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La Tapatia opens Downtown Fresno retail store
La Tapatia Tortilleria has opened a larger Downtown Fresno retail store. Read how high-speed rail construction hurt access to its Belmont location.
Health officials seek woman seen handling rabid bat in downtown Minneapolis on Tuesday
Capcom celebrates 25th anniversary of the Ace Attorney franchise with new art
Capcom has decided to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the acclaimed Ace Attorney franchise ahead of its official anniversary date which is 12th October. The new artwork, which you can view down…
Watch: Patriots RB TreVeyon Henderson torches Steelers on TD run
Patriots running back TreVeyon Henderson exploded for a 39-yard touchdown in Sunday's game against the Steelers.
Why Is BP (LSE:BP.) Reshaping Its Business And Investment Approach Now?
BP (LSE:BP.) CEO outlined a new investment approach focused on more selective capital allocation across projects. Management is reorganising BP into separate upstream and downstream divisions to increase operational accountability and clarity. The group adjusted fuel deliveries and production in response to the recent Iran conflict, highlighting its operational flexibility. This new upstream and downstream structure, combined with tighter project selection, only captures part of what is...
Lucy Graham Turns Down Syndrome Into a Thriving Business
When Lucy Graham was born with Down syndrome, her family vowed to help her shine. Today, her determination and creativity helped her find success! Here, she shares her story with Woman’s World. When she was in high school, Lucy Graham gave her class a PowerPoint presentation on living with Down syndrome, describing its physical effects,
Lucy Graham Turns Down Syndrome Into a Thriving Business
When Lucy Graham was born with Down syndrome, her family vowed to help her shine. Today, her determination and creativity helped her find success! Here, she shares her story with Woman’s World. When she was in high school, Lucy Graham gave her class a PowerPoint presentation on living with Down syndrome, describing its physical effects,
🚨 OM-PSG: Le Classique line-ups are in!
It’s time for the L1 showdown!This Sunday evening, OM host PSG as part of the fifth Ligue 1 matchday.On paper, this Classique looks more one-sided than it has in a long time, despite Paris’ sluggi...
Trump tech advisor to AI labs: 'If you can't control it, don't do it'
AI companies have called for more regulation of their own products to ensure safety. Trump's tech advisor says they can slow down whenever the want.
Giants' Best Chance vs Rams Could Be Matthew Stafford Himself
The New York Giants' best chance against the Los Angeles Rams could come down to Matthew Stafford.
Scientists Claim That Three Minutes With a "Donkey or Small Horse" Can Save Teenagers From Depression
Life got you feeling down? A donkey could be the solution to lifting your spirits, according to new research.
Carolina Panthers Release Inactives for Week 2 vs. Atlanta Falcons
The Carolina Panthers have released inactives for the Week 2 showdown against the Atlanta Falcons.
Corporate America is paying for access to RFK Jr.
The upcoming Make America Healthy Again Summit is brought to you by companies with business before the Health Department.
Storytelling Bootcamp: Shop Owner Fulfills Dream with Downtown Business
Whether it’s in an ice cream shop or a clothing store, Beth Kornick has always loved the retail industry.
Lioness Season 4 Is No Sure Thing Just Yet
One cast member is willing to put money down to promise that Taylor Sheridan’s thriller will continue, though.
Arkansas football is bringing a pillow to a gunfight
The Arkansas offense having few weapons is a downer
NH's Business: Access to healthcare for adults in rural New Hampshire & Vermont
Fred Kocher sits down with Dr. Nathan Goldstein and Angelo Volandes with Dartmouth Health to talk about how adults can navigate healthcare in rural settings.
NH's Business: Access to healthcare for adults in rural New Hampshire & Vermont
Fred Kocher sits down with Dr. Nathan Goldstein and Angelo Volandes with Dartmouth Health to talk about how adults can navigate healthcare in rural settings.
Stefon Diggs Punished For Major Mistake vs Eagles
As the Washington Commanders put together a late-game comeback attempt against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 1, the team faced a major hit when the star wide receiver Stefon Diggs picked up a penalty that was totally avoidable after a touchdown. Diggs managed to score to make it a six-point game, and a two-point conversion […] The post Stefon Diggs Punished For Major Mistake vs Eagles appeared first on HEAVY.
Steelers Injuries: 2 out, 1 questionable vs. Patriots
Michael Pittman Jr. was downgraded to out for Week 2 after the team’s final practice eon Saturday.
Say Hello to RatHat, a New AI-Powered Malware Invading the Android Ecosystem
The malware pretends to be a legitimate download for an app like Google Chrome.
Seahawks vs Cardinals live updates: Score, highlights, predictions, analysis
Seahawks play the Cardinals in a pivotal NFC West Showdown. Follow live score updates, highlights, injury news, key plays and instant analysis.
Bears vs. Vikings live updates: Start time, TV channel
The Chicago Bears are hosting the Minnesota Vikings in crucial NFC North showdown in Week 2. Follow live updates.
Final Fantasy VII Revelation Could Have One Of The Biggest Download Sizes In Xbox History
Just to warn you
Ravens downgrade WR Zay Flowers to out against the Saints
Flowers was listed as doubtful on Friday but was unable to practice, which placed him in the downgrade
With the season winding down, Mookie Betts is heating up
Betts is leading the way for the Dodgers at the top of the lineup, hitting .833 over his last three games.
Downtown Bethlehem sports bar, restaurant up for sale
Located at 515 Main St., the restaurant and bar is listed for $799,000 and features a full menu, sports viewing and established clientele.
As states crack down on sweepstakes casinos, VGW makes $351,000 play into Alabama politics
An Australian sweepstakes casino has contributed $351,000 to Alabama politicians and political groups as other states move to ban or restrict the industry.
A 60-year-old mom faces retirement with $156K in student loans
She doesn't have a college degree of her own, but she's staring down a six-figure student-loan balance she took on to give her kids a better life.
‘Pat McAfee Saved Sports Media,’ ‘Can’t Get Enough of This Guy’ — CFB Fans Heap Praise on ESPN Star After ‘College GameDay’
Pat McAfee’s latest College GameDay appearance was chaotic, controversial, and entertaining… to some people, at least. He made the trip to Oxford for the showdown between the LSU Tigers and Ole Miss Rebels and gave the internet plenty to talk about.
Six Flags Entertainment (FUN) Launches Flex Pay, Is The Stock Still Cheap?
Six Flags Entertainment (FUN) has rolled out Flex Pay by Upgrade, a pay over time option for eligible online purchases from $49, including Season Passes, that lets guests spread fixed monthly payments. The new Flex Pay option lands at a time when Six Flags Entertainment’s share price has come under pressure, with the stock closing at US$12.22 and recording a 30 day share price return down 26.96% and a 1 year total shareholder return down 45.25%. This signals fading momentum even as management...
Trump and sons invest heavily in AI economy as he resists calls for slowdown
Trump’s decisions as president on one of the most consequential policy debates of his administration could affect the value of his personal investments.
The lowdown on FC Bayern Women’s first Champions League opponent
Like FC Bayern Women in Germany, Manchester City also claimed the domestic double last season after winning the Women’s Super League and FA Cup. The two teams now meet for the first time in the open...
It's confirmed: Electric striker ready to join Liverpool squad
Liverpool have a fantastic striker ready to join their first-team squad. It’s time, that much is clear.Liverpool are low on strikers right now. Hugo Ekitiké's injury has them down to just the one e...
Gilbert Leads Irish Over MSU
Micah Gilbert had eight catches for 170 yards in a breakout performance as Notre Dame defeated Michigan State by 27-10 on Saturday. Nolan James chipped in with 121 yards rushing with one touchdown.
Game Recap: What is Texas A&M’s biggest issue after loss to Kentucky?
KBTX senior Texas A&M sportswriter Travis L. Brown and sports director Tyler Shaw break down the Aggies’ 31-21 loss to Kentucky from Kyle Field.
UFC 334: Gane vs. Hokit Officially Announced
During the UFC 331 event, the UFC officially announced the upcoming UFC 334 fight card that takes place in November. UFC 334 goes down on November 14 at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. Here is the full card. UFC 334 Main Card In the main event of UFC 334, Ciryl Gane […] The post UFC 334: Gane vs. Hokit Officially Announced appeared first on HEAVY.
Peters' properties under foreclosure are on the market for over $42 million
Most of the properties are located in the downtown area, while another one is situated at the corner of the busy Cerrillos Road-Rodeo Road intersection.
Florida Stuns Auburn in Wild SEC Showdown
The Florida Gators are officially 3-0. Florida traveled to Jordan-Hare Stadium on Saturday night and defeated Auburn 44-39 in a wild SEC opener, giving first-year head coach Jon Sumrall his first conference victory with the Gators. Gators Jump Out Early Florida wasted no time making its presence felt. The Gators took a 7-3 lead in…
BYU Starts Strong, Gets Road Win at Colorado State
LJ Martin and Legend Glasker showed their star power and BYU jumped out to a 38-7 lead before fluttering late in a 41-23 win at Colorado State Saturday night in Fort Collins. BYU led 31-7 at halftime, and scored a touchdown on their first drive of the second half to go up 38-7 before pulling […]
Instant Analysis No 3 Notre Dame Handles Business Against Michigan State in 2710 Win
Irish Illustrated's Tim Prister, Tim O'Malley, and Drew Mentock gathered from Notre Dame Stadium's ninth floor to break down Notre Dame's Week 3 27-10 win over Michigan State.
Tencent Music Entertainment Group (NYSE:TME) As Its Fans Economy Story Keeps The Undervalued Case Alive
Tencent Music Entertainment Group (TME) has drawn investor attention after recent share performance, with the stock down over the past month and past 3 months. This has prompted fresh questions around what is currently priced into the business. Set against that short term weakness, Tencent Music Entertainment Group’s share price is down sharply year to date and over the past year, while the 3 year and 5 year total shareholder returns remain positive. This suggests recent momentum has faded as...
Recap: Tennessee defeats Kennesaw State 42-9
Tennessee wrapped up its pre-conference slate on Saturday night in comfortable fashion, defeating Kennesaw State handily 42-9 inside Neyland Stadium. Faizon Brandon was 18/26 passing for 178 yards and a touchdown. He added 47 yards on 11 rushes and another score. Daune Morris paced the backfield with 14 carries for 116 yards and a touchdown. […]
1985 Rock Song, Turned Down by Billy Idol, Became a Career-Defining No. 1 Hit
Before Simple Minds scored their No.
Trump asked budget chief to draft order bringing health research funding under his control
The move came after the NIH director refused Trump’s request to cut Harvard grants in an Oval Office meeting.
Lake City hosts Crossroads Music and Market Festival with live music, food and family fun
Downtown Lake City turned into a hub of music, food and family fun Saturday as the Lake City held its annual Crossroads Music and Market Festival.
Carson Wentz Receives Harsh Ranking Among NFL Backup Quarterbacks
Despite a stellar three-touchdown debut, analysts remain skeptical of Minnesota's new signal-caller. Discover why critics view the former starter as a mediocre backup ahead of Sunday's showdown.
Michigan beat UTEP down two starters, including a surprise absence
Kyle Whittingham updates the status of Jordan Marshall and explains why Andrew Sprague and Zeke Berry were absent from Saturday's win.
Columbia football continues hot start with overwhelming win against Amsterdam
The Blue Devils got four touchdown passes and 301 yards through the air from senior quarterback Tyler Connolly in a 42-8 victory over Amsterdam.
Scientists mix a simple molecule into perovskite solar layer, and efficiency climbs past 25.6%
Tests showed the combined layer was less prone to clumping and covered the surface more completely.
Duke football report card: Grading Blue Devils after Stanford victory
How did Duke football perform against Stanford? We hand out grades for the Blue Devils in their beatdown win over the Cardinal.
California Cracks Down on Influencers’ Undisclosed Political Ads
Under a new law, creators could face fines of $5,000 per post if they don’t disclose that they were paid to make political content.
Michigan Dominates UTEP In Second Half In 52-17 Beatdown
The Wolverines struggled to find their rhythm early, but Michigan exploded for 28 points in the third quarter behind an efficient performance from quarterback Bryce Underwood.
Trump Faced Loss After Loss. He Then Turned to a Familiar Target: The Press.
The president’s ban of three media outlets from the White House fits a pattern of using the apparatus of government to crack down on his perceived enemies.
Scientists in Palau are raising heat-tolerant coral to rescue reefs damaged by warming seas
"We're trying to identify those corals that are very heat tolerant."
Rams rule out Kam Kinchens with hamstring injury
The Rams are down at least one more starter for MNF
Georgia Tech Cracked The Code At Southern Showcase
Georgia Tech's cross country squads dominated the Southern Showcase with a historic men's finish and multiple personal bests. See the full breakdown.
Recap: Boston College scrapes by Maine, 22-16
On Saturday afternoon, the Boston College football team faced off against the Maine Black Bears at Alumni Stadium for Week 3 of the 2026 regular season. The first possession already showed some fireworks when Boston College recovered a Maine fumble on the opening kickoff. But BC failed on their 4th down conversion in the first […]
Flora’s all-around day leads Iowa State over Bowling Green
For the first time in school history, Iowa State returned a kickoff and a punt for a touchdown. Jaylen Raynor threw for 133 yards and one touchdown to true freshman Jamal Polite Jr. and Iowa State defeated Bowling Green 55-7 on Saturday. Cam Pettaway, a Bowling Green transfer, had three receptions for 47 yards and […]
Czechs beat USA to qualify for Davis Cup finals
Jiri Lehecka downed Learner Tien in a deciding rubber as the Czech Republic stunned the United States 3-2 in Davis Cup qualifying for a second straight year, while South Korea
NFL Hits Lions RB Jahmyr Gibbs With Fine
The NFL fined Lions running back Jahmyr Gibbs $23,027 for use of the helmet on his Week 1 touchdown against the Saints. He was not flagged.
Trump to create ‘AI Force’ to monitor technology as fears over out-of-control agents grow
President had brushed away suggestions to slow down AI technology, even as his own party counseled caution
Trump says he’s creating an AI force and appointing a czar amid concerns over the rapidly developing technology
The announcement comes as researchers and industry leaders have called for a slowdown in the technology’s development, leading Trump to call the concerns a“hoax.”
Chivu: “A second half of grit, courage and personality”
A comeback draw, secured thanks to a superb second-half performance from Inter, who recovered from two goals down against home side Roma. The game at the Olimpico showcased great quality, but above al...
BSD YouTube Postgame Show: Penn State Blasts Buffalo
Penn State takes care of business against Buffalo in their final tune-up before Big Ten play begins next Saturday against Wisconsin. Tim, Jared, and Bennett will be going live around 3:20 PM EST to break it all down for you.
Fiery hat-trick! Salah's masterclass against Galatasaray 🤩🔥
XXL performance from the Little Pharaoh!This Saturday evening, Mohamed Salah was playing his first big clash in Turkey, and he truly rose to the occasion.For the showdown against Galatasaray, the Egyp...
SMU-Louisville Injury Report Creates Key Questions Before ACC Showdown
SMU and Louisville enter their Top 25 ACC showdown with injury concerns, but the Cardinals received encouraging news surrounding their backfield.
Official: Real Madrid name squad to face Atlético
The squad of players called upon by Real Madrid for their upcoming showdown with city rivals Atlético has been unveiled online. And it features, in positive news for Los Blancos, minimal absentees.T...
Duke vs. Stanford live updates: Score, highlights, predictions, analysis
Duke plays Stanford in a pivotal ACC showdown. Follow live score updates, highlights, injury news, key plays, and instant analysis.
Michael Pittman Jr. ruled out for Week 2
Michael Pittman Jr. downgraded to out following two missed practices with foot injury
Giants Shut Down Webb's 2026 Season
A blister ends the San Francisco Giants' Logan Webb's turbulent year prematurely.
Serie A: Roma and Inter Milan in a crazy draw!
A crazy top-of-the-table clash!On Saturday night, the showdown between AS Roma and Inter Milan gave us a completely wild 2-2 draw.Perfectly set on their way by a goal from Manu Koné in the sixth minu...
Orange County restaurants shut down by health inspectors (Sept. 10-17)
There were 16 restaurants and food establishments ordered closed by Orange County inspectors from Sept. 10 to Sept. 17.
Analysis: O'Neil can be encouraged at team's display
Ipswich scored last-minute goals in their wins over Sunderland and Crystal Palace and their fans would have had hopes of more late drama when seven minutes were added on at Hill Dickinson Stadium. Town had sent on Zian Flemming, who scored their winner against Palace, but the 10 men could not score, with Flemming wasting a good chance in injury time when he fired over the top. Centre-half Issa Diop almost snatched a point right at the end, only for his effort to be charged down by a combination of Branthwaite and Garner.
Will unlikely starts continue in second week of NFL season?
Four NFL games feature 0-1 teams facing 1-0 opponents. History shows how rare and unpredictable these 2-0 starts are.
Oklahoma residents, hydrologist say water board's dam report is 'not based on science'
Residents also suspect politics may be shaping the agency's response.
Beyond the Headlines: Don Davis discusses health care, rural needs and District 1 race
U.S. Rep. Don Davis sat down with News 12 for a wide-ranging Beyond the Headlines interview about issues affecting North Carolina's 1st Congressional District a
The race to build a pandemic-proof world
Six years after COVID-19 killed millions, battered health systems, disrupted lives and brought the global economy to a virtual standstill, the world is still grappling with how we can prepare better for the next pandemic.
Thousands join protest outside Kennedy Center, expressing concern that Trump might tear it down
Friday's event followed a tumultuous week in federal courts in Washington where filings and counter-filings flooded the courts as the administration continues pushing for the president’s vanity projects.
Voices: Mental health awareness and suicide prevention
We’re talking about mental health awareness and suicide prevention. A mother, who lost her son to suicide, speaks to Jawan about possible warning signs. Jawan also sits down with a psychiatrist about possible resources for loved ones
Cade Cunningham’s MVP Case Comes Down to Scoring
Cade Cunningham's 60-win season put him in the MVP conversation, but his scoring still lags. #Pistons
One Foot Down Reacts: We Like The Lines
With under nine hours to tonight’s kick, let’s take a quick peek at our weekly survey question at One Foot Down. If Notre Dame is going to be a championship caliber team, it’ll be on the backs of guys like linebacker Jaiden Ausberry, defensive end Bryce Young, safety Adon Shuler and linebacker Drayk Bowen. This […]
Mensah sets ACC consecutive-completions marks as No. 5 Miami tops Wake Forest
The former Duke QB completed 30 of 34 passes for 220 yards and three touchdowns.
Serie A official line-ups: Roma vs. Inter
It’s a top of the table Scudetto showdown with Donyell Malen, Paulo Dybala and Matias Soulé leading Roma against Inter’s Lautaro Martinez, Marcus Thuram and Curtis Jones.It kicks off at the Stadi...
What Wake Forest Said After the Miami Loss
Playing with heart is important in college football. Playing with guts and determination matters. Playing with an inability to cut down your own penalties gets you beat, particularly by one of the top teams in the country. Wake Forest had a 31-7 deficit at the hands of Miami Friday night at Allegacy Stadium. They outscored …
Christine Taylor breaks down the shockingly low pay for “Hey, Dude” cast
The actress says the Nickelodeon show didn’t make her rich.
Iconic 40-year-old beer brand closing down its beloved brewery
One of the first brewpubs to open in the U.S.
Apple Watch Ultra 4 Sees First Discount After Launch, Now $779.99 on Amazon
The new Apple Watch Ultra 4 just launched yesterday, and Amazon is offering the first cash discounts on select models for the first time since their launch. You can get the Apple Watch Ultra 4 in Natural with Translucent Gray Ocean Band for $779.99, down from $799.00. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with some of these vendors. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
‘1000-Lb Sisters’ Star Breaks Down in Emotional Health Update
The TLC personality shed tears after Dr. Eric Smith revealed the news.
Enjoy Mud Hens Opening Day, Walleye game, and Hensville entertainment all in one
Some days bring Toledo together. This one brings the entire city downtown. On Friday, March 26, 2027, we're launching the first-ever Fins and Feathers Festival. It all starts with Mud Hens Opening Day, continues with live music and entertainment throughout Hensville, and concludes with a Toledo Walleye game that night.
Trump administration starts building border wall in Big Bend region of Texas, despite heavy opposition from landowners, businesses and ranchers
“We will continue to fight for this land no matter what the outcome is. We will continue fighting to the end.”
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. 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