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Predicting every game left in the Premier League title: How Manchester City will edge out Arsenal by a goal

If the two teams are tied on points, goal difference could decide the title, so the score of every match matters

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Apr 20 • 2:42 PM EDT • Sports • cbssports.com
Toledo long-term care hospital closing its doors, state filings show

Advanced Specialty Hospitals of Toledo is closing its doors effective May 1, according to state filings.

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Apr 20 • 11:46 AM EDT • Health • 13abc.com
Carlton player Elijah Hollands admitted to hospital after ‘mental health episode’

Statement released in wake of concerning performance and club asks for ‘privacy of family to be respected’

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Apr 20 • 9:01 AM EDT • Health • theguardian.com
WVU announces recipients of 2025-26 Benedum Distinguished Scholar Awards

Three outstanding faculty members have been selected as the 2025-26 Benedum Distinguished Scholars in recognition of their exceptional research and scholarly activity.

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Apr 20 • 8:09 AM EDT • Science • enews.wvu.edu
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Why evergreen Forrest is Celtic's enduring influencer

Veteran winger James Forrest remains Celtic's constant, the great survivor and the enduring influencer, writes Tom English.

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Apr 19 • 1:38 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Where to watch Kansas City Royals vs. New York Yankees: Live stream, TV channel, odds for Sunday, April 19

The Yankees are aiming for a three-game sweep of the Royals.

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Apr 19 • 10:29 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Notre Dame Spring Practice Report: Quarterbacks Shine In Jersey Scrimmage

CJ Carr sparks offense with impressive throws, showcasing advanced command. See how Notre Dame's signal-caller dominated in the spring scrimmage.

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Apr 18 • 8:34 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Every NFL team's best and worst draft pick of the 21st century

Every NFL team's best pick and biggest miss over the last 25 years of drafting.

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Apr 18 • 1:56 PM EDT • Sports • cbssports.com
X-Men's 'Avengers: Doomsday' return is 'opportunity to pit multiple universes against each other' (exclusive)

The X-Men in 'Avengers: Doomsday' became 'an amazing opportunity to pit multiple universes against each other,' Marvel Studios head Kevin Feige tells EW at CinemaCon. 'I think people know that the story of Doomsday is inspired by a very famous comic run in which universes are colliding.'

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Apr 17 • 1:25 PM EDT • Entertainment • ew.com
Texas Tech Tradition Takes Center Stage: Transfer of Reins, Passing of Guns

Texas Tech University formally welcomes the future leaders behind two of its most recognizable figures: the Masked Rider and Raider Red.

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Apr 17 • 11:17 AM EDT • Science • kcbd.com
Monster Jam flips into Columbia with high-octane entertainment

COLUMBIA, SC (WACH) ---- Monster Jam is rolling into the Capital City this weekend.Here’s your chance to see popular trucks like Grave Digger, El Toro Loco, S

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Apr 17 • 10:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • wach.com
Yankees' Gerrit Cole to begin rehab assignment in Double-A on Friday
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Apr 16 • 3:06 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Orbán’s defeat threatens to halt Hungarian support of populist right

Individuals such as Matt Goodwin and Lord Frost benefited from largesse of self-styled ‘illiberal democracy’

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Apr 16 • 1:52 PM EDT • Politics • theguardian.com
NBA playoffs 2026: LaMelo Ball avoids suspension, fined $35K for trip of Bam Adebayo and $25K for profane interview
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Apr 15 • 10:29 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Freshman quarterback Bowe Bentley embraces early learning curve at OU ahead of spring game

The jump from high school football to the Southeastern Conference doesn’t come quietly, and for freshman quarterback Bowe Bentley, that reality has set in quickly.

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Apr 15 • 7:30 PM EDT • Sports • oudaily.com
The Guardian view on social science research: embracing uncertainty

Editorial: Science rarely produces identical outcomes. Mistaking this for failure turns caution into an excuse for inaction

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Apr 15 • 1:43 PM EDT • Science • theguardian.com
The history of popes and politics

Today on AirTalk: Popes and politics; L.A. City Charter reform proposals; Doing things alone; Will Gen Z save moviegoing? A chimpanzee civil war? and…

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Apr 15 • 11:51 AM EDT • Politics • laist.com
Detroit science teacher named one of Michigan's best

DPSCD Teacher Shirley Brezzell was named the 2026 Elementary School Science Teacher of the year.

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Apr 15 • 7:00 AM EDT • Science • cbnewsletters.chalkbeat.org
Opinion: Utah’s volatile inner-party politics

Turmoil in the Mideast and the nation’s economy are intensifying fissures between parties and within them. What does this mean for Utah politics?

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Apr 14 • 6:34 PM EDT • Politics • deseret.com
Brewers' Christian Yelich expected to miss at least a month with adductor strain
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Apr 14 • 3:14 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Icon Concerts and LiveCo Expand Live Entertainment Footprint With Appointment of Industry-Veteran Jesse Stoll to Newly Created Executive Vice President of Global Touring Role

NASHVILLE, Tenn., April 14, 2026--Icon Concerts and its rapidly growing parent company, LiveCo, creators of the precedent-setting, sold-out SoFi Stadium show with comedians Gabriel Iglesias and Jo Koy, are broadening their wide-ranging footprint with the hiring of live entertainment industry-veteran Jesse Stoll as executive vice president, global touring.

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Apr 14 • 11:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • finance.yahoo.com
Final tour for Alabama stops in Cedar Rapids

Alabama, a band that marries country with Southern rock, was among the most successful acts of the '80s. Known for hits like "Tennessee River," they will perform on Sunday at the Alliant Energy PowerHouse.

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Apr 14 • 7:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • thegazette.com
Hungarian business owner rejoices over Magyar's historic win
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Apr 14 • 5:06 AM EDT • Business • yahoo.com
We built a $7 million business while traveling the world

Tricia Redulla co-founded Sky and Sol and built a sunscreen business while traveling across Asia, Europe, and the US. A year later it made $33 million.

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Apr 13 • 3:35 PM EDT • Business • businessinsider.com
Northwestern Medicine focuses on improving Black maternal health
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Apr 13 • 9:23 AM EDT • Health • cbsnews.com
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Giannis Antetokounmpo on if he's played his last game with Bucks: 'I don't know'
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Apr 13 • 12:45 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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SIR in West Bengal: How exclusion of nine million voters could shape state politics

Nine million voters have been dropped from rolls in West Bengal, raising concerns over exclusion and fairness.

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Apr 12 • 7:59 PM EDT • Politics • bbc.com
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Three-star tight end Jace Cannon commits to USC

The Trojans continued to grow their 2027 recruiting class with another addition on Saturday

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Apr 12 • 5:45 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Pacoima business owners say Montague Street conditions are driving customers away
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Apr 12 • 2:14 AM EDT • Business • yahoo.com
Female students, leaders gather for Business of Her conference

More than 200 students and other female leaders gatehred at McKenna Hall for the Business of Her conference.The day was full of panels, breakout sessions, insp

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Apr 11 • 7:59 PM EDT • Business • wsbt.com
Kid Scientist Vs. Adults: Volcano Science Experiment Without Instructions
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Apr 11 • 5:21 PM EDT • Science • yahoo.com
‘I jumped at it’: Australia’s new CDC chief on trust, misinformation and never being surprised by a health threat

Zoe Wainer’s parents started the country’s first public abortion clinic. Now she is making history too, as the inaugural head of the Australian Centre for Disease Control

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Apr 11 • 4:00 PM EDT • Health • theguardian.com
Former HGTV host gives health update after leaving show

Her series, “No Demo Reno,” hasn't aired new episodes since 2023.

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Apr 11 • 11:26 AM EDT • Health • syracuse.com
Iraq elects Kurdish politician Nizar Amidi as president amid war fallout

BAGHDAD (AP) — Iraq’s parliament voted Saturday to elect Nizar Amidi, a political official with one of the country’s two main Kurdish parties, as president, five months after a parliamentary election that didn’t produce a bloc with a decisive majority.

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Apr 11 • 11:08 AM EDT • Politics • wral.com
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A Rare Landscape Close to Home: Exploring the Rome Sand Plains

ROME — The Rome Sand Plains offer one of the rarest natural landscapes in New York — a pine barrens ecosystem shaped by glacial winds and open to the public

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Apr 11 • 10:07 AM EDT • Entertainment • romesentinel.com
Major Wolverhampton genetics study targets community health gaps

A study invites Pakistani and Bangladeshi residents in Wolverhampton to help improve health care.

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Apr 11 • 8:25 AM EDT • Health • bbc.com
YouTube Premium price increase to take effect in June

Google announced it will increase YouTube Premium prices for the first time since 2023. The new prices will take effect in June.

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Apr 10 • 2:57 PM EDT • Entertainment • latimes.com
Injecting humour into science is risky

Letters: Roger Downie notes that jokes can be lost in translation, while Tim Jones remembers a feeble attempt at humour, and Denis McCullough recalls a few physics gags

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Apr 10 • 12:42 PM EDT • Science • theguardian.com
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Every Davidson player drafted by the Boston Celtics

Let's take a look at every player who has been drafted by the Celtics out of Davidson.

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Apr 10 • 9:00 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Free Seattle art experiences? There’s a rewards app for that

With this loyalty program, local art lovers can earn free experiences like bookbinding classes, discounts on art purchases, theater tickets and other perks.

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Apr 10 • 9:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • yakimaherald.com
Fitch cuts FS KKR Capital rating to junk territory as asset quality weakens

Fitch Ratings on Thursday downgraded its rating on a private credit fund jointly run by Future Standard and KKR ​to junk territory, citing continued deterioration in its asset quality.

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Apr 9 • 6:37 PM EDT • Business • reuters.com
Exclusive: Chinese firm hired lobbyists with ties to Don Jr, then scored a win in Washington

A lobbying firm led by one of Donald Trump Jr.'s hunting buddies helped a Chinese company make its case to a U.S. national security watchdog against a U.S. startup that was seeking to have the Chinese firm removed as one of its investors, public filings show.

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Apr 9 • 6:03 AM EDT • Business • reuters.com
Cavs at Grizzlies: How to watch, odds, and injury report

The Cavaliers will look to lock up home court in the first round.

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Apr 6 • 5:15 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Windass lauded after 'top-class' strike

Phil Parkinson lauded the quality of Josh Windass after the forward's "top-class" goal in Wrexham's 2-2 draw with West Bromwich Albion. The 32-year-old netted his 12th goal of the campaign across all competitions as the Red Dragons came from 2-0 down to earn a point against the Baggies at The Hawthorns on Friday. "He's a player who can produce big moments and he's done that with a brilliant finish," Parkinson said of Windass.

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Apr 6 • 8:51 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Astros Place SP Hunter Brown on 15-Day IL

Today, the Houston Astros announced they have placed SP Hunter Brown on the 15-day IL due to a right shoulder strain. Brown, now the staff ace, is 1-0 after two starts with an 0.84 ERA and 1.03 WHIP. He has allowed only 1 run in 10.2 IP and has struck out 17. His injury comes […]

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Apr 5 • 1:15 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Samsung Galaxy S26 vs. Google Pixel 10: The Big Differences Between Each Flagship

The most affordable Samsung and Google flagship models are closer than ever, but the $100 price difference does make for a few key differences. Here's how they stack up.

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Apr 5 • 8:00 AM EDT • Technology • cnet.com
Call for citizen scientists to collect space dust

Resident are urged to join a cosmic quest for micrometeorites from space landing in their gutters.

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Apr 4 • 2:14 AM EDT • Science • bbc.com
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We the People: Truman Library scores with new sports exhibit

The highlights include Lamar Hunt’s ticket to the first game at Arrowhead Stadium, a football signed by Len Dawson and a baseball bat gifted to President Ronald Reagan after the Royals won the 1985 World Series.

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Apr 3 • 1:34 PM EDT • Sports • kctv5.com
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Crawfish spots preparing for surge in business for Easter weekend

Crawfish will be on the menu for many Louisiana families this Easter weekend.

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Apr 3 • 7:11 AM EDT • Business • wafb.com
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New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Reopens April 4 with Traveling Exhibition

"Animal Armor: The Evolution of Armor in Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals" puts the spotlight on armored animals and the history of the evolution of armor in prehistoric creatures.

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Apr 3 • 7:00 AM EDT • Science • santafenewmexican.com
Tobias Harris injury update; Forward exits Pistons game vs Minnesota

Detroit Pistons forward Tobias Harris was ruled out in the second quarter after injuring his knee against the Minnesota Timberwolves.

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Apr 2 • 8:03 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Exclusive: Worries over science, new addicts stymie US nicotine pouch fast-track scheme

Popular nicotine pouch products have yet to be cleared for sale in the ​United States despite a fast-track Food and Drug Administration scheme, as agency scientists hesitate to authorise them due to potential risks to new users, including ‌children, three sources told Reuters.

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Apr 1 • 7:40 AM EDT • Science • reuters.com
Goya Foods marks 90 years in business by giving back to families in need
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Mar 31 • 6:30 PM EDT • Business • cbsnews.com
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This CBS Graduate Student Studies How Bodies Regrow

Iris Juanico was drawn to science by her innate curiosity. “I never stop asking questions,” said Juanico, with a laugh. “I was drawn to science as a child because it involves asking a lot of questions.”

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Mar 31 • 1:06 PM EDT • Science • biology.ucdavis.edu
Nigel Farage to snub US conservative conference brought to UK by Liz Truss

Exclusive: Reform UK will be ‘steering well clear’ of CPAC event in July, says a source, as will senior Tories

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Mar 31 • 6:11 AM EDT • Politics • theguardian.com
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Dallas Cowboys 2026 NFL Draft Preview

The Dallas Cowboys in 2025 turned out to be quite a talented team, but only on one side of the field. The offense ranked among the best in the NFL. However, the team scored as many points as it gave up. Pick any defensive stat, and the Cowboys likely ranked in the bottom five in […] The post Dallas Cowboys 2026 NFL Draft Preview appeared first on The Lead.

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Mar 30 • 5:35 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
‘White Rooster’ needs more work

The world premiere of ensemble member Matthew C. Yee's “White Rooster” at Lookingglass Theatre should be riveting. It has all the elements of compelling drama: a multi-layered plot that mixes

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Mar 30 • 2:49 PM EDT • Entertainment • hpherald.com
NBA-best Thunder beat Knicks as Boston seal playoff spot

Shai Gilgeous-Alexander scored 30 points and the NBA-best Oklahoma City Thunder beat the New York Knicks 111-100 on Sunday while the Boston Celtics clinched a playoff berth.The visiting Knicks, led by 32 points from Jalen Brunson, fell to 48-27 and missed a chance to clinch a playoff berth.

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Mar 29 • 10:57 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Raptors go on a 31-0 run in Sunday's 139-87 rout over the Magic

The run was the largest unanswered run in the play-by-play era, which started in the 1997-98 season.

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Mar 29 • 9:09 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
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Franciscan Health to host Produce Prescription Program

Franciscan Health and Indy Hunger Network have teamed up to offer the Produce Prescription Program, a six-week program focused on healthy eating options, nutrition education and support.

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Mar 29 • 9:03 PM EDT • Health • wrtv.com
Why Most Quantum Computers Need to Be Colder Than Space

Quantum computers promise to revolutionize whole industries by outperforming classical computers on complex calculations. They just need to be colder than the coldest natural place in the universe.

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Mar 29 • 8:01 AM EDT • Technology • cnet.com
UFC Seattle results: Former champion suffers stunning defeat

Joe Pyfer earned the biggest win of his career, finishing Israel Adesanya.

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Mar 29 • 1:20 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
As Western heat wave ends, scientists try to make sense of its length and intensity

The spring heat wave that baked the West for over a week has finally moved along, after setting more than 1,500 temperature records across 11 states.

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Mar 28 • 12:00 PM EDT • Science • yahoo.com
Aston Villa and Tottenham interested in Parma’s Mandela Keita

Mandela Keita has impressed in Serie A this season for Parma, with the midfielder attracting interest from Aston Villa and Tottenham.La Gazzetta dello Sport – via TuttoBolognaWeb, report about the 2...

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Mar 28 • 9:55 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Luka Doncic makes his thoughts clear on MVP race

Doncic feels like he can't win no matter what he does.

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Mar 28 • 9:30 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
USU roundup: Great meet for Aggies in track & field

It was a memorable indoor track & field season for Utah State sophomore sprinter Ayodele Ojo Jr., and the outdoor one is also shaping up to be great.

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Mar 27 • 9:35 PM EDT • Sports • hjnews.com
LeBron James Makes Off-Court Career Move During Lakers' Season

LeBron James opens Buckets, a fried-chicken restaurant in Akron, as the Lakers ride a 10-1 run before facing the 17-56 Brooklyn Nets.

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Mar 27 • 2:14 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Stock market today: Nasdaq 100 enters official correction amid Iran sell-off

The Nasdaq 100 entered correction territory on Friday. AI jitters, the Iran war, and a memory stock sell-off have dragged the index lower.

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Mar 27 • 10:44 AM EDT • Business • businessinsider.com
Health alert issued for Albuquerque due to blowing dust

Officials have issued a heath alert for the City of Albuquerque and Bernalillo County due to blowing dust.

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Mar 27 • 9:41 AM EDT • Health • koat.com
Pearl Abyss CEO Addresses ‘Disappointment’ In Crimson Desert’s Story

Crimson Desert has a great sandbox but a lackluster story, so much so that the CEO has addressed the problem with shareholders.

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Mar 27 • 9:22 AM EDT • Technology • forbes.com
PS Plus Essential Game for April 2026 Leaked

Oh lords

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Mar 25 • 6:45 AM EDT • Technology • pushsquare.com
Titans schedule Top 30 visit with versatile Clemson offensive tackle

The Tennessee Titans are adding another offensive lineman to the Top 30 visit list with Clemson tackle Tristan Leigh.

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Mar 24 • 4:04 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Two veteran relievers clinch jobs on Diamondbacks' Opening Day roster

Right-handers Jonathan Loaisiga and Joe Ross have made the Diamondbacks' roster for Opening Day. Both will pitch in relief.

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Mar 22 • 8:24 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan

Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.

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Packers special-teams standout Kristian Welch announces return

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