noise and sheer passion, Sunderland’s 2026/2027 European campaign got off to a perfect start.
Business Bulletin: AlignLife expands; AAA Translation rates; MU Health Care earns
Catch up on local business awards, acquisitions and donations.
Where does LSU go from here? Lane Kiffin, Tigers must handle business before November gauntlet
The Tigers' margin for error when it comes to CFP contention took a significant hit on Saturday night
Cam Schlittler Gets Great Sign For Entering AL MVP Race
Second year pitcher Cam Schlittler is the strong American League Cy Young candidate, but he may have a chance at another award. The New York Yankees ace continues to add to the great body of work and saw his ERA dropping below 2.00 in recent weeks. Schlittler has an outside chance at the AL MVP […] The post Cam Schlittler Gets Great Sign For Entering AL MVP Race appeared first on HEAVY.
Nets Announce Dates for Media Day and Training Camp
The Brooklyn Nets are officially getting ready for the 2026-27 season. Here’s when Media Day and training camp will take place as Sean Marks, Jordi Fernández and the rest of the roster prepare for a new campaign.
Ducks Sign Tim Washe to Four-Year Extension
The 25-year-old was set to be a restricted free agent with arbitration rights next summer.
Detroit Pistons: How Ausar Thompson’s Deal Compares Across NBA
The Detroit Pistons signed Ausar Thompson to a five-year, $155 million rookie scale extension on Friday
Indiana football's Curt Cignetti teaches Nick Marsh a valuable lesson
Indiana football's Curt Cignetti teaches Nick Marsh a valuable lesson ahead of Big Ten play:
Searle’s new deal
LEICESTER Tigers and England A fly-half Billy Searle has signed a new contract with the club. The 30-year-old joined Leicester in 2025 from French club Agen and scored 217 points in 24 appearances in all competitions during his debut season. His form earned him a nomination for the Prem player of the season award in […] The post Searle’s new deal appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Wales on a high as hard work pays off
By HARRY TOVEY Wales ...............50pts . Tries: Keight 6, Tuipulotu 10, 42; Lockwood 21, Davies 25, Jones 33, Neumann 38, Callender 69 Conversions: Bell 7, 11, 26, 39, 43 South Africa .. 19pts Tries: Jacobs 17, Tshiremba 49, Samboya 55 Conversions: Dolf 50, 56 WALES opened their WXV Global Series campaign with a stunning victory […] The post Wales on a high as hard work pays off appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Science and Sense: The science of El Nino and drought busting
In the last few weeks, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) revised its assessment of El Nino conditions that may affect our fall, winter, and spring weather (significantly). For
Republicans find transgender issues a powerful political weapon in midterm campaigning
He's unpopular, his war is going badly and the US economy is strained.Axios reported that Elon Musk's "America PAC" has begun an ad blitz attacking Democrats over their unpopular transgender positions...
AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) Could Be 6% Undervalued As Premium Formats Lift Attendance
Recent commentary on AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) points to a stronger film slate and higher demand for premium formats. This is lifting attendance and sentiment even as investors continue to watch the company’s leverage closely. At a share price of US$2.70, AMC Entertainment Holdings has seen a 7 day share price return of 9.76% and a year to date share price return of 67.70%, yet the 1 year total shareholder return has declined 10.30%, signalling that recent momentum contrasts with a...
Carson Wentz Receives Harsh Ranking Among NFL Backup Quarterbacks
Despite a stellar three-touchdown debut, analysts remain skeptical of Minnesota's new signal-caller. Discover why critics view the former starter as a mediocre backup ahead of Sunday's showdown.
Early voting begins in US midterm elections that could flip control of Congress
In Fairfax, Virginia, 18-year-old Sanya Singhal said she voted early to “try to be the first early voter.” In Henrico County, Laura Bland said she cast a ballot to send “a signal that we’re still here.”
Teladoc Health (TDOC) Missed On Earnings And Guided Lower, Is The Discount Too Wide?
Why Teladoc Health’s latest earnings matter for investors Teladoc Health (TDOC) set the tone for the stock this week after reporting quarterly results that showed a 4% revenue decline, missed forecasts on profitability, and softer guidance for the coming quarter. The update pointed to a 9.2% average drop in customer spending in recent years even as user counts grew. Management signaled expectations for another period of lower revenue and negative earnings per share. Recent trading suggests...
See how MS politicians are using Ole Miss-LSU game to campaign
Mississippi politicians are using the fanfare around the Ole Miss clash with former coach Lane Kiffin and LSU to their advantage.
See how MS politicians are using Ole Miss-LSU game to campaign
Mississippi politicians are using the fanfare around the Ole Miss clash with former coach Lane Kiffin and LSU to their advantage.
Despite rain, attendance strong at yearly south-side business fair
Santa Fe has made efforts to support immigrant-owned businesses, one sign of which is growth in markets like the Feria Southside.
Science on Tap: Mechanics of Messaging
A monthly series of informal discussions by the SEE Science Center on relevant topics with local experts and scientists. Doors open at 5pm. Events are free. Advance Sign up appreciated. Food and drink can be ordered off the menu.Oct. 13 Topic: Mechanics of MessagingWe all know that Gutenberg changed the world, but printing technology did not stop there. Join us to discuss how NH has played a role in the evolution of high-tech printing and related technologies. From Dot-Matrix, to Ink jet to Laser and 3-D discover what is being employed, how it evolved and where it is headed next.Panelists will include:James K McMahon- Layer Grown Model Technology Services-Retired
Guardant Health (GH) Will Present 20 Abstracts At WCLC 2026
Guardant Health (NasdaqGS:GH) plans to present 20 abstracts at the World Conference on Lung Cancer 2026. The research covers liquid biopsy, methylation based detection methods, AI driven analysis and real world clinical data in lung cancer. Several abstracts focus on machine learning models aimed at assessing metastasis risk and refining diagnostic workflows for clinicians. Guardant Health's WCLC 2026 abstract slate signals broader research momentum that our work places in a wider context...
Steelers vs Patriots prediction: T.J. Watt, defense will flummox Drake Maye again
The Steelers forced five turnovers in beating the reigning AFC champions at Gillette Stadium almost exactly a year ago.
Yankees Star Aaron Judge's Rehab Criticism Doesn't Make Sense
New York Yankees superstar Aaron Judge is still being criticized for not going on a rehab assignment.
Red Wings Linked to Patrik Laine as Season Approaches
Pierre LeBrun floated Patrik Laine as a possible Detroit Red Wings fit. Here is how the unsigned scorer could help and what could prevent a deal.
Andoni Iraola drops massive hint about Liverpool's next signing
Ronald Araujo has been a revelation since his arrival in Merseyside, and the Uruguayan has established himself already. Although initially signed as a central defender Araujo has already made a compel...
Oscar Health (OSCR) Bets On Lucy As CEO Calls Time On Employer Coverage
Oscar Health (NYSE:OSCR) introduced its AI-driven Lucy Healthcare Marketplace, a digital hub for carriers, brokers, and consumers. The company presented Lucy as part of a shift toward individual coverage options, including support for ICHRA-based benefit designs. Chief executive Mario Schlosser said the traditional employer-sponsored health insurance structure is ending, pointing to alternative coverage models. Oscar Health’s Lucy Healthcare Marketplace launch and public push toward...
Olid's Man Utd take big step forward after 'intense week'
A week ago, the picture at Manchester United looked bleak. Then on Saturday, victory was snatched away from them at Arsenal. But have we seen signs of improvement from Eva Olid's side?
Three Things We Learned From Brighton 3-0 Arsenal
Fabian Hürzeler’s high-intensity press dismantled the champions at the Amex as standout new signings and tactical fluidity exposed rare vulnerabilities in Mikel Arteta’s previously impenetrable defense.
Galaxy S27 Pro and S27 Ultra reportedly getting major battery upgrade
Samsung’s Galaxy S27 Ultra and S27 Pro are expected to get major battery upgrades, with certification records pointing to typical capacities of about 5,700mAh and 5,200mAh, respectively. This would mark the most significant battery upgrade since the S20.
Nottingham Forest 0-1 Coventry: What Glasner said
Nottingham Forest have failed to score in their first three home games in a league campaign for the first time in their history. Among ever present sides since the start of last season, only Tottenham have won fewer home games (three) and earned fewer home points (16) in the Premier League than Nottingham Forest (four wins, 21 points).
Sandro Wagner confirmed as new Hannover 96 coach
Hannover 96 have confirmed the appointment of Sandro Wagner as their new head coach.The former Germany assistant and Augsburg head coach has signed a two-year deal with the 2. Bundesliga club.“Follo...
Krösche and Hütter concede Freiburg outperformed Frankfurt
Eintracht Frankfurt ended SC Freiburg’s perfect start of the campaign with a 2-2 draw at Deutsche Bank Park on Saturday afternoon. However, Markus Krösche and Adi Hütter conceded that the hosts we...
Yankees Send Aaron Judge Back to the Injured List
The New York Yankees will once again be without their captain and reigning American League MVP, Aaron Judge. The team announced on Saturday morning that the 34-year-old will hit the 10-day injured list (retroactive to September 17th) due to a right calf strain. Judge only appeared in seven games after returning from a fractured rib …
5 bold predictions for Bears vs. Vikings
Some big receiving performances for both teams and a signature rookie moment highlight our bold predictions for Bears vs. Vikings.
Five 'connected' cases of mumps reported on SDSU athletic team
"Importantly, the students are no longer considered contagious," the school's Student Health Services medical director said.
Newsom signs California's first standalone post-production tax credit
Gov. Gavin Newsom signed AB 2319, California's first standalone post-production tax credit, offering 35% to 50% back to lure editing, sound and VFX work home.
Rockies Show Incremental Improvement but Work Remains
The Colorado Rockies are nearing 100 losses this season and things still need fixing, yet there are signs of growth.
Florida health department confirms dengue as Tampa woman's cause of death
The 80-year-old was apparently the first person in the region killed by the mosquito-spread virus in nearly a century. There are signs the Hillsborough County outbreak could be waning.
Philippine Airlines' Manila Lounge & Ground Experience Is Laughably Bad
A long security line, near-invisible lounge signage, and Wi-Fi that won't connect to laptops — here's why Philippine Airlines' Manila transit experience disappoints.
Analysis: Moyes' Toffees moving in right direction
Manager David Moyes will be delighted at the start his Everton side have made to the campaign. The Toffees won none of their final seven games as they finished 13th last season and missed out on the European qualification that at one stage had been within their grasp. Everton also suffered a tough end to the transfer window, with key attacking midfielder Iliman Ndiaye going to Manchester City in a £65m deal and striker Beto, their top scorer last season, leaving for Fiorentina for £14.6m.
Insomniac Says Marvel's Wolverine Uses No Generative AI After Fans Spot Strange Signs in-Game
Insomniac Games has stepped in to confirm Marvel's Wolverine contains no generative AI after a few bizarre in-game signs raised eyebrows on social media.
Brighton 3-0 Arsenal: What Arteta said
In the first 20 or 30 minutes, the number of technical errors put us constantly under pressure. Arsenal suffered their biggest Premier League defeat since May 2023, which was also against Brighton (0-3 at Emirates Stadium). This was Arsenal's biggest league defeat in a season where they were the reigning top-flight champions since October 1989, a 3-0 loss at Everton.
Brighton 3-0 Arsenal: What Hurzeler and Gross said
Brighton have now won at home against the reigning Premier League champions in each of the last three seasons, beating Manchester City in 2024-25, Liverpool in 2025-26 and Arsenal today. No player has been involved in more Premier League goals this season than Brighton's Gross (six – three goals, three assists), who scored and assisted against Arsenal today.
Opinion: When political money flows into Alaska, voters deserve to know whose it is
Ballot Measure 2 would do more than change how Alaskans vote; it would also repeal campaign-finance disclosure rules adopted in 2020.
Raphinha gives Barcelona clear signal on his long-term future
Raphinha has told RAC1 he would be happy to extend his Barcelona contract beyond its current 2028 expiry and finish his career at the club, according to Barca Blaugranes. The Brazilian is currently ti...
Voices: Mental health awareness and suicide prevention
We’re talking about mental health awareness and suicide prevention. A mother, who lost her son to suicide, speaks to Jawan about possible warning signs. Jawan also sits down with a psychiatrist about possible resources for loved ones
Phoenix Suns Insider Provides More Insight on Duop Reath Signing
Discover how a clever contract technicality allowed Phoenix to secure the versatile big man with little risk, bolstering frontcourt depth while preserving crucial roster flexibility.
Chicago Bulls Guard Expected to "Dominate" Trade Conversations
A newly signed veteran could quickly become one of the league’s most closely watched trade candidates, though the Chicago Bulls' emerging young core may give the team reason to keep him.
Red Bull New York sign homegrown forward Dennis Nelich
By MLSsoccer staffTRANSFER TRACKER STATUS: SigningRed Bull New York have signed homegrown winger Dennis Nelich through the 2027-28 season, with options extending until the 2030-31 campaign, the club a...
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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