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Gypsy Rose Blanchard addresses 'significant tension' with Ken Urker's sister
Gypsy Rose Blanchard is responding to criticism from Ken Urker's sister following the death of Urker, the father of her daughter.
Amy Coney Barrett calls oil companies’ arguments ‘slippery’
Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett criticized fossil fuel companies as “a little slippery” in oral arguments over a lawsuit in which oil majors claim that federal law blocks states from suing them for climate change-related damages. Her comment came in arguments Monday in the case Suncor Energy v. County Commissioners of Boulder County, which […]
Flu season is already spiking in Hamilton County local health officials say
Hamilton County health officials are urging residents to get up to date on recommended and school-required vaccinations ahead of the cold and flu season.The Ha
Supreme Court kicks off new term with major climate case
The Supreme Court returns for its new term on Monday, and oral arguments in a major case over the fate of a costly climate change lawsuit brought by Boulder County, Colorado, will kick off a term set to feature several blockbuster legal battles. Suncor Energy v. County Commissioners of Boulder County will decide whether a […]
Supreme Court sounds wary of state-based climate change suits against oil producers
Oil and gas producers hope the Supreme Court will shut down scores of lawsuits over the impact of climate change.
Doctors Should Keep an Eye on Your Mix of Medication. If They Don’t, You Should.
By Paula Span | KFF Health News Medications can snowball as we age. Pill organizers pile up. Prescriptions that are no longer necessary can mix with other drugs to create concerning side effects. “Once you get to six or seven prescription medications, you get a nearly 100% chance of some sort of ...
Apple notifies Apple Cash users about two upcoming changes
Apple Cash’s terms and conditions have just been updated, and Apple is notifying users about two upcoming changes in particular.
How to Watch CIA Season 2 Premiere
Watch CIA live with TV channel, start time and streaming info. Stream Season 2 Premiere on Fubo — no cable required, free trial available.
How to Watch Line of Fire Season 1, Episode 3
Watch Line of Fire live with TV channel, start time and streaming info. Stream Season 1, Episode 3 on Fubo — no cable required, free trial available.
Michael Douglas recalls shocking response from friends after cancer diagnosis
Michael Douglas says his cancer diagnosis revealed how few people in his life would check in.
Seattle’s tax burden shifted to business as jobs slipped away, new report finds
A new joint report from the Downtown Seattle Association and the Seattle Metro Chamber shows city tax collections nearly tripling since 2013, surging far past population and job growth as the tax burden shifts heavily onto a small pool of major employers.
Congressional candidates discuss expanding executive power and need for political will
Congressional approval ratings are in the tank. By some measures this is one of the least productive sessions of Congress in living memory. WGLT's Charlie Schlenker reports those things may not change much any time soon.
Your Vote 2026 Maine Calling candidate interview: Bobby Charles, Republican for governor
Maine Calling host Jennifer Rooks interviews Republican gubernatorial candidate Bobby Charles ahead of the November election.
Steelers Sign Super Bowl Champion Cornerback
The Pittsburgh Steelers are signing veteran cornerback Sean Murphy-Bunting off the Tampa Bay Buccaneers’ practice squad, according to NFL insider […]
God Packs are Officially Coming to Magic: The Gathering
Magic: The Gathering booster packs have gone through a lot of changes in the last decade, some of which have been awful. But Wizards of the Coast are introducing 'God Packs' to MTG, which could feel like winning the lottery.
US services sector activity slows in September; price pressures mount
US services sector activity slowed in September as supply chain strains and rising input prices signal persistent inflation risks into next year.
US commodities regulator proposes new federal crypto oversight rules
The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission proposes new federal rules for crypto exchanges offering leveraged trading to streamline regulation.
Angels To Face Decision On Ill-Fitting First Baseman
Nolan Schanuel’s elite contact skills contrast sharply with a glaring lack of power, forcing the Halos to weigh his high-floor production against more traditional middle-of-the-order threats.
Richie Floyd: Bernie’s 2016 Campaign Changed My Life
In 2021, Richie Floyd was elected to the St Petersburg City Council, becoming the first openly socialist elected official in Florida in over a century. Writing in Jacobin, Floyd explains how Bernie’s ...
Sporting KC Weekly Schedule: Oct. 7-10, 2026
Sporting Kansas City returns home to host the Portland Timbers at 7:30 p.m. CT on Saturday at Sporting Park as the club celebrates National Hispanic Heritage Month. Tickets are available on SeatGeek, including a special Latino Heritage Night ticket pack featuring an exclusive luchador mask/hat and a Corona or Coca-Cola
Michael Douglas recalls painful response from friends after cancer diagnosis
Michael Douglas says his cancer diagnosis revealed how few people in his life would check in.
The #2 Movie on Netflix Is a Thrilling Documentary About a Charismatic Serial Killer
"The Widower: 'Til Death Do Us Part" follows the twisting story of Thomas Randolph, also known as the "Black Widower," of whose six wives, four ended up dead.
1,800-year-old temple to Mars and statue of Victory unearthed at Roman military fort in Germany
Archaeologists in Germany have found a temple to Mars, the god of war, next to a Roman Empire military encampment.
Health care aide charged in assault of disabled resident at Halfmoon facility
A Schenectady woman working as a health care aide has been charged after State Police said a disabled resident was assaulted at a Halfmoon care facility.
The Best TV Performances of 2026 (So Far)
A ridiculous amount of talent is dominating the small screen this year, including Hoon Lee, Kyle Chandler, Pierce Brosnan, and so many more.
NWA C-Suite: Daniel Harr
Harr joined packaging systems manufacturer Delta Systems & Automation in 2013 and advanced through leadership roles in supply chain, customer care, operations, and general management before becoming CEO in 2024....
Traders Purchase Large Volume of Call Options on Sphere Entertainment (NYSE:SPHR)
Sphere Entertainment Co. (NYSE:SPHR - Get Free Report) saw unusually large options trading activity on Monday. Traders bought 9,775 call options on the company. This represents an increase of 1,615% compared to the typical volume of 570 call options.
Muchacho comes to Decatur; Kelly’s Market under new ownership
Muchacho, a West Coast-style taco shop with locations in Atlanta, plans to open its third spot in Decatur. The city will consider its alcohol license on Oct. 5, after police approval.
‘The Voice’ Fans, Michael Bublé Teased His Latest TV Project on Instagram
He’s bringing a Property Brother with him.
Florida's Jadan Baugh Has Another Tough Challenge Against South Carolina
After Missouri stifled the Heisman frontrunner, the Gators must revive their ground game against a relentless Gamecocks front to avoid a devastating mid-season collapse in Columbia.
'Here & Now' Highlights: Charles Franklin, Jason Stein
A month before the 2026 election, the Marquette Law School Poll shows candidates for governor neck-and-neck — poll director Charles Franklin explained where voters stand and why. Enrollment caps for ...
Michael Duff set to be given the Bradford job
Bradford City are expected to name Michael Duff as the new manager according to reports.The Bantams have been looking for a new boss after Graham Alexander left the club to join Championship side Pre...
Weaner Pig Breakeven at $22.46, Up $12.25 From Last Week
When you consider that today’s purchased weaner would be sold in March 2027 using April 2027 futures, the weaner breakeven was $22.46, up $12.25 for the week, and $0.57 below the average cash price for the week of $23.03.
US services sector activity slows in September; price pressures mount
US services sector activity slowed in September, with strong domestic demand stretching supply chains and raising prices paid by businesses for inputs, indicating that inflation could remain high into next year.
Supreme Court rejects appeal over Michigan school's ban on ‘Let’s Go Brandon’ sweatshirts
The Supreme Court is rejecting an appeal from a Michigan woman challenging a school district’s ban on shirts with the phrase “Let’s Go Brandon.” | 830 WCCO
Supreme Court rejects appeal over Michigan school ban on ‘Let’s Go Brandon’ sweatshirts
The Supreme Court is rejecting an appeal from a Michigan woman challenging a school district’s ban on shirts with the phrase “Let’s Go Brandon.” | KNSS Radio
Who will rural voters blame for harmful healthcare changes, policies this election?
Inflation and affordability, immigration and international conflicts may be dominating much of the news—and voters' attention—but healthcare, as always, still matters at the ballot box—perhaps even more so for rural voters.
Apple's Newest Macs Just Got Their Biggest Price Cuts Yet on Amazon
Prime Big Deal Days sales are already starting, and have now hit Apple's brand new Mac mini and Mac Studio computers. You can get up to $199 off these 2026 devices with Amazon's latest savings. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with some of these vendors. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
ESPN predicts Auburn's remaining schedule after SEC loss to Tennessee
How did Auburn football's 2026 outlook change following its Week 5 loss to Tennessee?
Michael Douglas on 'immortality,' Kirk Douglas and the memories he once avoided
Michael Douglas, the award-winning actor and producer, recently turned 82 and has released a memoir titled “One Helluva Ride.” | 830 WCCO
Michael Douglas on 'immortality,' Kirk Douglas and the memories he once avoided
Michael Douglas, the award-winning actor and producer, recently turned 82 and has released a memoir titled “One Helluva Ride.” | WWJ Newsradio 950
Neighborhood Intelligence Provides Business Update and Announces $45.5 Million Equity Financing with Participation from Management and a Single Institutional Investor
NASHVILLE, Tenn., October 05, 2026--Neighborhood Intelligence (NASDAQ: NXH) ("Neighborhood" or the "Company") today announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement for the purchase and sale of an aggregate of 16,485,508 shares of its common stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof) at a purchase price of $2.76 per share (or pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof) in a registered direct offering. In addition, the Company will issue warrants to purchase up to 16,123,189 shares of common
Labour standards increasingly shape market access and business competitiveness
A new ILO Brief examines how labour standards and responsible business expectations are increasingly shaping market access, supply chains and business competitiveness in Asia and the Pacific. It highlights the role of employer and business membership organizations in helping companies navigate evolving requirements and promote better labour outcomes.
Apple Watch Prime Day Deals Arrive With New All-Time Low Prices for Series 12 and Ultra 4
Big Apple Watch discounts have started arriving ahead of Prime Big Deal Days, including new low prices on Apple Watch Series 12 and Apple Watch Ultra 4. These deals join some Apple Watch SE 3 discounts that we began tracking over the weekend, alongside other major early Prime Big Deal Days markdowns. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with Amazon. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
Seth Haron | 40 Under 40 2026
Seth Haron, managing director of investments at Marcus & Millichap, is a 2026 Crain's Detroit Business 40 Under 40 honoree.
Apple Releases MagSafe 3 Charging Cable Firmware Update
For the first time since February 2023, Apple has released a firmware update for the MagSafe 3 charging cable for the MacBook Pro and MacBook Air. Specifically, Apple last week released firmware version 3.2.0 for the USB-C to MagSafe 3 Cable. The previous firmware version for the cable was 3.1.12. It is unclear what is included in the latest firmware, as Apple does not publish release notes for this.
Nations League: the chances of reaching the quarter-finals 👀
Are Les Bleus in a strong position?In this edition of the Nations League, as in the previous one, the group stage will be followed by quarter-finals.The top two teams in each of the four groups will q...
Digital Science appoints Charlesworth as strategic sales partner of Altmetric and Dimensions in China’s scholarly publishing sector
Digital Science has appointed Charlesworth as its strategic sales partner of Altmetric and Dimensions in China’s scholarly publishing sector. This collaboration aims to support the growing demand for research data and information across this rapidly developing market.
Windber institute's data tracking system used by scientists far and wide
Developed by a member of the Chan Soon-Shiong Institute of Molecular Medicine at Windber, a system for using data to solve real-world problems caused by cancer is making a mark
'Chicago Fire' Season 15 cast – Who's back, exiting amid premiere
Prepare to see some changes when "Chicago Fire" returns this week. The NBC series will see multiple exits amid its 15th season, set to premiere Oct. 7.
Ohio Democrats’ path to the governor’s office runs through rural areas that had turned against them
Democrats say their nominee for governor in Ohio, Dr. Amy Acton, represents the party’s best chance in years to win that office.
Ohio Democrats’ path to the governor’s office runs through rural areas that had turned against them
Democrats say their nominee for governor in Ohio, Dr. Amy Acton, represents the party’s best chance in years to win that office.
You should care about politics
Ever since America’s founding, the United States has been extremely politically charged. From the civil war in the 1860s, to the civil rights movements of the 1950s, America has always had politics at the root of economic, social and institutional change. So then why do Americans care so little about it? In 2024, about 63.9...
Scientists uncover recurrent patterns within chaotic quantum behavior
Many complex quantum systems rapidly lose the recognizable patterns of their initial states as their components interact. To describe patterns of regular and chaotic motion in specific systems, physicists ...
Scientists reveal what seven days of fasting does to the human body
Scientists found that prolonged fasting triggers major changes throughout the body, but many of the most interesting effects only appeared after about three days without food. The results suggest fasting may influence health in ways that go beyond weight loss and could eventually inspire treatments that mimic its effects.
October 2026: Open Enrollment Starts Today
The 2027 insurance open enrollment is October 5-30, 2026. Changes made during this period will take effect January 1, 2027.
Innovation That Solves: From Business Needs to AI Solutions
Targeted AI innovation transforms business challenges like hydrocarbon compliance into effective technological solutions, writes Jorge Mandujano.
Business Ingenuity Gives Birth to Edgy, an AI Agent Educated in the Theory Behind Natural Synergy™ to Show Leaders Where Their Organizations Are Headed
SAN FRANCISCO, October 05, 2026--Business Ingenuity, Inc. today announced the availability of Edgy, an AI agent educated using Natural Synergy: From Natural Mystery to Mastery, co-authored by co-founder Charles Follett and Ray Scott and available on Amazon. Edgy analyzes an organization through its public footprint and its own people, then tells executives which Operating State the organization occupies, which direction it is being driven, and what adjustments would improve its performance.
Democrats want to change the rules for recall elections. Voters get their say with Prop. 5
Democrats say the recall process has gotten out of hand and they want to drop the 'second question' to replace a politician.
London City gelling, Man City flying
After five frantic weeks, the Women's Super League takes a two-week break, offering the perfect chance to take stock of a thrilling start to the season.
The Economics of Delta Healthcare
How well is the system? Experts weigh in on status While agriculture rightfully gains most of the headlines when it comes to the Delta’s economy, the role of healthcare in the region cannot be underestimated. Many challenges face healthcare providers in the region and the state recently stepped in to assist. Nonetheless, healthcare leaders in […]
Duff set to be appointed Bradford boss
Bradford City are set to appoint former Wycombe Wanderers boss Michael Duff as their new manager.
Success Supper Club
Drew native Stafford Shurden is bringing entrepreneurs together to exchange ideas America was built on the backbone of entrepreneurs. Through the centuries, visionary men and women in this country saw opportunities not only to develop and grow a business, but also to forge a path to encourage and inspire others. Drew native, Stafford Shurden […]
Gallery of Unearthing the Ground: Architecture and the Politics of Waste - 4
Image 4 of 15 from gallery of Unearthing the Ground: Architecture and the Politics of Waste. Agbogbloshie. Image © Muntaka Chasant, via Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 4.0
Spooky season watchlist
In October 2024, I drove into Gambrill State Park after dusk and joined others carrying blankets and lawn chairs — flashlight streams lighting the road and parking lot — as
Reclaiming 'Health Sovereignty': EU Gastein Forum Confronts A Fragmenting Global Order
Health, long treated as a sanctuary of diplomatic consensus, has entered an era of high politics and ideological division. Leading the closing panel of the EU Health Forum Gastein (EHFG) on Friday (2 October), session chair Ilona Kickbusch, founder of the Global Health Centre at the Graduate Institute in Geneva, highlighted how recent votes at the UN General Assembly demonstrate that nation-states increasingly split and vote instead of searching for consensus.
Swedish regulator temporarily revokes Charm Entertainment AB’s casino licence following investigation
Spelinspektionen issued an interim revocation of Charm Entertainment AB’s licence to operate commercial land-based casino gaming.
RBI sees no signs of expropriation of Russian business, CEO says
Raiffeisen Bank International currently sees no signs of an expropriation of its Russian business, CEO Michael Hoellerer said on Monday, after several attempts by the Austrian lender to sell the division have failed.
As Twin Cities suburbs grow more diverse, some old political patterns persist
City councils tend to be whiter than the places they represent. Some politicians and advocacy groups want that to change.
Integral Ad Science to Provide Brand Safety and Suitability Measurement in ChatGPT Ads
NEW YORK, October 05, 2026--As artificial intelligence rapidly reshapes digital advertising, marketers face a critical new challenge: ensuring brand safety and suitability within dynamic, generative AI-native environments. Without independent verification, advertising in conversational channels risks creating a blind spot for enterprise brands seeking reliable media quality standards.
The 2026 Lookout List: Health and Wellness
Are you feeling centered? This is a place where we value having aligned chakras, purposeful movement, a good gym to frequent and a good dispensary to drop into (for those that partake). For our Health and Wellness category of the Lookout List, we asked you for the best spots to drop into for yoga, mindful moments, health food and more.
Walworth County dairy farmer specializing in raw milk says state is unfairly fining his business
Chaz Self said his dairy farm is producing grade A milk under Wisconsin's state standards, but was still ordered to pay a hefty fine. An online fundraiser has been created to cover those fines.
Sexual misconduct allegations threaten to topple veteran LA Democrat
LA Democrat Jimmy Gomez is facing a strong socialist challenger.
“We’re in the entertainment business. If someone uses Suno to write a lyric, it’s not a high crime or misdemeanour”: Joe Bonamassa has sympathy for up-and-coming artists using AI to get an edge
But AI ‘artists’ shouldn’t be in the same chart as humans, he says
Nobel medicine prize goes to 3 scientists for research into brain activity
The Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded Monday to three scientists working on the mechanisms the brain uses to switch on, or off, the activity of individual nerve cells.
$350 million Memorial Health project to bring road and parking changes
A $350 million Memorial Health project will add a 90-bed tower, cafeteria, loading dock and parking garage.
Top Links 1245 Jobs in health care. Jobs for women. The US labour market is segmenting. Chernobyl’s radiation and Lenin’s love of literature.
Thank you for your support of Chartbook. Your generosity keeps this show on the road. Elmer Bischoff, Two Figures at the Seashore, 1957 The only really dynamic job-creator in the US economy is health care:
Jobs in health care. Jobs for women. The US labour market is segmenting. Chernobyl’s radiation and Lenin’s love of literature.
Thank you for opening your Chartbook email. Elmer Bischoff, Two Figures at the Seashore, 1957 The only really dynamic job-creator in the US economy is health care: The largest crunch has come in Federal government, which has shed 2.7 m jobs. Source: tchouvkov on Twitter Tech is struggling. [ Joey Politano 🏳️🌈@JosephPolitano The US tech sector continues bleeding jobs in official data released today—overall, employment decreased by 17k last month and is down 69k over the last year That's nearly as bad as the worst of the 2024 tech-cession, and much worse than the 2022 boom or even pre-2020 norms 12:42 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 15.2K Views 15 Replies · 47 Reposts · 390 Likes ](https://x.com/JosephPolitano/status/2106001807847940232?s=20) The new jobs are all for women. [ Justin Wolfers@JustinWolfers I'm not sure who saw this coming, but so far nearly all the jobs created during the second Trump administration have gone to women. 1:09 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 33K Views 70 Replies · 146 Reposts · 644 Likes ](https://x.com/JustinWolfers/status/2106008723533533601?s=20) Meanwhile, real wages are being eaten up by modest over-target inflation. [ Heather Long@byHeatherLong The financial pain is real: Wage growth fell to 3% (y/y) in September. That's the lowest in 5 years. Wage growth: 3% Inflation: ~3.4% Inflation has eaten up all wage gains for the average worker since April. Many people are having to make hard choices about what to buy and what … 1:24 PM · Oct 2, 2026 · 37K Views 24 Replies · 275 Reposts · 533 Likes ](https://x.com/byHeatherLong/status/2106012367712620728?s=20) HEY READERS, THANK YOU for opening the Chartbook email. I hope it brightens your day. I enjoy putting out the newsletter, but tbh, what keeps this flow going is the generosity of those readers who clicked the subscription button. If you are persuaded to click, please consider the annual subscription of $60. It is both better value for you and a much better deal for me, as it involves only one credit card charge. Why feed the payments companies if we don’t have to. Subscribe Elmer Bischoff, Bathers, 1960 Americans are disillusioned with higher ed. For contributing subscribers only. Subscribe Where the Chernobyl radiation went. h/t Simon Kuestenmacher aka simongerman600 How Lenin’s love of literature shaped the Russian Revolution - Tariq Ali This, then, was the intellectual atmosphere in which Lenin came of age. His father, a highly cultured conservative, was the chief inspector of schools in his region and much respected as an educationalist. At home, Shakespeare, Goethe and Pushkin, among others, were read aloud on Sunday afternoons. It was impossible for the Ulyanov family – “Lenin” was a pseudonym adopted to outwit the tsarist secret police – to escape high culture. At high school, Lenin fell in love with Latin. His headteacher had high hopes that he might become a philologist and Latin scholar. History willed otherwise, but Lenin’s passion for Latin, and taste for the classics, never left him. He read Virgil, Ovid, Horace and Juvenal in the original, as well as Roman senatorial orations. He devoured Goethe during his two decades in exile, reading and rereading Faust many times. Lenin put his knowledge of the classics to good use in the time leading up to the October revolution of 1917. In April of that year, he broke with Russian social-democratic orthodoxy and, in a set of radical theses, called for a socialist revolution in Russia. A number of his own close comrades denounced him. In a sharp riposte, Lenin quoted Mephistopheles from Goethe’s masterwork: “Theory, my friend, is grey, but green is the eternal tree of life.” Source: The Guardian Elmer Bischoff, The River, 1953 If you’ve scrolled this far, you know you want to click: Subscribe
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
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