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An underground detector in China unveils its first major findings about mysterious ghost particles
A massive underground detector aimed at understanding the mysterious ghost particles in our universe has released its first major findings.
Five Americans Are Among The Ten Scientists Awarded Kavli Prizes For 2026
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters has announced the 10 recipients of the 2026 Kavli Prize in the fields of astrophysics, nanoscience, and neuroscience.
Young Scholars Invent introduces Houston students to digital health innovation at Rice
Seventy-eight high school students from across the greater Houston area gathered at Rice last month for the annual Young Scholars Invent program, a hands-on learning experience that challenged participants to develop affordable digital health solutions while gaining exposure to entrepreneurship, engineering and innovation.
Should We Change How We Talk About Mental Health and Neurodivergence?
Why do we continue to conflate terms describing general mental health and those with clinical needs?
World-leading UK science facilities at risk amid £162m funding crisis
Diamond Light Source and ISIS Neutron and Muon Source face cuts of up to 20% as Science and Technology Facilities Council seeks savings
How to incorporate open-science practices into neuroscience training
If we want new neuroscientists to implement open science throughout their careers, we need to establish its practices as a core principle of training.
Scientists mapped every neural connection in a fruit fly and found a surprise
A groundbreaking new connectome maps every neural connection in an adult fruit fly’s central nervous system, creating an unprecedented view of how the brain and body work together. The findings suggest that complex behaviors emerge from distributed local circuits rather than a single central controller, offering new clues about intelligence, movement, and brain function.
Ulupono Initiative funding helps local food businesses bring Hawaiʻi-made products to retail shelves
A dozen Hawaiʻi-based food makers are getting a boost as they look to expand their locally sourced products to shelves in major retailers. A $25,000 grant from the Ulupono Fund at the Hawaiʻi Community Foundation is lowering barriers for these entrepreneurs to use the state’s first high pressure processing system.
Rochester unveils 'Summer Grooves' concert and entertainment lineup
Rochester launches “Summer Grooves” concert series: Rick Ross at ESL Ballpark, Keith Sweat’s R&B Fest at Blue Cross Arena, Party in the Park returns, plus free RPO shows and Juneteenth headliner Danielle Ponder.
Detroit summer lineup of events, entertainment, and big-name connections with Embarco Management Founder Mikey Eckstein
Fox 2's Ronia Shamona joins Mikey Eckstein to hear all about Influence Thursdays and so much more
How Employee Recognition Breaks Down as Businesses Grow — and How to Fix It Before It Costs You
Recognizing employees positively impacts engagement and the broader business culture. As businesses scale, leaders need a reliable way to deliver recognition in the moment. Here's how.
President’s message: Progress and opportunity for science and medicine
his is an extraordinary moment in time for the biomedical sciences. Seven decades ago, the discovery of the structure of DNA sparked a revolution in understanding life. In the decades since, the knowledge of fundamental biology we have accumulated has led to innovative treatments for many difficult-to-treat diseases, and many more are now within reach....
Northern Liberties home to a growing number of LGBTQ+ businesses
Northern Liberties is one of the city's fastest growing neighborhoods and the recent boom has seen more than a dozen LGBTQ+ business owners bringing their entrepreneurial spirit to the community.
How Solopreneurs Can Turn ChatGPT Into A Business Partner
I've come to think of ChatGPT as the business partner I never had—one that I never have to worry about annoying, or vice versa. Here’s how I use it.
KC small businesses part of national growth trend
Kansas City is part of a national entrepreneurial hot streak, where Americans are starting businesses at a record pace.
Northampton entertainer raises curtain on affordable shows for marginalized communities
Matt Dibrindisi will unveil his company's summer and fall entertainment lineup at the Northampton Center for the Arts on June 10.
Northampton entertainer raises curtain on affordable shows for marginalized communities
Matt Dibrindisi will unveil his company's summer and fall entertainment lineup at the Northampton Center for the Arts on June 10.
Mariners Facing Troubling Development After Colt Emerson News
Seattle Mariners rookie shortstop Colt Emerson was removed from the lineup.
8 Hard Truths About Franchising Your Business (Before You Scale Too Soon)
Franchising isn’t just about expanding a business — it’s about transforming one.
Hooplandia announces youth clinics and entertainment lineup ahead of registration deadline
Organizers of Hooplandia are making a final push for registrations ahead of the June 15 deadline, while unveiling a lineup of basketball clinics, live entertainment and interactive activities.
Minority-owned businesses surge in Kansas City despite headwinds
In May, the Kansas City-based Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation released a nationwide 30-year report on entrepreneurship.
Videos Show Chinese Businesses Hawking North Korean Labor
On social media, Chinese entrepreneurs are touting cheap labor across the border, as trade between the two countries regains momentum.
iOS 27 has new app icon designs for many iPhone apps
Last year Apple redesigned its full lineup of app icons in iOS 27, and one year later, iOS 27 has even more design changes for many app icons.
NYU Stern Professor Says This Is the 'Very Worst Career Advice' She Has Received — And Her Students Get It ‘All the Time’
NYU Stern School of Business professor Suzy Welch says this is a “dumb, dumb” piece of advice.
Ravi Ryan Mohanlal Expands International Presence Across Business, Sports, Football and Entertainment
Ravi Ryan Mohanlal LLM MBA MSc, a Dutch entrepreneur of Surinamese-Hindustani heritage with more than 19 years of experience as a consultant and...
College Light Opera Company Readies For 58th Season
College Light Opera Company (CLOC) will open for its 58th season on Tuesday, June 23. The company’s intensive nine-week season includes a diverse lineup, from concept musicals to traditional Broadway
NBC Cancels 9 TV Shows: Full List and Ratings
From crime dramas to daytime TV, NBC is clearing space for a revamped 2026-27 lineup.
Science-based approach to aspiration thrombectomy could help physicians achieve more optimised and effective procedures
This advertorial is sponsored by Penumbra. The proliferation of new thrombectomy devices coupled with a deepened understanding of these procedures has led to strategies like ADAPT (a direct aspiration first-pass technique) becoming one of the hottest topics in the neurointerventional space. With this in mind, Alex Solich (Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden) sat down with […]
Resmed snaps up Noctrix Health in $340M sleep tech deal
Resmed has closed its $340 million acquisition of Noctrix Health, picking up a wearable neuromodulation device that pushes the sleep tech giant beyond its core sleep apnea and respiratory care busi | Resmed has closed its $340 million acquisition of Noctrix Health, picking up a wearable neuromodulation device that pushes the sleep tech giant beyond its core sleep apnea and respiratory care businesses.
UMW College of Business Celebrates Alumni Achievement at Annual Awards
byWith a solid foundation in finance, marketing and management, University of Mary Washington business graduates go on to careers in executive leadership, entrepreneurship and public service.At the annual College of Business Alumni Awards – held in Woodard Hall during Reunion Weekend – Mary Washington honored grads who have excelled in their professions, from founding supportive […]
The Phillies Need More of This on a Regular Basis
The Philadelphia Philies could have one of the best lineups in baseball if they were consistent.
New animal enterprise and innovation degree to prepare students for industry
The Department of Animal Science will offer a new bachelor’s degree in animal enterprise and innovation beginning in August 2026. This one-of-a-kind program will combine training in the core animal science curriculum with business acumen through classes in economics, data management, entrepreneurship and technology systems to meet the needs of an expanding industry.
The Rockefeller University » Interactive Kitchen Lab will showcase the art and science of cooking
Led by a professional chef, the event highlights the chemistry, biology, and neuroscience of food through tastings and sensory experiments.
Small business app aims to provide entrepreneurs with affordable financial services
A recent immigrant to CNY saw the need and business opportunity.
What Wealthsimple’s Business Banking Push Signals About Modern Entrepreneurs
Wealthsimple's business banking expansion highlights how modern entrepreneurs are demanding faster, simpler and more flexible financial tools.
Yankees Ace Continues To Torment Red Sox With Latest Gem
Boston's lineup still doesn't have an answer for Cam Schlittler.
Six Flags Great Adventure's summer additions show the park is investing beyond rides
Six Flags Great Adventure's new summer lineup has A Great Day Parade, Boardwalk Nights, DC Heroes & Villains Fest, and more.
Overcoming Aaron: Phillies 9, White Sox 6
Brandon Marsh and the Phillies’ lineup was able to overcome yet another bad start by Aaron Nola.
The Probiotic Breakthrough for Natural Anxiety Relief and Better Mental Health
A surprising gut-brain discovery suggests that anxiety could one day be treated with specially designed probiotics. Could anxiety be shaped, at least in part, by tiny organisms living in the gut? Research from Duke-NUS Medical School and the National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore points to
IN SERVICE | Ellen and Serena Harmon on entrepreneurship, community and building for the future
After launching a business with their siblings on the Rosebud Reservation, Ellen and Serena Harmon built an award-winning company serving tribal, federal and regional customers.
21 Game Pass Titles Get New Announcements At The Xbox Showcase 2026
Talk about a stacked lineup!
Mark Cuban says small businesses are desperate for AI talent — and it's where job seekers should look first
The serial entrepreneur took to X this week to bang the AI will lead to more job creation drum.
Diamondbacks' Ildemaro Vargas: Out of lineup again
Diamondbacks' Ildemaro Vargas: Out of lineup again
Brewers' Christian Yelich: Held out of lineup Sunday
Brewers' Christian Yelich: Held out of lineup Sunday
NASCAR at Michigan, starting lineup for 2026 FireKeepers Casino 400
The NASCAR Cup Series is in Brooklyn, Michigan, on Sunday, June 7, for the FireKeepers Casino 400. Denny Hamlin and the No. 11 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota will start the race in the pole position. Carson Hocevar will start the…
This AI-Powered PDF Editor Gives Business Owners a Smarter Way to Work
Skip the subscription and get lifetime access to a full PDF suite for $50.
Mesquite Entertainment announces Independence Day Weekend lineup at CasaBlanca, Virgin River
Free Poolside Concerts, BBQ and July 4 Specials Set for Mesquite Casinos
Will Smith scratched from Dodgers’ lineup with stiff neck
Will Smith was scratched on Saturday with a stiff neck, but manager Dave Roberts said he expected him to be back in the lineup the next day for the finale of the Dodgers’ three-game series against the Angels.
USMNT vs. Germany live updates: Lineups, how to watch, score, latest news from pre-World Cup friendly
Orioles' Samuel Basallo: Not in Saturday's lineup
Orioles' Samuel Basallo: Not in Saturday's lineup
Create Amazon-Ready Business Books with This AI Book Creator for a One-Time $48.99
From idea to manuscript quickly.
Athletics' Brent Rooker: Goes yard in return to lineup
Athletics' Brent Rooker: Goes yard in return to lineup
New ChatGPT Lockdown Mode Limits Tools That Could Enable Data Exfiltration
OpenAI Lockdown Mode limits outbound ChatGPT requests to reduce prompt injection data exfiltration risk for eligible accounts.
Brockton café, West Bridgewater farm win Metro South business honors
See which local businesses won Metro South’s 2026 Small Business and Entrepreneur of the Year honors.
FIFA Fan Festival Unveils Entertainment Schedule
Organizers of the FIFA Fan Festival Los Angeles announced Friday a lineup of live music, match broadcasts and cultural programming for a four-day celebration surrounding the start of the World Cup 2026. The festival, scheduled for June 11-14 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, will feature public watch parties for World Cup matches, musical performances, […]
Game 63 Game Day Thread – Cleveland Guardians @ Texas Rangers
Welcome back, the top two hitters in the lineup
Meet America’s 43 Self-Made Billionaire Queens Of Capitalism. Plus: Questions To Ask Before Turning Your Hobby Into A Business
Welcome to this week’s ForbesWomen newsletter, which every Thursday brings news about the world’s top female entrepreneurs, leaders and investors straight to your inbox.
Mesquite Entertainment announces Independence Day Weekend lineup at CasaBlanca, Virgin River
Mesquite Entertainment is marking Independence Day weekend with free poolside concerts, holiday-themed cocktails, and dining specials.
AI business 'operating system' with its own GPU hub planned in Malaysia
Planned Galactic OPC platform pairs AI agents with NVIDIA-powered GPU infrastructure and a physical hub to help entrepreneurs run key business functions.
At Age 50, She Started a Business From Her Kitchen Table. Now Her Everyday Household Product Makes $31 Million a Year.
Paula Blankenship inherited her mother's eye for DIY furniture.
Esquire Theater Announces Packed Summer Lineup of Music, Comedy, and Family Entertainment
The Esquire Theater for the Performing Arts is gearing up for a busy summer season filled with live music, community events, family entertainment, and opportunities for local talent to take
A doctor and neurologist's staple routines for longevity: 'To protect the brain, you have to protect the rest of the body'
Keeping your brain healthy requires a holistic approach, says neurologist and longevity expert Dr. David Dodick. Here are his practices for optimal health.
Actor Anthony Head, known for ‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer,' has died at 72
He died due to complications from pneumonia
Actor Anthony Head, known for ‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer,' has died at 72
He died due to complications from pneumonia
Festa Italiana brings packed entertainment lineup to Lodi
Festa Italiana returns to Lodi for its 12th year on Sunday. Here's what to know before you go.
Chuck Schumer Privately Backs Haley Stevens in Michigan Democratic Senate Primary
Chuck Schumer, the Democratic minority leader, has remained officially neutral on the race, but in conservations with donors, he has been clear about which candidate he supports.
E-bike safety; lung cancer treatment and prevention; keeping CMA Festival attendees safe; plus other stories with Vanderbilt Health sources
WKRN News 2 interviewed Jeffrey Upperman, MD, FACS, Professor and Chair of the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief of Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, about e-bike related injuries following the recent death of a Brentwood High student and a proposal to require safety training before students could ride a bike on a school campus in Williamson County. Fabien Maldonado, MD, MSc,Professor of Medicine and Thoracic Surgery, was on WTVF News Channel 5‘s live studio show, “Openline,” with host Ben Hall, to discuss lung cancer, treatment and prevention. WSMV’s “Today In Nashville” program hosted Vanderbilt LifeFlight paramedic/flight nurse practitioner Tony Smith to talk about safety for the CMA Festival. The New York Times reporter Carl Zimmer interviewed James Crowe, MD, Director of the Vanderbilt Center for Antibody Therapeutics, for a story about the race to find vaccines and treatments as Ebola spreads. The Vanderbilt Health News release about the pilot clinical trial conducted by Vanderbilt Health and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc., that confirms the safety of ifetroban and supports the further development of the drug to prevent cancer metastasis, was picked up by Reuters, Stock Titan,and others. Women We Admire has named Lee Ann Liska, President and Chief Operating Officer, to its list of top women leaders of Nashville for 2026. Radiology Business, Aunt Minnie, Bioengineer, and Imaging Technology News covered the study from Consuelo Wilkins, MD, MSCI, the Mildred Thornton Stahlman Professor in Rural Health and professor of Medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine, that found Black and Hispanic people, while known to be far more apt to have dementia, are significantly less apt than other racial and ethnic groups to show Alzheimer’s pathology on brain scans. STAT News interviewed Deva Sharma, MD, Transfusion Medicine & Hematology-Oncology, for a story about more patients requesting unvaccinated blood and what it means for the medical system at large. Yahoo! Health reporter Korin Miller interviewed Gitanjali Srivastava, MD, Director of Obesity Medicine, for a story about how semaglutide and tirzepatide compare. William Schaffner, MD, Professor of Preventive Medicine, was quoted by several news outlets about public health issues, including: NBC News (new COVID vaccinations); Medscape (pneumonia and sepsis); and CNN (protection from contagious viruses). Shelbyville Times-Gazette is repurposing Jessica Pasley’s July 2025 Vanderbilt Health News story on tick-borne illnesses as a front-page story.
I moved from the UK to the US to grow my business; love the work culture
UK entrepreneur Thomas Phillips moved to Austin, Texas, to grow his business. He's enjoyed the US's entrepreneurial spirit, work culture, and tax benefits.
Brain-Targeted Drug Discovery Barriers Drive Deep Science Ventures and Medicines Discovery Catapult Deal
According to the World Health Organization’s Global Status Report on Neurology, over 40% of the global population is living with CNS diseases.
Small Business and AI Adoption - Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council
by Raymond J. Keating – The adoption of AI among small business is accelerating, and runs particularly higher among employer firms. These are among the findings in the first report in a new research series, Small Business in the Age of AI, from the JPMorganChase Institute. The report, “Understanding the use of AI among small […]
Camp Lejeune announces entertainment lineup for 2026 Fourth of July celebration
Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune has announced details for its annual Fourth of July celebration, which will coincide with America's 250th birthday.The 2026 USAA
Lars Nootbaar’s Return Gives Cardinals Something Stats Can’t Track
We now know that the St. Louis Cardinals will finally have Lars Nootbaar back in the Major League lineup as he’s being activated for the homestand versus the Cincinnati Reds starting Friday night. There’s been a lot of discussion about what that will mean for the roster moving forward, but I’d like to focus on […]
Science is HERE All Summer at The Tech Interactive
San Jose’s Science Center Announces Packed Lineup Headlined by Summer Camp, Tech Topple, DOME Series, Workshops, and Tech at Nite The Tech Interactive is bringing a summer full of hands-on science experiences to downtown San Jose, featuring STEM camps, immersive dome shows, interactive exhibits, workshops, and family-friendly activities designed for visitors of all ages. Learn more at https://www.thetech.org San Jose, CA, June 04, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Summer is HERE at The Tech Interactive,
New business center to assist underserved entrepreneurs
A new business center opened its doors in downtown Erie in hopes to serve historically disadvantaged businesses and entrepreneurs in the region.
Autodesk for Small Business update: Making it more affordable to get started with Autodesk Flex
/PRNewswire/ -- Last month, Autodesk launched Autodesk for Small Business for the small teams, independent professionals, and entrepreneurs who depend on our...
Harvard Business School announces 2026 Rock Venture Catalyst cohort
HBS and the Arthur Rock Center for Entrepreneurship announced the 2026 cohort of the Rock Venture Catalyst.
Free Summer Entertainment Series returns with varied lineups despite reduced budget
The Fairfax County Park Authority has unveiled event lineups for this year's Summer Entertainment Series, which will feature more than 100 outdoor concerts, movie screenings and other free diversions. Kicking off with Springfield Nights at Burke Lake Park and Arts in the Parks at Frying Pan Farm Park on June 24, the 2026 offerings won't
Small Business Development Center Growth Summit brings statewide network to Penn State
The Penn State Small Business Development Center recently welcomed professionals from 15 centers across Pennsylvania for the annual PASBDC Growth Summit, a statewide professional development event designed to strengthen the network’s ability to support entrepreneurs and small businesses throughout the commonwealth.
From Gaza frontlines to corporate recovery
An entrepreneur's blueprint to leading through uncertainty
Spain vs Iraq – Predicted lineup and team news
Spain host Iraq at the Estadio Abanca-Riazor on Thursday evening to commence their final World Cup warm-up campaign.The reigning European champions enter the tournament as one of the definitive favour...
Parking prices, Costco ‘waiver’ fuel frustration among Fresno's downtown entrepreneurs
Downtown Fresno business owners are voicing frustration over rising parking costs, ongoing construction disruptions and what some describe as a lack of support for local entrepreneurs. The concerns came to a head May 7 when
Overture Center highlights June entertainment lineup
MADISON, Wis. — Summer is taking center stage at Overture Center for the Arts, with a June lineup that includes Broadway hits, live music and entertainment for a range of
43rd annual Taste of Buffalo announces wide-ranging, talent-packed entertainment lineup
The Taste of Buffalo presented by Tops Friendly Markets announced more than 20 local artists performing as part of this year's entertainment lineup for the 43rd celebration of the annual food festival. The event will be held along Delaware Avenue and Niagara Square on July 11-12.
Phillies' J.T. Realmuto: Back in Philadelphia lineup
Phillies' J.T. Realmuto: Back in Philadelphia lineup
More Asheville business owners band together through community connection meet-ups
Local entrepreneurs have been growing their businesses for free through community connection meet-ups, according to business leaders.
John Ternus scaled back Apple’s Vision products roadmap: report
Ming-Chi Kuo just shared an update on Apple’s future Vision products that scales back the lineup—a shift reportedly authorized by John Ternus.
US Ignite Launches SURGE, a National Science Foundation-Supported Initiative to Empower Regional Innovation Coalitions Nationwide
“SURGE provides regional coalitions with structure, guidance, and connections in a peer learning environment. This new program is meant for both existing regional coalitions and leaders who are building new cross-sector partnerships.” -L.Arias, US Ignite Supporting U.S. Regional Growth & Entrepreneurship (SURGE) Convert regional momentum into results! WASHINGTON, June 03, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- US Ignite officially launched the Supporting U.S. Regional Growth & Entrepreneurship (SURGE) Program
Indie Selects for June 2026: Absolutely Stacked Indie Games
The ID@XBOX team handpicked a bold, genre-hopping lineup of six titles for May's Indie Selects where nothing plays it safe.
Resilient Saudi economy proves a draw for wartime Gulf business
By Timour Azhari, Federico Maccioni and Yousef Saba RIYADH, June 3 (Reuters) - When food-tech entrepreneur Sara Amini wanted to see where Gulf businesses were still spending despite the Iran war, she
Rewriting the Narrative: Jewish Voices in the Entertainment Industry | AJC Global Forum 2026
At AJC Global Forum 2026, writer, producer, actor, and comedian Jamie Denbo joins Grammy-nominated songwriter, music publisher, and entrepreneur Billy Mann; Deborah Marcus; and Lori York for a conversation moderated by Dov Wilker, AJC Vice President, Advocacy and Innovation; Regional Director, AJC Atlanta.
Resilient Saudi economy proves a draw for wartime Gulf business
When food-tech entrepreneur Sara Amini wanted to see where Gulf businesses were still spending despite the Iran war, she flew to Riyadh.
Scientists reverse anxiety by fixing a tiny brain circuit
A newly identified group of amygdala neurons appears to play a central role in anxiety and social behavior. Restoring normal activity in this tiny brain circuit reversed anxiety and social deficits in mice, revealing a promising new target for future treatments.
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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