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Chaos rules as France snatch win in final minutes
By LISA THOMAS France...............29pts Tries: Grando 39, Boulard 43, Bourdon Sansus 55, Riffonneau 68, Feleu 74 Conversions: Arbez 44, Queyroi 68 Australia ..........26pts Tries: Merlo 19, Naden 25, Halse 28, Duck 49 Conversions: Wood 19, 29, 50 FRANCE produced a remarkable late comeback to beat Australia by three points despite collecting five cards and at […] The post Chaos rules as France snatch win in final minutes appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Wales on a high as hard work pays off
By HARRY TOVEY Wales ...............50pts . Tries: Keight 6, Tuipulotu 10, 42; Lockwood 21, Davies 25, Jones 33, Neumann 38, Callender 69 Conversions: Bell 7, 11, 26, 39, 43 South Africa .. 19pts Tries: Jacobs 17, Tshiremba 49, Samboya 55 Conversions: Dolf 50, 56 WALES opened their WXV Global Series campaign with a stunning victory […] The post Wales on a high as hard work pays off appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Rampant Fiji show no mercy
By BEN MORRIS Fiji .....................54pts Tries: Nailolo 8, Qoro 11, 29; Ralivanawa 34, 39; Neivosa 36, Sorokacika 51, Duva 68 Conversions: Qoro 9, 30, 35, 37, 40, 52; Vueti 69 . Hong Kong ......26pts Tries: Dhar 17, Lynam 26, Knowler 56, Bolton 81 Conversions: Knowler 18, 28, 57 FIJI produced a devastating attacking display to […] The post Rampant Fiji show no mercy appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Schools rugby looks in fine fettle
THE appetite to watch good schools rugby is alive and well judging by the 2,000-strong crowd that watched Bedford School play Rugby School at Goldington Road on September 4. The Midlands derby, which was a Friday evening fixture played under floodlights at the home of Champ stalwarts Bedford Blues, showed that the heart of community […] The post Schools rugby looks in fine fettle appeared first on The Rugby Paper .
Iowa Football: Numbers That Stood Out From UNI Win
Three running backs tallied over 100 yards each in a game for the first time since 1983.
Stephen Curry Discusses Recruiting LeBron James In Free Agency
The Golden State Warriors viewed LeBron James as their only major free agent target, but they ended up losing to the Philadelphia 76ers. Stephen Curry was rumored to recruit James since they’ve been linked together for over a decade now as the faces of the NBA. Despite having a lot of respect for Curry, LeBron […] The post Stephen Curry Discusses Recruiting LeBron James In Free Agency appeared first on HEAVY.
Seattle Seahawks Lose Another Starter For Cardinals Game
The Seattle Seahawks announced Saturday that starting right guard Anthony Bradford is out for Sunday’s contest against the Arizona Cardinals; Mike MacDonald told reporters on Friday that Christian Haynes takes Bradford’s place in the starting lineup. In a corresponding move, the Seattle Seahawks promoted safety Rodney Thomas II, similar to the opening game against the […] The post Seattle Seahawks Lose Another Starter For Cardinals Game appeared first on HEAVY.
Early voting begins in US midterm elections that could flip control of Congress
In Fairfax, Virginia, 18-year-old Sanya Singhal said she voted early to “try to be the first early voter.” In Henrico County, Laura Bland said she cast a ballot to send “a signal that we’re still here.”
New York Yankees’ Aaron Judge Makes Statement Amid Diamondbacks Series
New York Yankees star Aaron Judge announced an injury update before Saturday night's game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. The post New York Yankees’ Aaron Judge Makes Statement Amid Diamondbacks Series appeared first on HEAVY.
Ed Sheeran weeps on stage, says Israel's actions in Gaza 'unjustifiable' in emotional first speech since Macklemore fiasco
Game 155: Twins at Angels
First Pitch: 8:38 pm CDTTV: Twins.TVRadio: TIBN / WCCO 830 / The Wolf 102.9 FM / Audacy The kids have been showing out a bit in Anaheim, providing one of the only remaining reasons to watch 2026 Twins baseball as this underwhelming season has normalized itself to fall back in line with preseason projections. Now, […]
Duke Rolls Past Stanford for First ACC Win of Season
The Duke Blue Devils moved to 3-0 on the season after a blowout win over Stanford.
Steam Frame Gets First SteamOS Update With Substantially Faster Charging
Valve has released SteamOS 0.3.0 for the Steam Frame, the headset's first system update since it launched on September 14. The changelog lists "substantially faster charging while unit is off / sleeping," which addresses a complaint that came up repeatedly in early reviews. The Verge tested the...
Dodgers on Deck: Sunday, September 20 vs. Giants
The Dodgers conclude their penultimate home series of the regular season, taking on the San Francisco Giants on Sunday afternoon at Dodger Stadium. After dropping four of their first five games to the Giants this season, the Dodgers have beaten their longtime rivals three games in a row through Friday night, all in Los Angeles. […]
NFL Announces Rule Change in Response to Latest Patriots Controversy
A new controversy involving the New England Patriots has led to the NFL making another rule change ahead of its Week 2 action. The post NFL Announces Rule Change in Response to Latest Patriots Controversy appeared first on HEAVY.
NFL Hits Evan Williams’ Pocketbook After Week 1 Incident
The Green Bay Packers didn’t have much fun during their 2026 season opener. They were defeated by the division rival Minnesota Vikings 39-22 despite jumping out to a 22-10 lead. It was the latest in several blown leads dating back to last season. For safety Evan Williams, the NFL has added insult to injury. Green […] The post NFL Hits Evan Williams’ Pocketbook After Week 1 Incident appeared first on HEAVY.
NFL Fines Seahawks Star Devon Witherspoon After Patriots Win
Devon Witherspoon’s celebration of Seattle’s Week 1 escape came with a price. The NFL handed the Seahawks star another taunting fine. The post NFL Fines Seahawks Star Devon Witherspoon After Patriots Win appeared first on HEAVY.
Patriots Rule Out Starting Defensive Back for Steelers Clash
The New England Patriots are looking for their first win of the season in Week 2, but they will have to earn it without one of their starters on defense. The post Patriots Rule Out Starting Defensive Back for Steelers Clash appeared first on HEAVY.
St. Louis Cardinals vs Washington Nationals Game Discussion Saturday Night
Only two more games for the Cardinals season at Busch Stadium. Saturday night, it’s game 2 of the weekend homestand vs the Washington Nationals. Michael McGreevy is the starter for the Cardinals while it’s LHP Andrew Alvarez for the Nationals. First pitch is scheduled for 6:15pm and the game broadcast will be available through Cardinals.tv.
🚨 Alarm at River and Argentina over injury
River Plate’s match against Huracán is raising alarm both in Núñez and in the Argentina national team, as two injury absences have already been recorded.Thiago Almada came off before the first 10...
Annual rally at Boston Common draws thousands of marijuana advocates ahead of historic repeal vote
This year’s event billed itself as the “first overtly political” Freedom Rally since recreational marijuana was legalized across the state in 2016.
Former Saints Starter Tries Out for Pelicans G League Team
A former Saints starter showed up at a Pelicans G League tryout. His history on a basketball court makes the crossover less wild than it sounds. The post Former Saints Starter Tries Out for Pelicans G League Team appeared first on HEAVY.
Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves datamine potentially leaks future DLC characters
Fans have been datamining the latest update for Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves, which may have leaked future characters with a potential Season 4 of DLC. We’ll be getting into the details below, so keep that in mind before proceeding. All information comes from heavenstardrive. First up, new win quote dialogue from Rick points to Xiangfei joining the game...
Xavier Worthy Explains Miscue With Patrick Mahomes vs. Broncos
Overall, the Kansas City Chiefs had a good showing on offense in Week 1 against the Denver Broncos. The rushing attack was the best we have seen from the Chiefs in several years, led by Kenneth Walker III. However, the passing game left a little to be desired. Quarterback Patrick Mahomes started the game completing […] The post Xavier Worthy Explains Miscue With Patrick Mahomes vs. Broncos appeared first on HEAVY.
Snooki announces that she is cancer-free: ‘Thanks to all the doctors who helped me’
She was first diagnosed with stage 1 cervical cancer in February.
Recap: Boston College scrapes by Maine, 22-16
On Saturday afternoon, the Boston College football team faced off against the Maine Black Bears at Alumni Stadium for Week 3 of the 2026 regular season. The first possession already showed some fireworks when Boston College recovered a Maine fumble on the opening kickoff. But BC failed on their 4th down conversion in the first […]
Local First Foundation advocates for community-based healthcare plan across La Plata County
Nonprofit asks city to get involved
Raphinha 10, Yamal 9 | Sevilla 1-3 Barcelona: Player Ratings
Barcelona did not have it easy against a spirited Sevilla last night, and the Ramon Sanchez Pizjuan made sure that the Catalans were made to suffer for every bout of possession.For the first time this...
Volunteers help Carson City locals receive health checkups at first Love Heals Free Clinic
Locals unable to afford health checkups can get them done by medical professionals today, Saturday, at the Carson City Community Center during the first Love Heals Free Clinic event happening […]
Flora’s all-around day leads Iowa State over Bowling Green
For the first time in school history, Iowa State returned a kickoff and a punt for a touchdown. Jaylen Raynor threw for 133 yards and one touchdown to true freshman Jamal Polite Jr. and Iowa State defeated Bowling Green 55-7 on Saturday. Cam Pettaway, a Bowling Green transfer, had three receptions for 47 yards and […]
Georgia Rolls Past Arkansas in Dominant SEC Opener
No. 2 Georgia wasted no time showing that it is ready for another run through the SEC. The Bulldogs traveled to Fayetteville on Saturday and dominated Arkansas from the opening whistle, cruising to a 45-17 victory in their first conference game of the season. Georgia improved to 3-0 overall and 1-0 in SEC play with…
2. Bundesliga: Former Fulham youngster Thorsteinsson extends Hertha’s perfect record
Hertha BSC returned to 2. Bundesliga summit with a comeback win in Dresden. Former Fulham youth team player Jón Dagur Thorsteinsson was the star of the show with his first brace in German football.Bo...
Trump announces new 'AI Force,' vows to protect industry as AI czar announcement nears
Trump's new AI Force mirrors his first-term Space Force creation, with a high-IQ "czar" appointment coming soon to oversee the booming industry.
Buccaneers Battle Browns With Season at Early Crossroads
Buccaneers look to bounce back against the Browns and avoid their first 0-2 start under Todd Bowles.
Devils well-beaten by Flames in Challenge Cup
Guildford Flames thump Cardiff Devils 5-1 to secure their first Challenge Cup win of the 2026-27 season.
Scientists discover new cat species for first time in 100 years
A previously unknown cat species has been identified in plain sight: at a wildlife sanctuary in Bolivia.
Scientists discover new cat species for first time in 100 years
A previously unknown cat species has been identified in plain sight: at a wildlife sanctuary in Bolivia.
Scientists discover new cat species for first time in 100 years
A previously unknown cat species has been identified in plain sight: at a wildlife sanctuary in Bolivia.
Scientists discover new cat species for first time in 100 years
A previously unknown cat species has been identified in plain sight: at a wildlife sanctuary in Bolivia.
Scientists discover new cat species for first time in 100 years
A previously unknown cat species has been identified in plain sight: at a wildlife sanctuary in Bolivia.
Bills’ Heartfelt Gesture Makes Highmark Stadium Debut Unforgettable for Buffalo
For over fifty years, Buffalo Bills‘ football thrived in the raw, ice-bound atmosphere of the original Highmark Stadium. Due to the necessity of modern facilities Bills’ went through a transition and now they have a $2.1 billion dollar worth stadium. The stadium finally welcomed the fans and the organization didn’t forget to make it special […] The post Bills’ Heartfelt Gesture Makes Highmark Stadium Debut Unforgettable for Buffalo appeared first on Gridiron Heroics.
Late Holmberg goal denies Man Utd victory at Arsenal
Manchester United were denied their first Women’s Super League victory of the season as Smilla Smilla Holmberg struck in stoppage time to rescue a 1-1 draw for Arsenal.The visitors produced a much-i...
Nottingham Forest 0-1 Coventry: What Glasner said
Nottingham Forest have failed to score in their first three home games in a league campaign for the first time in their history. Among ever present sides since the start of last season, only Tottenham have won fewer home games (three) and earned fewer home points (16) in the Premier League than Nottingham Forest (four wins, 21 points).
Fiery hat-trick! Salah's masterclass against Galatasaray 🤩🔥
XXL performance from the Little Pharaoh!This Saturday evening, Mohamed Salah was playing his first big clash in Turkey, and he truly rose to the occasion.For the showdown against Galatasaray, the Egyp...
Julian Schuster: “It was a thrilling game”
SC Freiburg came from behind twice to earn a hard-fought point from a trip to Frankfurt. Julian Schuster saw his side fail to win a game for the first time this season, but he was delighted with the r...
Data points to big Michigan win against UTEP
If common-opponents mean anything, Michigan is in for a big day. The first-ever meeting between Michigan and UTEP will kick […]
Packers Get Good News in Latest Josh Jacobs Update
The Green Bay Packers are likely to get RB Josh Jacobs back as soon as possible considering his off-field issues and likely NFL punishment. The post Packers Get Good News in Latest Josh Jacobs Update appeared first on HEAVY.
Davion Mitchell reveals Giannis Antetokounmpo's secret behind his success
Giannis Antetokounmpo is bringing a winning mentality to the Heat, and his teammates are seeing it firsthand.
Newsom signs California's first standalone post-production tax credit
Gov. Gavin Newsom signed AB 2319, California's first standalone post-production tax credit, offering 35% to 50% back to lure editing, sound and VFX work home.
Philadelphia Phillies Quietly Announce 2 Roster Moves Amid Mets Series
The Philadelphia Phillies quietly announced two roster moves during their series against the New York Mets. The post Philadelphia Phillies Quietly Announce 2 Roster Moves Amid Mets Series appeared first on HEAVY.
Gamethread: Boston College Football vs Maine
The Boston College football team won their first game of the 2026 season last week in a messy game against Rutgers that included seven total turnovers. BC will look to get back to basics against Maine on Saturday, an FCS opponent that they are expected to defeat easily. Who: Boston College Eagles (1-1) vs Maine […]
Florida health department confirms dengue as Tampa woman's cause of death
The 80-year-old was apparently the first person in the region killed by the mosquito-spread virus in nearly a century. There are signs the Hillsborough County outbreak could be waning.
Rohit Sharma TV debut: What is the show called? Who were the first guests?
With Rohit Sharma making his television debut, here's a look at the show and who his first guests will be today.
Conservation mentor uses practical science to form a soil health playbook
Nathan Mueller knows firsthand that adopting conservation practices is rarely as simple as reading an article or walking into an Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) office. It requires trial and
Popular Florida cafe chain coming to Mass. for first time
Pura Vida Miami opens its first Massachusetts location in Harvard Square on Oct. 22, expanding the Florida-based wellness café brand into New England.
Analysis: Wake-up call for below-par Gunners
Arsenal's season had been going perfectly until this heavy loss - against a side who beat them by the same margin at Emirates Stadium in 2023. The Gunners had conceded just one goal in the league this term during their impressive winning streak, but the performance against the Seagulls was far from the standards Mikel Arteta has demanded from his side. Bruno Guimaraes was given his first league start, but the Brazilian failed to click with Declan Rice and Martin Odegaard in the middle of the pitch.
Everton 1-0 Ipswich: What Moyes and Pickford said
If we get the second goal it changes the game but Ipswich clung on and it allowed them to put us under pressure late in the game. The first year in the Premier League is always tough, he has found his feet and he has started a lot better this year.
Newcastle 2-1 Hull: What Jaissle said
Newcastle have won three of their last four Premier League games against Hull (drawing the other), winning their first-ever home match in the competition against the Tigers. Lewis Hall's goal after just six minutes and 34 seconds was the earliest Newcastle have been 2-0 up in a Premier League home game since April 2023 against Spurs (Joelinton netting the second goal in the sixth minute).
Brighton 3-0 Arsenal: What Arteta said
In the first 20 or 30 minutes, the number of technical errors put us constantly under pressure. Arsenal suffered their biggest Premier League defeat since May 2023, which was also against Brighton (0-3 at Emirates Stadium). This was Arsenal's biggest league defeat in a season where they were the reigning top-flight champions since October 1989, a 3-0 loss at Everton.
Newcastle 2-1 Hull: What Jakirovic said
Mohamed Belloumi has been involved in four goals (two goals, two assists) in the Premier League this season, the joint-most by a Hull player in their first five matches in the competition, along with Mohamed Diame (four goals) and Dame N'Doye (three goals, one assist).
Inside Vanderbilt football vs NC State, Jared Curtis' first start
Here are our best Vanderbilt football vs NC State photos from Saturday, Sept. 19.
‘It will never be the same’: How Trump turned on the Kennedy Center and brought it to its knees
Nine months from the day when cranes first placed Trump’s name on the marble façade, the institution has been brought to the brink
Health officials confirm first dengue fever death in Hillsborough County
The Florida Department of Health confirmed the first dengue fever-related death in Hillsborough County.
Woltemade admits strikers have to score goals
Nick Woltemade made a fine impression on his first start for Juventus against NEC, with the German leading the line well and ending the evening with a goal from the penalty spot.Woltemade gives Juve s...
New releases from Blancpain, Czapek, Grand Seiko and more
This past week has been one for the ages. Rolex announces an annual calendar carrying an official nickname for the first time, Blancpain releases one of the smallest mechanical movements to date, and Grand Seiko brings back Arabic numerals after 25 years. There’s plenty more too, spanning other all sort of styles and budgets with … Continued
Tropical disease spread by mosquitoes claims first recorded death in southern US state
Gay Small died on her 80th birthday from dengue after a mosquito bite near her Tampa home, the Florida Department of Health confirmed Friday.
Hamburg beat Köln for first league win
The game started off slowly with both teams having possession but little chances in the first 10 minutes. Köln dominated the ball in the first fifteen minutes but were unable to do anything with the ...
Belmont Park back in business with first races after $550M renovation
They're off and running at the new Belmont Park.
Iconic 40-year-old beer brand closing down its beloved brewery
One of the first brewpubs to open in the U.S.
Apple Watch Ultra 4 Sees First Discount After Launch, Now $779.99 on Amazon
The new Apple Watch Ultra 4 just launched yesterday, and Amazon is offering the first cash discounts on select models for the first time since their launch. You can get the Apple Watch Ultra 4 in Natural with Translucent Gray Ocean Band for $779.99, down from $799.00. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with some of these vendors. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
Latest impressive defensive performance helps undefeated Cedar Ridge stuff Rouse
After allowing nearly 40 points per game last year, Cedar Ridge's defense has dominated so far this season. The Raiders are 4-0 for the first time since 2017.
White Sox See 307-2 Scenario Go Against Them
The Chicago White Sox looked comfortably on their way to tying the AL Central Division at the top again with the Cleveland Guardians. The Guardians were finishing off a Friday night win over the Athletics, but the White Sox were also in control, leading 8-2 against the Detroit Tigers. That’s when everything went wrong. And […] The post White Sox See 307-2 Scenario Go Against Them appeared first on HEAVY.
Enjoy Mud Hens Opening Day, Walleye game, and Hensville entertainment all in one
Some days bring Toledo together. This one brings the entire city downtown. On Friday, March 26, 2027, we're launching the first-ever Fins and Feathers Festival. It all starts with Mud Hens Opening Day, continues with live music and entertainment throughout Hensville, and concludes with a Toledo Walleye game that night.
Scientists Discover First Known Adult T. Rex Trackway in North Dakota
A high school teacher recently came across a T. rex footprint while walking through North Dakota. Scientists say the discovery turned out to be the first known trackway likely made by an adult T. rex....
Russia holds parliamentary vote in areas it seized from Ukraine in the war
Russia's parliamentary election for the first time is being held in Ukraine's regions that Moscow illegally annexed after the start of its full-scale invasion more than 4 1/2 years ago.
MS NOW says journalists blocked from White House after Trump announces ban
The network said it “intends to take any and all steps necessary to defend our First Amendment rights” after Trump said he would block MS NOW, CNN and Politico.
Apple Watch Series 12 might finally convince me to switch away from WHOOP
Earlier this year, I picked up a WHOOP for the very first time. As a longtime Apple Watch user I...
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival.
Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival | KNX News 1070 AM
Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival | NewsRadio 1080 KRLD
Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival | WBBM Newsradio 780 AM & 105.9 FM