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TGL renews media-rights partnership with ESPN
The Tiger Woods/Rory McIlroy-backed golf simulator league will be returning to ESPN networks for Season 3 in 2027
Aaron Rodgers playing final 'Thursday Night Football' game vs Browns
When is Aaron Rodgers retiring? The Pittsburgh Steelers' veteran quarterback is in his 22nd NFL season.
NFL pregame shows face growing criticism from fans in 2026
rafapress/Depositphotos Fans react to changing NFL pregame shows NFL pregame coverage is drawing fresh attention during the 2026 season. Familiar formats and longtime personalities are facing criticism from some viewers. FOX, ESPN, CBS, and Prime Video have also made lineup changes across their NFL coverage. Major programs continue to attract large audiences, adding another layer…
What Could Brighton Achieve This Season?
A strong summer, a good start and some serious togetherness... Can Albion dare to dream?
Without an agreement today, the $9.6M QO will expire …
Without an agreement today, the $9.6M QO will expire …
A Decade of Bernie Sanders’s Transformation of America
It’s been ten years since Bernie Sanders’s first presidential run — a run that transformed the Left and our sense of the possible in this country. It should be remembered as one of the most consequent...
Penguins Goalie Pulls Off Rare NHL Feat in Season Opener
The Pittsburgh Penguins looked unstoppable in Wednesday night’s 7-0 win. Goalie Arturs Silovs was a big part of that. The last time the two teams met, the Philadelphia Flyers sent the Penguins packing and back home for the summer. Pittsburgh clearly didn’t forget, putting on an incredible display of offense from its scorers and goaltending […] The post Penguins Goalie Pulls Off Rare NHL Feat in Season Opener appeared first on HEAVY.
Dave And Buster's Entertainment (PLAY) Stock Sees Fair Value Cut As Turnaround Questions Persist
The fair value estimate for Dave & Buster's Entertainment has been cut from US$17.00 to US$13.00, which represents a reduction of about 23.5% in the price target. Analysts are clustering around this lower range as they reassess how much weight to give the turnaround story against concerns about sales mix, margins, and execution. As you read on, you will see how this shift fits into the broader analyst narrative and how to keep track of where the story goes next. Stay updated as the Fair Value...
Lions Miss Out on Joey Porter Jr.
Joey Porter Jr. is officially off the market, but Lions fans shouldn’t panic. Brad Holmes passed on the blockbuster move, and Detroit may have a much bigger opportunity waiting before the trade deadline.
Kirk Cousins is making a lot of cool stats history
Veteran quarterback putting up big stat numbers
Panthers vs Lions: Storylines
Breaking down all the major storylines to watch on Sunday between the Lions and Panthers
Weird Cowboys-Steelers connection grows deeper with Porter trade
The Cowboys and Steelers are supposed to be forever rivals, but they are now the NFL's new odd couple when it comes to recent trades.
Where UW Offensive Line Has Fallen Short
Quarterback Demond Williams Jr. has been pressured 58 times this season. In just four games, that number is the highest among quarterbacks in the Big Ten and tied for fifth-most nationally. Of the 58 pressures, 35 of them have been attributed to the offensive line, while the remaining 23 are credited to Williams himself. Washington …
Bulls Waive UDFA, Sign Ex-Phoenix Suns Forward
The Chicago Bulls made a pair of moves ahead of the 2026 NBA preseason.
Patrick Mahomes Reveals Private Message from Raiders Star Maxx Crosby
Patrick Mahomes revealed the message Raiders star Maxx Crosby sent him after the Kansas City Chiefs quarterback was cleared to return from his serious knee injury.
Utah Jazz Remain Underrated Entering 2026-27 Season
Armed with Jaren Jackson Jr.’s elite defense and Darryn Peterson’s arrival, a revamped roster looks to defy betting lines and vault from the cellar into playoff contention.
Our first month with an app broke our commenting records
Our new app launched one month ago today.
Our first month with an app broke our commenting records
Our new app launched one month ago today.
NFL admits game-changing referee mistake
Throughout the week in the NFL, there are often some controversial referee decisions that ultimately prove pivotal to the result of a game. But following this most recent week of NFL action, the league has actually admitted that the officials made a mistake on one pivotal call. During Sunday’s game between the Los Angeles Rams…
David Raum In The Spotlight For Klopp's Germany
Pressure mounts on Jürgen Klopp to secure his first victory as Leipzig captain David Raum auditions for a permanent role in a new-look national team hierarchy.
“Traitors ”star reveals scalp partially fell off during “DWTS” live show: ‘I looked like a lizard’
“I look down, and I see a little chunk of skin.”
How to watch Centennial vs Vista Murrieta high school football
You can watch Centennial football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Vista Murrieta.
NFL fans question roughing call involving Patrick Mahomes
Ringo Chiu/Shutterstock.com Roughing call sparks debate after Chiefs win A roughing-the-passer call involving Patrick Mahomes sparked plenty of discussion after the Chiefs defeated the Dolphins 24-10. Chop Robinson was flagged after making contact with Mahomes as he released the ball. The penalty extended Kansas City’s possession and later became a talking point because of how…
Ed Sheeran Told U2 He Didn’t Want to ‘Get Into Politics’ on Song About Ukraine’s War With Russia, Says Bono
U2 and Ed Sheeran collaborated earlier this year on the song “Yours Eternally” off the band’s “Days of Ash” EP, which dropped in February. Bono told Rolling Stone UK in a new interview that Sheeran ex...
How will Packers construct offensive line after making vet additions?
The Packers suddenly have options along the offensive line. How will the starting five look the rest of the way?
Angels Starter Makes Prominent All-Rookie Team
The Los Angeles Angels got some great starting pitching in the second half of the season from Walbert Urena.
Giants Made Right Decision in Joey Porter Jr. Sweepstakes
The New York Giants made the right decision not to trade for Joey Porter Jr.
How to watch Oakland vs Rockvale high school football
You can watch Oakland football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Rockvale.
Jordin Canada Takes Over Fourth Quarter as Dream Sweep Mystics
Jordin Canada scored 13 of her 19 points in the fourth quarter as the Dream beat the Mystics 93-75 to complete a first-round sweep.
Packers turn to Skyy Moore after Jayden Reed’s season ending injury
The Green Bay Packers will have to move forward without Jayden Reed for the rest of the season, but they already have a short term plan in place. If that approach fails to provide enough production, Green Bay still has other options it can explore later in the year. Packers head coach Matt LaFleur addressed [...]
Padres complete sweep of Cubs, advance to NLDS
News to know about your San Diego Padres and MLB for October 1, 2026.
How to watch North Shore vs Humble high school football
You can watch North Shore football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Humble.
Week 5 college football viewer's guide: Ohio State's trip to Iowa headlines the first weekend of October
How to watch Williamson vs Orange Beach high school football
You can watch Williamson football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Orange Beach.
Saquon Barkley: fantasy bust or turnaround candidate?
Here's why Saquon Barkley's slow start isn't a fluke, and why he's headed toward his least-productive per-game season.
How to watch Sierra Canyon vs Loyola High School football
You can watch Sierra Canyon football all season long with NFHS Network, including this week’s game against Loyola High School.
12 spooky new movies and shows to watch this Halloween, from 'Carrie' to 'Clayface'
Whether you want jump scares, psychological thrills or something the whole family can handle, October's lineup has you covered.
How the Yankees helped rewrite Baseball economics
Explore how the New York Yankees leveraged free agency to transform baseball and the lessons this offers for global markets.
100 years ago, Schrödinger’s equation shed light on quantum physics – scientists use it today to fine-tune chemical reactions
A 100-year-old equation helps scientists build solar cells, develop biofuels and even study quantum computers.
Matthew Golden Left Heartbroken by Tough Packers News
The blows just keep on coming to Matthew Golden and the Green Bay Packers, who are only 1-2 after three weeks of the 2026 NFL season. Even in their lone win thus far against the New York Jets in Week 2, the Packers didn’t look particularly convincing, and making matters worse was the neck injury […] The post Matthew Golden Left Heartbroken by Tough Packers News appeared first on Gridiron Heroics.
Florida’s proposed science standards sideline evolution and climate change
The Florida Department of Education released its first comprehensive rewrite of science learning standards in nearly two decades, with the last one adopted in 2008.
Amazon Refreshes Kindle, Kindle Paperwhite, and Kindle Colorsoft E-Readers With Flush Screens
There are also fun new colors and two page-turning accessories—a wireless remote and a cover case—that keep the e-reader fresh.
For every two seconds of frustration, there are 10 seconds of euphoria: the Gears of War E-Day campaign is a satisfying, meaty return to form for The Coalition
Less a complete reset for the series, and more of an 'active reload', E-Day proves there's still life in these old Cogs yet.
Harvest Small Business Finance, LLC Closes Its Seventh Securitization of SBA 7(a) Unguaranteed Portions - $93.1 Million of Offered Notes Rated by Morningstar DBRS
LAGUNA HILLS, Calif., October 01, 2026--Harvest Small Business Finance, LLC ("HSBF") (http://www.harvestsbf.com), one of the top non-bank originators of SBA 7(a) loans, closed its seventh securitization of the unguaranteed portions of owner-occupied primarily first-lien SBA 7(a) CRE loans. Performance Trust Capital Partners, LLC acted as sole structuring agent and initial purchaser, and East West Markets, LLC acted as co-manager for the $93.1 million Harvest SBA Loan Trust 2026-1 transaction ("H
The ultimate cozy fall watchlist: 26 TV shows and movies for every autumn mood
'Tis the season to curl up on the couch with a classic fall film and pretend we're in Stars Hollow.
How Is The Federal Government Counting Measles Deaths?
Recently Secretary of HHS Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., changed how the federal government tracks deaths in its official measles tally, after Pennsylvania reported four deaths. This Policy Watch reviews the two roles, strengths, and weaknesses of the two public health surveillance systems at the center of this change: the Nationally Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS).
Bono Said When U2 Worked With Ed Sheeran on ‘Yours Eternally,’ Singer Asked, ‘You’re Not Going To Get Me Into Politics, Are You?’
The Rock Hall of Famer said he didn't want to "personalize" the recent fallout between Sheeran and Macklemore over the rapper's pro-Palestine statements.
In Hindsight, the Packers Should Have Never Traded Dontayvion Wicks
Jayden Reed’s devastating season-ending injury exposes a critical depth chart void, leaving the Green Bay Packers to rue an offseason trade that sent a potential rising star to Philadelphia.
Cardinal Health Extends CVS Health Pharmaceutical Distribution Agreement Through 2032
Cardinal Health (NYSE:CAH) has entered into a binding letter of intent to extend its pharmaceutical distribution agreement with CVS Health through June 30, 2032. The extended agreement will maintain the existing scope of distribution services provided by Cardinal Health to CVS Health.
Three business groups to bid for building reservoir
The groups consist of firms based in countries including Italy, Spain, South Korea and England.
TGL looking for another successful season opener competing with NFL
TGL will open its third season Sunday, Dec. 27, and go head-to-head with the NFL for the second consecutive season. Teams and time will be announced at a later date.
2029 Basketball recruit building connection with Michael Malone
UNC basketball recruiting target Grant Duggins speaks on his connection with Michael Malone.
Giants’ new QB won’t be the one starting Sunday
The Giants traded a 2027 fifth-round pick for J.J. McCarthy, pending a physical. John Harbaugh has already settled the question […]
Yankees’ $162.5M bet finally pays off in October
Boston chose to walk Ben Rice and pitch to Cody Bellinger with the bases loaded in the sixth inning. That […]
Agassi Sports Entertainment Forms Let's Play, LLC, With Goal of Building a Unified Global Club Network
Jonathan Fornaci Named President of Let's Play, LLCLAS VEGAS, NV / ACCESS Newswire / October 1, 2026 / (OTCID:AASP) ("ASE" or the "Company"), a sports, media, and technology platform focused on the global racket sports ecosystem and built around the iconic brands of Andre Agassi and Stefanie Graf, today announced the formation of Let's Play, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, as well as the appointment of Jonathan Fornaci as President of Let's Play, LLC. As the newly formed facilities division of A
Bournemouth insists two Arsenal targets will not leave in January
Arsenal are among the clubs monitoring Bournemouth’s leading players, with the Cherries continuing to exceed expectations in the Premier League. They have built an impressive squad by signing player...
Mets Morning News: Mets face offseason questions
Your Thursday morning dose of Mets and Major League Baseball news, notes, and links.
Xtalks Announces its Life Science Webinar Calendar for October 2026
Stay on top of current hot topics through free webinars presented by leading experts in the pharma, biotech, medical device and food industries. Access to all webinars is free, so be sure to register today to save your place! Participate in the discussion and stay relevant in your field!
Washington Nationals Part with Multiple Minor League Coaches
The Washington Nationals have parted with multiple coaches with the 2026 regular season now over
Davante Adams Calls Out Rams’ Issue Amid Strong Words
The Los Angeles Rams are 1-2 on the 2026 season and Davante Adams wants them to address something before it is too late. The post Davante Adams Calls Out Rams’ Issue Amid Strong Words appeared first on HEAVY.
Syracuse Athletics: Most Outstanding Performers in September
Which member of the Orange athletic community stood out above the rest last month?
Crewe run frustrating but squad is confident
Crewe Alexandra midfielder Joe White says the run of six draws in a row is frustrating but has given them confidence they are hard to beat.
Palm Health Foundation Welcomes New Leadership
Dr. Roger L. Duncan III and Elisa Cramer join board of trustees; Dr. Paul Rashid appointed to Community Investment Committee SEPTEMBER 30, 2026 – Palm Health Foundation today announced the election of two new trustees and the appointment of a new member to its Community Investment Committee.The new leaders bring decades of combined experience in medicine, mental […]
Watford sign Krépin Diatta until the end of the season
Watford have announced the signing of free agent Krépin Diatta on a one-year deal.The Senegal international has been out of contract after a five-and-half year stint with Ligue 1 side AS Monaco, who ...
Grealish leads chances created chart
After a successful spell at Hill Dickinson Stadium last season, Jack Grealish was a welcomed back with open arms by Everton fans. Although the 31-year-old sustained a season-ending foot injury in January 2025, Grealish's eight-goal involvements proved to be valuable to David Moyes' side. As a dark cloud hung over the Toffees for their lack of action in the summer transfer window, Grealish was a shining light as he returned once again.
Could Mavs Rookie Force His Way Into Dusty May's Rotation?
The Athletic believes Sergio de Larrea could crack Dallas' rotation immediately and become one of the NBA's most entertaining rookies.
Titles back? Expulsion? Erase the Gerrard 'slip'?
Liverpool fan and podcaster, Abigail Rudkin, has been speaking to BBC Radio Merseyside about the Premier League's charges brought against Manchester City. The Reds are set to host Enzo Maresca's side next on Sunday 11 October.
Bears Defense Gets an Unexpected Boost Ahead of Crucial Stretch
The Chicago Bears’ defense has started to look like a different unit over the past two weeks. After a rough […]
Dennis Krause Blog: Padres will come to Milwaukee
The Padres won two straight games over the Cubs to advance out of the wild card round.
Two Nerazzurri in action in the Nations League
The international action continued on Tuesday 29 September, with two Inter players featuring for their respective national teams: Petar Sučić and Manuel Akanji.Akanji’s Switzerland made it two win...
Inter After Napoli Duo and More Future Free Agents
Inter pressed pause on Bosman signings for a couple of years to keep their payroll and ancillary costs in check and rejuvenate their squad. However, they resumed such a practice last summer, bringing ...
Tom Brady puts Brock Purdy in 'tier 1' QB discussion
One of the greatest quarterbacks of all time has high praise for Brock Purdy.
NFL Week 4 Survivor/Eliminator Picks
So this season is off to a terrible start for teams like the Chargers, Texans and Buccaneers. And also for me, because I’m now 1-2 (and only a couple minutes away from 0-3) in NFL Survivor, a contest that famously…
Redpath comes in for Bath's game with Exeter
Bath make seven changes for the visit of Exeter as they prepare for their first home game since June's Prem semi-final defeat.
Announcers set for Bears vs. Jets Week 4 game
The Chicago Bears will battle the New York Jets in Week 4. See who will be calling the game on FOX this Sunday.
Dodgers notes: Offense, Freddie Freeman, Miguel Rojas
As the Los Angeles Dodgers await the outcome of the final game between the Philadelphia Philles and Atlanta Braves to see who they will face in the NLDS, the team is busy working on keeping their bats and arms fresh and ready for the road to a three-peat that lies ahead. As Bill Plunkett of […]
This giant stick insect fooled scientists for decades
Scientists have identified two new species of large Australian stick insects, including one that lays extraordinary “lidded” eggs never before recorded in the group. The discovery also revealed that a familiar stick insect had been misidentified for decades, showing how much biodiversity may still be hiding in plain sight.
Time lost to political haggling means lost momentum for research
While it’s not up to universities to set deadlines for EU institutions, “lost time” in the run-up to the launch of the next Horizon Europe would translate into “lost momentum” for universities, according to Dag Rune Olsen, president of the Young European Research Universities Network.“I think it's important to have [the EU budget] in place in order to be able to work on the research funding mechanisms, because we cannot afford to lose more momentum than we already have,” Olsen told Science|Business in an interview in September, just after EU research lobbies gathered in Brussels to push for a €200 billion budget for the next Horizon Europe programme.A funding gap would mean ramping down research activities, said Olsen. “You can do that quite swiftly, that’s not a problem, but ramping up again is much more difficult.”The last-minute push for an ambitious budget, and for a timely adoption of the research programme, comes at a time when the richest EU states have teamed up to call for significant cuts to European Commission’s proposal for the next multiannual budget, which allocates €175 billion for Horizon Europe. At the same gathering of research associations in September, the European Parliament’s budget rapporteur warned that the EU will need to raise its own taxes, otherwise political pressure and tighter national budgets will translate into a limited EU budget with a less ambitious envelope for research. The research sector hopes EU institutions will reach timely agreement on the budget and on Horizon Europe, but progress has been slow. Legislative progress has been delayed, partly because the European Parliament’s budget committee is still haggling over how to apply new EU-wide spending rules, known as the Performance Framework Regulation, and partly because EU governments have yet to agree on the size of the next EU budget. EU research Commissioner Ekaterina Zaharieva told Science|Business in July that she was hoping for an agreement on Horizon Europe by the end of 2026, but the timelines have been pushed back significantly, with the Parliament now aiming to announce its official position on Horizon Europe only in November. Avoid the funding gapAccording to Olsen, delayed EU funds could prompt universities and researchers to move on and do something else, potentially jeopardising years of work building consortia and collaborations. “If funding is interrupted, the networks fall apart in just a few months,” he said. Olsen also noted that an interruption would affect junior researchers first. PhD students and postdocs are on shorter term contracts and universities risk losing them if funding for EU projects is interrupted. Related articlesEU own resources ‘essential’ for future research budget, says leading MEPParliament haggle over EU-wide spending rules delays vote on Horizon EuropeZaharieva hopes for a Horizon Europe deal in 2026Universities usually have more employees, permanent and short-term staff, than they can cover with national funding, and external funding is essential to keep them all on the payroll. In case of an EU funding gap, “there will be a huge number of people that might end up without any contracts,” he said. Apart from the money issue, Olsen said EU projects forces universities to collaborate more which, in turn, increases the quality of teaching and research. In case of a funding dip, people will look around for opportunities elsewhere, in the private sector or abroad. “And then then you have to recruit again, and it's a tedious business,” said Olsen. “A gap is not a good idea, it's actually a waste of money.”According to Olsen, the difficult political context should encourage universities to make a stronger case for the EU increasing research funding, as universities can deliver on competitiveness, technological sovereignty, security and defence. “The reason why we ask for substantial investments in research is exactly what the Commission, what Europe, the Parliament have been discussing,” he said. “You really need to invest in order to thrive in the longer run.”Focus on the member statesBut EU and national R&D expenditure hasn't kept up with the times. EU governments have failed to reach a spending target set almost 25 years ago. Only six EU countries spend 3% or more of their GDP on R&D. Asked whether universities should put more effort into convincing the governments to ramp up their own spending, but also to support a strong budget for Horizon Europe in the ongoing budget negotiations, Olsen said “the answer is yes.”“We are very actively encouraging our members to talk to their ministries in order to enlighten them about the joint effort,” he said. The network is made up of 25 universities from across Europe, all established in the past 60 years or so.Who will call the shots?Budget and timing issues aside, the Parliament’s research committee has been locked in behind-the-scenes negotiations over the future structure of Horizon Europe, with MEPs disagreeing on the degree to which its collaborative research should be governed by councils of experts.The European Parliament’s lead rapporteur on Horizon Europe wants councils of independent experts to decide on the funding agenda, but the Commission, the Council, and parts of the Parliament disagree. For Olsen, it is normal for politicians to point at the big challenges, but when they start detailing how those challenges should be solved, the endeavour “fails utterly.” He does not necessarily think that “bureaucrats who don’t know the field” would be “much better at it” either. “There has to be a combination” of broad political directions and bottom-up implementation, Olsen said.
Tiffani Thiessen's teen daughter has a blunt take on her '90s TV hits
Tiffani Thiessen on "Coven Academy," looking back on her '90s sex-symbol image and what she's teaching her kids by aging naturally.
Chicago Cubs news
Nico Hoerner broke up a no-hit bid, then singled to load the bases in the ninth, but it was too late.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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