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Mind launches inquiry into AI and mental health after Guardian investigation
Exclusive: England and Wales charity to examine safeguards after Guardian exposed ‘very dangerous’ advice on Google AI Overviews
Steven Knight breaks down 'Peaky Blinders: The Immortal Man' trailer, previews father-son story (exclusive)
The trailer for 'Peaky Blinders: The Immortal Man' is here, and creator Steven Knight is breaking down what to expect from the father-son story.
Google Maps ‘limited view’ now hides reviews, images for signed-out users
Google Maps is more than just a navigation app, as it contains a treasure trove of data about locations across...
U.S. plans online portal to bypass content bans in Europe and elsewhere
Washington views the online portal as a way to counter censorship, three sources familiar with the plan said.
Beaumont Arts, Entertainment, Movies, Nightlife & Events
Find entertainment news and reviews on movies, theater, music, TV and books, plus event listings in Beaumont — BeaumontEnterprise.com
Nestlé Weighs Reducing Exposure to Ice Cream Business
Nestlé SA is considering further reducing its footprint in the ice cream business, as new Chief Executive Officer Philipp Navratil reviews the company’s sprawling operations, people with knowledge of the matter said.
Senate candidate James Talarico raises $2.5 million after Stephen Colbert interview controversy, campaign says
Stephen Colbert accused CBS of blocking an interview with Talarico from airing during his late-night broadcast on Monday. The interview, shared on YouTube, has millions of views and has allegedly resulted in millions of dollars in campaign contributions for Talarico.
Gemini app rolling out music generation for all with Lyria 3
Following text, audio overviews, images, and video, the Gemini app’s latest output is music with Lyria 3...
Exchange students at American find community in club sports
Delivering American University's news and views since 1925
Business Restructuring Review
In This Issue: The Year in Bankruptcy: 2025 A brief chronicle of the year's notable developments in corporate bankruptcy and restructuring, including business bankruptcy filings, significant court rulings, and legislative developments. [read more …] U.S. Bankruptcy Court Denies Chapter 15 Recognition of Maltese Liquidation Absent Evidence of Meaningful Activities Supporting Finding of COMI or Establishment in Malta In In re Geden Holdings, Ltd., No. 25-90138, 2025 WL 2484883 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. Aug. 28, 2025), stay pending appeal denied, No. 25-90138, 2026 WL 97993 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. Jan. 13, 2026), the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas ruled that, for purposes of recognition under chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code, although a foreign debtor may have had its center of main interests ("COMI") or an establishment in Malta when a liquidation proceeding was commenced for it in a Maltese court in 2017, the absence of any meaningful activity by the debtor's liquidator from that time until the liquidator filed a chapter 15 petition in the United States more than five years later meant that the debtor had neither a COMI nor an establishment in Malta on the chapter 15 petition date. The court accordingly denied the petition for recognition. [read more …] The Ninth Circuit's Expansive Reading of "Financial Accommodations" that Cannot Be Assumed or Assigned in Bankruptcy It is generally well understood that agreements to extend credit or provide financing to a debtor cannot be assumed or assigned in bankruptcy. Even so, the provision of the Bankruptcy Code that precludes assumption or assignment—section 365(c)(2)—also extends to "financial accommodations," a term that is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code and has been the subject of relatively few bankruptcy and appellate court rulings. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit examined the meaning of the term in In re Svenhard's Swedish Bakery, 154 F.4th 1100 (9th Cir. 2025). The court of appeals ruled that a deeply discounted settlement of pension plan withdrawal liability is a "financial accommodation" that cannot be assumed or assigned, thereby extending the reach of section 365(c)(2) well beyond conventional lending arrangements. [read more …] Pennsylvania District Court Applies "Hypothetical Test" in Determining that Patent License Agreement Is Assignable in Bankruptcy In Crivella Holdings Ltd. v. Mesearch Media Technologies Ltd., No. 2:25-cv-333, 2025 WL 2443400 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 25, 2025), the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania affirmed a bankruptcy court ruling denying a software licensor's motion for relief from the automatic stay to terminate the license agreement. The court found the license was assumable in bankruptcy under the Third Circuit's hypothetical test as a result of language in the agreement stating that it could be assigned to a "successor in interest" of the debtor without the licensor's further consent, thereby overriding federal patent law's general prohibition against the assignment of patents. [read more …] New York Bankruptcy Court Denies Motion to Terminate Chapter 15 Recognition and Dismiss Chapter 15 Case In In re Oi S.A., No. 23-10193 (LGB), 2025 WL 2806591 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 2025), the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York considered whether chapter 15 recognition of a debtor's Brazilian restructuring proceeding should be terminated and the case dismissed due to the debtors' financial deterioration and inability to satisfy its restructuring plan obligations after entry of the recognition order. The court denied the motion, concluding that recognition of the Brazilian proceeding and a court-approved restructuring plan for the debtors should not be terminated under section 1519(d) of the Bankruptcy Code—according to the court, the sole authority for revocation of chapter 15 recognition—because, among other things, the restructuring proceeding was still pending, the debtors might still need relief authorized under chapter 15, and the debtors' prospects for reorganizing under a hypothetical chapter 11 case were uncertain at best. It also found that no provision of the Bankruptcy Code authorizes the dismissal of a chapter 15 case. [read more …] Newsworthy Effective January 1, 2026, Jones Day welcomed Isel M. Perez (Miami), Andrew M. Butler (New York), Sid Pepels (Amsterdam), and Anna C. Bretting (Munich) to the partnership in the Business Restructuring & Reorganization Practice. Sid Pepels (Amsterdam) has been nominated for the Future Leader Award by the Global Restructuring Review, an organization that acknowledges and honors excellence within the global restructuring and insolvency sector. This award is designed to recognize exceptional contributions made by both individuals and firms in the field. The 2026 edition of Chambers UK recognized Ben Larkin (London) in the practice area Restructuring/Insolvency and Adam R. Brown (London) in the practice area Restructuring/Insolvency: Litigation. The 2026 edition of Chambers Asia-Pacific ranked Roger Dobson (Sydney) in the practice area Restructuring/Insolvency. An article written by Corinne Ball (New York) titled "Backstop Fees for Lenders in Chapter 11 Plans: Absent Market Test, Equality of Treatment Now Required in Fifth Circuit After 'ConvergeOne'" was published on November 12, 2025, in the New York Law Journal. An article written by Oliver S. Zeltner (Houston) titled "Delaware Bankruptcy Court: No Legal Authority for Chapter 11 Plan Gatekeeping Provision" was published on November 20, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. An article written by Daniel J. Merrett (Atlanta) titled "First Impressions: Eleventh Circuit Rules that Annulment of Automatic Stay Does Not Violate U.S. Supreme Court's Prohibition of Nunc Pro Tunc Orders" was published on November 21, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. An article written by Genna Ghaul (New York) titled "Iowa District Court: Avoidance Claims Cannot Be Encumbered by Pre-Bankruptcy Liens" was published on November 20, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. An article written by Dan T. Moss (Washington/New York), Corinne Ball (New York), David S. Torborg (Washington), and Ben Rosenblum (New York) titled "New York Bankruptcy Court Rejects Challenge to Barnet Rule Permitting Foreign Debtors to Obtain Chapter 15 Recognition With Only Minimal U.S. Assets" was published on November 21, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. The M&A Advisor has recognized the Silvergate Capital Corporation Bankruptcy case as the Chapter 11 Reorganization of the Year (over $5 billion) during its 20th Annual Turnaround Awards. Jones Day is listed among the professionals for the representation of Exploration Capital, which was led by Joshua M. Mester (Los Angeles). Lawyer Spotlight: Sid Pepels Sid Pepels, a partner in Jones Day's Amsterdam Office, litigates and advises clients on commercial and international insolvency matters, with a focus on complex restructurings and insolvencies. He has advised and litigated high-profile cases, including: the cross-border WHOA (Wet Homologatie Onderhands Akkoord) proceedings concerning Vroon Group and Diebold Nixdorf; proceedings on behalf of expropriated SNS Reaal bond holders against the Dutch State; the bankruptcy of Intertoys, the leading Dutch toys retailer; the restructuring of Oi, the Dutch finance vehicle of the Brazilian telecom giant; and Blokker, the leading Dutch home appliances retailer. Sid holds a Ph.D. in European insolvency law and regularly publishes in academic journals on topics of cross-border insolvency. He has been recognized in The Legal 500 Netherlands and was noted by his peers for being client-minded and a creative thinker with a "strong grasp of the law and strong interpersonal skills." Sid was also nominated for the "Future Leader" award at the Global Restructuring Review Awards 2025. He is a board member for the Netherlands Association for Comparative and International Insolvency Law and a NextGen member of the International Insolvency Institute.
Empowering the next generation of scientists
Nature Reviews Chemistry - We are a group of graduate students from the University of California, Los Angeles who represent the Organization for Cultural Diversity in Science. In this Comment we...
Google Says Links Will Be More Visible In AI Overviews
Google is adding hover link pop-ups on desktop in AI Overviews and AI Mode, plus more prominent link icons within responses across desktop and mobile.
Kevin James accused of being MAGA after punting political questions, says he focuses on fun
Social media users debated Kevin James' political stance after he refused to discuss politics recently, with some praising his approach while others suspect he has conservative views.
Google launches more visible links in AI Overviews and AI Mode
These links appear as pop ups as you hover your mouse over them.
Review: Avowed (PS5) - Overlooked Xbox RPG Arrives with Some Big Upgrades
Green with Envoy
Skyhawk Sports Talk: Season 3, Episode 23
"Skyhawk Sports Talk" provides the most complete in-depth coverage of all Skyhawk athletic teams, including live weekly interviews with coaches and student-a...
Obama Took On Recession, Health Care and Iraq. What He Didn’t See Coming Was Trump.
A new set of oral history interviews documents how Barack Obama and his advisers missed the shifting mood of the country that would ultimately replace him with a successor they considered a “con man,” “clown” and “laughingstock.”
Obama Took On Recession, Health Care and Iraq. What He Didn’t See Coming Was Trump.
A new set of oral history interviews documents how Barack Obama and his advisers missed the shifting mood of the country that would ultimately replace him with a successor they considered a “con man,” “clown” and “laughingstock.”
Maternal and Newborn Health Services (RH) Annual Report 2025
Other in English on Yemen about Health; published on 16 Feb 2026 by Deem
Google puts users at risk by downplaying health disclaimers under AI Overviews
Exclusive: Google fails to include safety warnings when users are first presented with AI-generated medical advice
Google’s AI Overviews Can Scam You. Here’s How to Stay Safe
Beyond mistakes or nonsense, deliberately bad information being injected into AI search summaries is leading people down potentially harmful paths.
Flutter Entertainment (NYSE:FLUT) Valuation After Analyst Downgrades And US Betting Slowdown
Flutter Entertainment (NYSE:FLUT) has been in focus after several banks cut their views following reports of slower US online sports betting growth and a broad selloff in gambling stocks. This has left shares volatile and investors reassessing risk. See our latest analysis for Flutter Entertainment. Those analyst revisions have landed on a stock that was already under pressure, with a 1 day share price return of 11.46% decline, a 30 day share price return of 37.37% decline and a 1 year total...
Google sets accelerated Android 17 release schedule
Besides replacing Developer Previews, the Android 17 Beta cycle is operating on a faster release schedule.
Reanimal gets Mostly Negative Steam reviews on launch day as PC players point out missing friend pass for co-op
PC players have already tanked the Steam rating of Reanimal, which comes from the creators of Little Nightmares - a promised feature is late.
Meet George: An Oral History of JFK Jr.’s Political Magazine Launch
Drawn from extensive interviews with the staffers, photographers, and editors who built the inaugural issue of "George", we revisit the magazine’s audacious debut.
Steam beta lets users attach PC specs to game reviews
Steam introduces hardware specs attachment for reviews, plus opt-in FPS data Steam is rolling out a new Steam Reviews option that lets users attach their
Trump nominee stalls after GOP senator challenges him on remarks about Jews and Israel
Sen. John Curtis of Utah said he opposes Jeremy Carl for a State Department post in part because of his "anti-Israel views and insensitive remarks about the Jewish people."
TV, It’s Not Just for Humans Anymore
Videos aimed at pets are drawing millions of views. But who’s actually watching?
Google drops Android 17 Beta 1, officially signaling the death of Developer Previews
Platform Stability expected in March
Not The War on Science I Expected
When prominent new atheists like Richard Dawkins and Jerry Coyne air their grievances with the scientific establishment, what do they champion, and what do they shoot down? Sex and gender, race and ethnicity, postmodernism and feminism—it is all there.
US restaurants targeted for opposing ICE: ‘I refuse to cook for fascists’
Restaurants face one-star reviews and less business in an already precarious industry. Some restaurateurs fear speaking out as immigrants themselves
Southern Section coaches continue to complain about playoff system
Competitive equity system using computer algorithm continues to receive mixed reviews from boys' and girls' soccer coaches.
Skyhawk Sports Talk: Season 3, Episode 22
"Skyhawk Sports Talk" provides the most complete in-depth coverage of all Skyhawk athletic teams, including live weekly interviews with coaches and student-a...
Mario Tennis Fever reviews roundup
Mario Tennis Fever reviews are now starting to come in, and here's a roundup of initial verdicts.
2026 Buccaneers free agent preview: Quarterback Teddy Bridgewater
Free agent previews are rolling on as we look at quarterback Teddy Bridgewater.
Rams' Aubrey Pleasant has DC interview with Arizona Cardinals
Aubrey Pleasant had two defensive coordinator interviews with different teams on Monday.
Young Americans express deep dissatisfaction with how the political system works
Johns Hopkins research examining generational divides in democratic institutions finds younger respondents have the least amount of trust in political parties and elected officials to reflect their views
Anthropic AI Safety Researcher Warns Of World ‘In Peril’ In Resignation
Mrinank Sharma, who led the safeguards research team at Anthropic, shared his resignation letter on X, which quickly garnered nearly 1 million views.
PS5 Remake of Beloved PS3 Action Game Gets Divisive Reviews
A new PS5 remake of a beloved PS3 action game is out, and has debuted to some relatively divisive reviews upon its launch.
How health system execs can foster cultures of digital transformation
Audrey Gregory, CEO of AdventHealth’s new Multi-Division Delivery Network, previews her HIMSS26 session – in which she'll discuss its 10-year roadmap to align leadership practices with workforce needs, from frontline clinicians to senior leaders.
Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra Release Date Latest: What To Expect And When
Samsung will launch the Galaxy S26 Ultra, Galaxy S26+ and Galaxy S26 later this month. When can you expect the launch, the pre0-orders, reviews and retail sales to start?
New Cyberpunk Game Is Available for Free for All Steam Users
Steam users can grab a new cyberpunk game for free, and according to user reviews, the new PC game is quite good.
Louisiana is trying to avoid a nearly $100 million penalty by fixing errors in food stamp program
With $95 million on the line, Louisiana health officials are rolling out cash bonuses, tighter reviews and new wage checks to reduce errors in SNAP, the food assistance program serving one in five households statewide.
Physicists solve a quantum mystery that stumped scientists for decades
Physicists at Heidelberg University have developed a new theory that finally unites two long-standing and seemingly incompatible views of how exotic particles behave inside quantum matter. In some cases, an impurity moves through a sea of particles and forms a quasiparticle known as a Fermi polaron; in others, an extremely heavy impurity freezes in place and disrupts the entire system, destroying quasiparticles altogether. The new framework shows these are not opposing realities after all, revealing how even very heavy particles can make tiny movements that allow quasiparticles to emerge.
Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra Release Date Latest: What To Expect And When
Samsung will launch the Galaxy S26 Ultra, Galaxy S26+ and Galaxy S26 later this month. When can you expect the launch, the pre0-orders, reviews and retail sales to start?
Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra Release Date Latest: What To Expect And When
Samsung will launch the Galaxy S26 Ultra, Galaxy S26+ and Galaxy S26 later this month. When can you expect the launch, the pre0-orders, reviews and retail sales to start?
Engadget review recap: Shokz OpenFit Pro, Nex Playground, Sony A7 V and more
A roundup of recent reviews published by Engadget.
Bad Bunny’s history with politics
Super Bowl halftime performer Bad Bunny has been vocal about his views on immigration recently, but the Puerto Rican singer has been outspoken about political issues since he first came to the scene years ago.
KFF Tracking Poll on Health Information and Trust: Trust in the CDC and Views of Federal Childhood Vaccine Schedule Changes
Weeks after the Trump administration reduced the number of childhood vaccine recommended for routine use, public trust in the CDC is at its lowest since the COVID-19 pandemic, and less than half are confident in federal agencies' ability to make such recommendations. Among those who have heard about the revised recommendations, more say they expect the changes to have a negative impact than a positive one on children’s health.
Slotkin, Houlahan refuse to sit for DOJ interviews over ‘illegal orders’ video
Two Democratic lawmakers – Sen. Elissa Slotkin of Michigan and Rep. Chrissy Houlahan of Pennsylvania – said Thursday they will not sit for interviews with the Justice Department related to their involvement in a video urging service members to disobey illegal orders.
Lasses Preview: Friday Nights Under The Lights!
Charlotte Patterson previews tonight’s clash between Sunderland Women and Sheffield United — a big game awaits!
Biodiversity science and policy need more model intercomparisons
Nature Reviews Biodiversity - Climate model intercomparison projects have been essential in identifying mechanisms of human-caused climate change, but similar efforts in biodiversity science have...
Video Bad Bunny previews new details of Super Bowl halftime show
Bad Bunny is sharing more details about his plans for the Apple Music Super Bowl LX Halftime Show, days before he takes one of entertainment's biggest stages.
In Spending Talks, Senators Clash Over Immigration Crackdown
Democrats’ push to rein in federal agents, and Republican opposition, reflect opposite views of whether the deportation drive should be bound by standard law enforcement rules.
Spotify launches offline lyrics, translations, and lyric previews
Spotify lyrics anywhere.
Why this Manchester byelection is a lesson in 21st century politics
As a fierce contest takes shape between Labour, Reform UK and the Greens, John Harris and John Domokos take the temperature in an area of Manchester that feels like a microcosm of Britain - and find voters split between two completely different views of their lives, and the future
Skyhawk Sports Talk: Season 3, Episode 21
"Skyhawk Sports Talk" provides the most complete in-depth coverage of all Skyhawk athletic teams, including live weekly interviews with coaches and student-a...
Aluminium: Why Google’s Android for PC launch may be messy and controversial
The Verge is about technology and how it makes us feel. Founded in 2011, we offer our audience everything from breaking news to reviews to award-winning features and investigations, on our site, in video, and in podcasts.
Cleaner Politics Is as Important as Cleaner Fuels
A broad range of views on democracy to help break the stalemate caused by partisan conflict.
4 The Record: Business Climate in Greenville
Greenville Chamber President Carlos Phillips previews upcoming annual Chamber meeting
PS5 RPG Remake of Classic PS1 Game Gets Great Reviews
One of the greatest RPG's ever made recently got a remake, and its reviews are up and filled with mostly all praise.
Roundup: Here's What The Reviews Say About Square Enix's Dragon Quest VII Reimagined
Launching on Xbox this week!
’60 Minutes’: Scott Pelley Interviews Fierce Trump Critic Over ICE Killings
The long-running news program continues to take aim at Trump.
Scientists’ political views change how they interpret identical data
Personal feelings about immigration subtly influenced how 71 teams of academics analysed the same figures in a study
Seahawks offensive coordinator Klint Kubiak interviews again with Raiders, Cardinals
Shutdown? What shutdown? For DC, just another day at the office
Reviews of "Melania" were creating more buzz than the latest government shutdown. What once seemed cataclysmic is now nearly routine.
NOCO Healthcare’s Greeley Primary Care Redefines Community-Focused Medicine
Women-Owned, Locally Operated Practice Earns Over 330 Five-Star Reviews While Expanding Patient-Centered Services NOCO Healthcare’s Greeley Primary Care Redefines Community-Focused Medicine Women-Owned, Locally Operated Practice Earns Over 330 Five-Star Reviews While Expanding Patient-Centered Services Greeley, CO , Jan. 31, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- NOCO Healthcare is reshaping how patients experience medical care in Northern Colorado through its fast-growing Greeley Primary Care practice, known
Flatland Fencing, January business updates make Lubbock headlines
Business Reporter Alana Edgin reviews recent Lubbock area business news and hints at upcoming articles in the weekly Around the Hub column.
Northeast, Central Florida businesses say Google review bombers blackmailed them
Since opening his HVAC company in Jacksonville’s Pine Forest neighborhood less than two years ago, Aldi Gjeka has received 277 reviews on Google, 262 of which are five stars. The other 15 are one-star reviews, all of which were written within the same hour earlier this week.
Testing the system: regional simulation exercises advance global health security
These exercises – South-East Asia Regional Practice of All-Hazard IHR Event Communications (SAPHIRE), Joint Assessment and Detection of Events (JADE) in the European Region, and IHR Exercise Crystal in the Western Pacific Region – bring together National Focal points (NFPs), who play a critical role under the IHR in safeguarding global health security. These annual exercises stress-test IHR event communication procedures and contingency plans, demonstrating a sustained commitment by countries to strengthening preparedness and learning.
Josh Allen Disrespects Patriots In New Sore Loser Comments
It’s always unlikable when a pro athlete plays the “shoulda, woulda, coulda” game during interviews, and that’s what Buffalo Bills QB Josh Allen just did. In a new presser, Allen insinuated that if he’d made one more play against the Denver Broncos in the Divisional round, the Bills would be headed to the Super Bowl […]
ROSÉ Is Hitting the Grammy Stage for the First Time
First-time Grammy nominee ROSÉ is set to take the stage at the 2026 Grammys, the event’s organizers announced today. This is a significant milestone in ROSÉ’s solo career. ROSÉ is… The post ROSÉ Is Hitting the Grammy Stage for the First Time appeared first on Where Is The Buzz | Breaking News, Entertainment, Exclusive Interviews & More.
Google adds Video Overviews to NotebookLM app on Android, iOS
NotebookLM is adding Video Overviews support and the ability to customize Infographics to the Android and iOS apps.
AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. Announces Agreement With Its Lenders to Provide Additional Debt Refinancing Flexibility and Previews Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Preliminary Results
LEAWOOD, Kan.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. (NYSE: AMC) (the “Company,” or “AMC”), today announced that it has…...
Senate committee reviews Gov. Beshear’s budget proposal
The proposal dedicates $500 million of the budget reserve trust fund to affordable housing, rural hospital assistance and food assistance.
Grammy Nominee Laura Veltz on Writing Songs in Nashville: ‘Hate Not Welcome’
Laura Veltz explains how she is able to write songs in Nashville with artists who may not share her political views, on 'Nashville Now' podcast.
Music notes: Taylor Swift, Ellie Goulding and more
The video for Taylor Swift's "Wildest Dreams" — the fifth single from her album 1989 — has become her latest to rack up 1 billion views on YouTube. It's her sixth video to hit that milestone, following “Blank Space,” “Shake It Off,” “You Belong With Me,” “Bad Blood” and “Look What You Made Me Do.”
Justin Bieber Performance Locked In for Music’s Biggest Night at the 2026 Grammys
Justin Bieber has announced that he will be performing at the 2026 Grammy Awards, which will take place on Sunday, Feb. 1. Bieber is a two-time Grammy winner and also… The post Justin Bieber Performance Locked In for Music’s Biggest Night at the 2026 Grammys appeared first on Where Is The Buzz | Breaking News, Entertainment, Exclusive Interviews & More.
Investment and Statecraft: The International Politics of Sovereign Wealth Funds - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
In 1953, Kuwait established the world’s first sovereign wealth fund to invest the country’s oil revenues and generate returns that would reduce its reliance on a single resource. Since then, over 100 separate funds have been created to preserve national wealth and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. Today, they manage over $10 trillion in global assets. In this discussion with GJIA, political economist Kathryn Lavelle explains the increasingly novel dynamics that surround fund behavior and what the world can come to expect from their growing presence in international financial markets. GJIA: When it comes to the roles sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) play in global markets and politics, what would you say makes them unique? Kathryn Lavelle: Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) operate on behalf of governments as investors. That in itself is a strange relationship. Within them, a core contest takes place between the state’s interests (or sovereign) part of the dynamic, and the money interests (or wealth) part of it, and these two aspects are frequently in contradiction, serving fundamentally different goals. SWFs are also quite fascinating because when you talk to the people who manage these funds, they have an interest in convincing you that the decisions are made almost exclusively on a financial basis—they really will go to great lengths to differentiate their government owners and those who make the management decisions. At the same time, these people ultimately answer to someone in power. Therefore, for most SWFs, it remains deeply unclear who is actually making the investment decisions and for what purposes. Of course, it is not always clear how other vehicles, such as hedge funds and private equity make the decisions they do, but I think what a lot of people find particularly disconcerting about SWFs is that they seem to act on behalf of people who have a different identity from their own. People who could be trying to manipulate politics and markets in a way that would have a long-term effect on their own populations. Regular investors come and go at will, and they only share an interest in profit as far as most of us understand. However, SWFs have that extra “sovereign” part right behind them that obscures their true interest. GJIA: These funds can be found in countries all across the globe, in both authoritarian states and democracies. Would you say SWFs differ in their goals and structures between regime-type? KL: It is not necessarily regime type that makes the goals and structures of SWFs different. It has to do with their economies. Let’s look at a country like China. There’s going to be a debate about exactly how to characterize the regime, but it is a country with many different kinds of sovereign wealth funds, and a particularly opaque state connection to each. At one time, some of the state-owned Chinese oil companies created specialized investment vehicles listed outside Chinese markets that excluded parts of the firms that were more associated with human rights violations. At the same time, the China Investment Corporation (CIC)—China’s largest SWF—draws a lot of concern, not necessarily because of its investment activities, but because of the dynamics of global politics. So, I wouldn’t really tie differences to regime types themselves in a wholesale way, but rather to how such funds are perceived and how they are structured. Saudi Arabia’s SWF is getting all kinds of attention for its involvement in Hollywood, and this takes me right back to when I was a student in the 1980s, when people were concerned about Japanese investment entities buying assets in Hollywood. They aren’t quite the same in financial terms, but it’s the same kind of concern about foreign investment that drives people to be suspicious, and the whole idea that “foreigners are influencing Hollywood.” This holds true across industries, and it reflects where politics are in places like the United States right now. One metric we can try to look at is transparency, where all the funds will tell you, “we are transparent.” The problem you’ll keep running into with this approach is how you value things. When trying to do comparative studies of equity markets, you’ll find that every country doesn’t use Generally Accepted Accounting Principles like we do in the United States. A fund may appear opaque politically and not want people to show what they’re invested in or what their intent with that investment is, but they could also just not be able to report it because of the way it was purchased, or the kinds of shares they purchased. There are some assets out there that really are difficult to put a monetary value on. GJIA: To what extent do domestic politics shape SWF behavior in both the investing “home” country and the recipient “host” country? KL: This depends on the type of fund present and also on the extent to which voters’ political views are able to influence the fund. For example, in a democratic home state like Norway, the SWF doesn’t invest in nuclear weapons or tobacco because of social concerns, but there is a continuing debate over whether it should invest in oil, even though that’s where most of the money comes from. The degree to which Norway will continue to make those investments, and whether they contradict the government’s overall climate goals, is an open question in Norwegian politics. Because of the way the fund’s governance is structured, it may not be easy to resolve. On the other hand, some people consider pension funds, like the State Teachers Retirement System (STRS) in Ohio, to be quasi-SWF. They have a very strict separation between the people who make up the management division and the fund owners. No teacher or professor would want to invest in things that may harm the future of their students. At the same time, a fund manager might see an opportunity in a diversified multinational corporation that offers a good return, despite it deriving part of its revenue from e-cigarettes. These contests are very apparent. Domestic politics can work in host countries too. A good example is Singapore’s SWF, Temasek, investing in Thailand’s telecommunications sector. If you study political economy, you already know that countries everywhere are uncomfortable with foreign ownership of their telecom sectors because a foreign entity could monitor or manipulate our communications with each other. In the case of Temasek, there was significant pushback from Thai citizens surrounding the deal, which went on to influence national political sentiment toward Singapore as a whole, underscoring the risks some SWFs may face with their investment choices. In this case, fund behavior led to the dissolution of the entire Thai government in 2006 and a subsequent coup d’état. GJIA: To address some of this unease, the Santiago Principles were established in 2009 to ostensibly promote trust and transparency. From your perspective, have these mechanisms actually changed fund behavior? KL: In international relations theory, we always like to have a clear set of norms and best practices—the orientation we want the proverbial ship to be going in. In that regard, the Santiago Principles at least got the discussion going about which direction SWFs should take at a time when people were very skittish about the growing size of these funds. Nobody wanted them to be out there and potentially destabilizing economies, so talks about disclosure, conditions for withdrawal, and the independence of managers were helpful when initiated. The biggest stumbling block was that there wasn’t exactly a good way to measure compliance with the Principles, let alone how to hold funds to them. If you read the Principles, they’re overall quite vague. In general, a fund doesn’t want to reveal how and why they make certain investment decisions because that information is proprietary—a fund makes money off of how and why it makes decisions—so how do you reconcile that with loosely-defined ideas of openness? Some decisions might have a political purpose. The bottom line is that trying to figure out and assign a score to compliance is not easy, and it is therefore the reason why the Santiago Principles never really got off the ground to the point where they could truly direct fund behavior. GJIA: Many emerging markets are looking to build their own SWFs from mineral and oil revenues. Historically, have funds shaped development trajectories in these countries? KL: I think the big story in international emerging markets investment is that the investment is increasingly no longer unidirectional. In the past multinational corporations of primarily Western background were the main form of foreign direct investment in a country. That has changed dramatically, to the point where you have companies from so-called “developing countries” taking over companies in the United States. Therefore, the landscape of international investment has changed, and I think SWFs are certainly a possibility to be the next step in the game. Historically, you didn’t need an entire financial vehicle to reinvest commodity revenues in your country, but as emerging markets get more financially sophisticated, their capacity to operate such funds has increased. SWFs would allow treasuries to move from relying on holding foreign exchange assets like cash or government bonds to having broader financial markets and targeted growth areas, while easing pressure on welfare expenditures. GJIA: With their increasing financial weight, do you see the presence of SWFs being a factor in the political choices leaders will have to make with regard to domestic and foreign policy? KL: It will depend on just how big the funds get. One of the reasons people are already apprehensive is because of their scale, and if certain SWFs in certain countries achieve a large-enough size, the presence will absolutely be cause for concern. The other factor political leaders will have to consider are their objectives. It’s not always clear how to define a SWF, or even where its activity is concentrated, but it is certainly a worry from the perspective of national security of opaque external investment. More than that, I think one of the most interesting questions going forward is whether the United States, the home to the world’s largest financial markets, will develop its own fund, for which the Trump administration announced a plan. There have also been several proposals in Congress. Were it to come into being, it would have tremendous weight. At the same time, one of the hallmarks of U.S. capitalism is a lack of government ownership of shares, so it would not be clear how such a fund would be received in domestic politics, or which direction it would take. Given how politically fragmented the country is, a Democratic administration would likely be concerned about different sectors of the economy, such as healthcare, and want investment there, rather than a Republican administration, which might prefer defense industries. No investment vehicle could thrive under conditions of such instability. Moreover, it remains unclear where the money to fund a theoretical U.S. SWF would come from. It would be a fundamentally different entity depending on whether it is financed with debt, economic surplus, commodities, or the sale of state companies, as in the case of Singapore. If it is debt, or government borrowing of some form, then the fund would have to outperform whatever the cost of that debt is, which is not an easy thing to do. I think our political leaders have enough on their plate. Our system has worked well keeping political and investment functions generally separate. We have seen different forms of business rise and fall, and even the perception of different countries, all of which funds are tied to. Unless a major SWF either starts—like in the case of the United States—or collapses—an issue that concerns the Saudis, I don’t see any political tsunamis on the horizon. . . . Kathryn Lavelle is the Ellen and Dixon Long Professor of World Affairs at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Her research explores the exchange between domestic and international and political institutions with a particular emphasis on political economy and multilateralism. Dr. Lavelle’s first book, The Politics of Equity Finance in Emerging Markets, explored the political circumstances that surround large issues of stock in the developing world. After being granted tenure at Case Western, she was awarded an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellowship and named the William A. Steiger fellow, a designation given to the most promising political scientist in her class of fellows. While in Washington during 2006-2007, she worked on the staff of the House Committee on Financial Services on issues related to domestic and international monetary policy. Dr. Lavelle holds a PhD in political science from Northwestern University; an M.A. in government and foreign affairs from the University of Virginia; and a bachelor’s degree in international economics from Georgetown University. She is a permanent member of the New York Council on Foreign Relations. This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity and length. Interview conducted by Sid Mehrotra. Image Credit: Jason Leung, Unsplash Content Licenses, via Unsplash
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