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Apple permanently closing three US stores, here's why
Apple is closing three US retail stores due to declining mall conditions, the company announced today. Here are the full details.
New iPhone Ultra renders, battery capacity, and thickness details leaked
There's more than one reason to get excited for the iPhone Ultra.
What’s really going on at UT Austin? Inside UT goes behind the scenes
This free newsletter will deliver reporting from the Forty Acres and include exclusive, behind-the-scenes details she won’t share elsewhere.
Officials: Greenwood restaurant's business license suspended
FOX Carolina's Scottie Hunter has the details.
Pokemon Company reveals fixes coming to Pokemon Champions in first patch
Pokemon Champions is getting its first patch soon, and details were just announced about what will be fixed.
Pokémon Champions Developer 'Sincerely Apologizes' For Launch Issues, Details List of Bugs to be Fixed
Following a rocky launch, the maker of Pokémon Champions has apologized for the game's various technical issues and released a list of bugs it's currently planning to fix.
Oppo details most powerful phone camera system ever; compares it to iPhone 17 Pro
Oppo has finally revealed the Oppo Find X9 Ultra’s full, revolutionary camera system. With a massive light intake advantage over older Samsung phones with 10x zoom, and record-breaking 1x and 3x zoom camera, the Find X9 Ultra might just be the best camera phone of 2026 - potentially outclassing the likes of the Xiaomi 17 Ultra, Vivo X300 Ultra, iPhone 17 Pro, and Galaxy S26 Ultra.
Woman escapes kidnapping, drives to Polk County sheriff’s office after business owner killed
The Nebraska State Patrol has released new details as the investigation continues into an apparent murder and attempted suicide in Polk County.
NYT report details divisions inside Trump’s inner circle as the president weighed striking Iran
2026 Texas Science and Engineering Fair Results
Posts Details/Default Board Post Page - Plano Independent School District
Trump’s Personnel Agency Is Asking for Federal Workers’ Medical Records
The administration is asking insurers that cover federal employees and retirees to hand over details about their medical visits, their pharmacy claims, and more.
Scripps Sports, Nashville Predators Partner on Multi-Year Agreement to Air National Hockey League Team’s Games
The Nashville Predators have announced a multi-year media deal with Scripps Sports, beginning this fall at the start of the 2026-2027 season. Watching Preds games will be easier than ever, including over-the-air, cable, satellite and digital streaming. Check out the FAQs below and look for additional details to be announced this summer.
SBJ Women’s Sports: On the ground at the Final Four, PWHL’s record night
Phoenix showed why it's a women's basketball town while hosting the Final Four, as SBJ's Women's Sports newsletters details. The PWHL is also building even more momentum with another record-breaking sellout, and data showing the colleges playing flag football.
Leak reveals price & release date of Sony’s next premium headphones, more expensive than AirPods Max 2
The leak reveals key details about Sony’s upcoming premium headset, dubbed 'The ColleXion', including pricing and release date.
Exclusive: SpaceX lays out IPO details, targets early June roadshow, sources say
SpaceX outlined details of its highly anticipated IPO at a meeting with its team of bankers Monday night, telling them it plans to earmark a large portion of shares for retail investors and will host 1,500 of them at an event in June following the IPO roadshow launch, according to two people familiar with the matter.
Oppo Pad Mini leak reveals 3:2 OLED display and 5.39 mm body
A new leak has revealed key details about the Oppo Pad Mini, an upcoming compact Android tablet. It is expected to feature an 8.8-inch OLED display and a high-end Snapdragon chipset.
'Brady Bunch' star Eve Plumb details 'sweet' but unsuccessful date with onscreen brother Christopher Knight
'Brady Bunch' star Eve Plumb recalls the 'sweet' date she and onscreen brother Christopher Knight went on after the sitcom ended in 1974: 'Any attempts at making out that evening ended with laughter.'
‘Marshals’: All the Details on Riley Green’s Acting Debut
How Luke Grimes helped the country music star audition for the part, plus when his episode airs.
Upstate flower business celebrates 70 years
FOX Carolina's Margaret-Ann Carter has the details.
Stop pasting this into AI — 7 things you should never share with a chatbot
AI tools aren’t designed to store sensitive information like private documents or bank details — so don’t treat them like a safe
New study reveals hidden ocean chemistry
Scientists have found a new way to detect subtle chemical signatures in seawater—revealing previously invisible details about the ocean’s chemistry from data continuously collected by thousands of autonomous robotic floats drifting across the seas.
Intel shows Texture Set Neural Compression, claims up to 18x smaller texture sets
TSNC Variant A delivers 9x texture compression, lower-quality B variant up to 18x Intel has shared new details on Texture Set Neural Compression, or TSNC,
Georgia football adds 2027 in-state offensive lineman to class
Georgia football picked up a third offensive line pledge for its 2027 class on Saturday. Here are details on the pick-up of an in-state prospect.
New Samsung Images Confirm Galaxy Z Fold 8 ‘Wide’ Details
New images, directly from Samsung, confirm the existence of the Galaxy Z Fold 8 'Wide' and its new display design.
NVIDIA's Neural Texture Compression Cuts VRAM Use From 6.5 GB to 970 MB
NVIDIA has released more details about its Neural Texture Compression (NTC) technology, which significantly reduces GPU VRAM usage by up to seven times. In a technology demo presented during one of the GTC 2026 sessions, NVIDIA revealed that its Neural Texture Compression can reduce VRAM usage from ...
Player Availability Report: #RSLvSKC
Player Availability Report is SportingKC.com’s look at the latest status updates around the team ahead of upcoming matches and is presented by Saint Luke’s. All details listed are from the league’s official Player Status Report that is submitted the day prior to the match. Sporting Kansas City is preparing to
Starfield details PS5 features
Publisher Bethseda Softworks and developer Bethesda Game Studios have released a new trailer and information for Starfield introducing the open-world space action RPG’s PlayStation 5-specific…
Trump calls for a major increase in defense spending alongside cuts in domestic spending
The White House is releasing details of President Donald Trump’s 2027 budget, including a $1.5 trillion defense spending request. That's the largest of its kind in decades.
Sol and Ky's new specials for Guilty Gear Strive 2.00 detailed, and you're not going to like getting hit by it in the corner or jump
Update: Arc System Works has now revealed more details on Ky Kiske's new special move for Guilty Gear Strive Version 2.00, which you can find added to our story.Guilty Gear Strive is about to receive its Version ...
4 takeaways from Trump's address on the Iran war
President Donald Trump sought Wednesday to explain his rationale for the war against Iran at a pivotal moment at home and abroad, but he offered few new details as he amasses extraordinary executive authority to prosecute the military operation.
How did this get made? Giant planet orbits small star
New observations of "forbidden" planet TOI5205-b reveal surprising details about it its atmospheric chemistry.
A small-business bakery owner details how tariffs are taking a toll
Small-business owner Katrina Golden explains why she thinks sales have cooled and how tariffs are affecting her baking business.
Former State Senator Kinskey Addresses Business Council Funding
The Sheridan County Chamber of Commerce recently hosted a Legislative wrap-up breakfast this week where members of the local legislative delegation were on hand to provide details on the recently completed budget session in Cheyenne. Sheridan Media’s Ron Richter has more. The Legislative wrap-up consisted of each member of the local delegation providing an update […]
This TikTok influencer shuttered her account during a health crisis. Where is she now?
Elyse Myers shares details on her book, "That's a Great Question, I'd Love to Tell You," and what led to her social media break in a revealing chat.
AirTag 2 gets its first firmware update since January launch
In addition to a firmware update for the new AirPods Max 2, Apple also rolled out a firmware update to the AirTag 2 earlier today. Here are the details.
Aaron Glenn obsessed with making good on his 'unfinished' Jets business
Now that he is in his second year as head coach and consumed with the day-to-day details of the job, how often does he think of that larger goal?
TJC science center director details upcoming Artemis II launch to the moon
NASA is preparing to launch Artemis II, a manned flight on course to circle the moon and going further out than humans have ever gone.
‘The face of the Pentagon’: CNN report details Hegseth’s role touting military power during war in Iran
Experience the Amazing World of Science
Science City Educator Waverly Tibbott joins Shane and Kerrigan to share all details on their incredible interactive activities.
9th Circuit denies Apple’s rehearing requests in Epic Games case
Apple suffered a significant setback in its case against Epic Games today, as the Ninth Circuit denied both of its rehearing petitions. Here are the details.
How to Watch Messi and Argentina vs Zambia Live on beIN SPORTS
The Argentina National Team heads into its second match of this FIFA international window with a clear objective: fine-tune details and continue building its foundation ahead of the 2026 World Cup. After facing Mauritania, the team led by Lionel Scaloni now takes on Zambia in what serves as a final test before key decisions are made.
Best girl Azula gets new gameplay details revealed with two distinct movesets based on her mental state in Avatar Legends
After coming back from being canceled, Avatar Legends: The Fighting Game has quickly risen up the ranks to become one of the most anticipated titles of the genre this year.Following the most recent Avatar character and release date announcements ...
More leaked images show the biggest iPhone 18 design change in greater details
Another iPhone 18 leak confirms Apple’s biggest design change this year.
Issue of wildlife trafficking a $20B a year business, Wildlife Conservation Society EVP says
Wildlife Conservation Society executive vice president John F. Calvelli details the impact of the DHS shutdown on zoos and aquariums, the illegal wildlife trafficking trade and the Wildlife Confiscations Network Act on 'Mornings with Maria.'
Exclusive | Unilever Nears Deal to Create $60 Billion Food Giant With McCormick
Hellmann’s mayonnaise-maker’s board met Monday afternoon to review details of the transaction.
Xbox Games Showcase 2026 Followed by Gears of War: E-Day Direct Airs June 7 - and Xbox Fanfest Returns
Xbox Games Showcase will air on Sunday, June 7 – immediately followed by Gears of War: E-Day Direct. Details inside:
Stars HC Glen Gulutzan details injuries after loss to Flyers
The Stars reached 100 points but lost forwards Michael Bunting and Tyler Myers to injury in a 2-1 loss to the Flyers.
Blizzard Entertainment® and NEXON® Enter Publishing Agreement for Overwatch® in Korea
Operations are planned to b4egin later this year, more details around publishing to come.
Apple's 50th Anniversary Finale Revealed
Apple has been celebrating its upcoming 50th anniversary by hosting surprise performances and other events around the world over the past few weeks, and now Bloomberg's Mark Gurman has revealed details about the company's grand finale. In a social media post, Gurman said Apple's celebrations will conclude this week with a finale at its Apple Park headquarters for employees. A special guest will perform, according to Gurman. He hinted at Paul McCartney.
Pokémon Champions First Details About Price Reportedly Surface
What to expect from this "free-to-start" experience
Floyd Mayweather pumps brakes on rematch with Manny Pacquiao
Floyd Mayweather cast some doubt on details of his pending fight with Manny Pacquiao, saying the location has not be set and that the bout will actually just be an exhibition.
UEFA confirm Champions League semi-final details
UEFA have confirmed the details for the Champions League semi-finals, with Arsenal potentially in line for a trip to Spain if they can make it past Sporting CP.Photo by Marco Luzzani/Getty ImagesUEFA ...
UFC Seattle Start Time, Full Fight Card Details
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is back in Seattle, Washington later TONIGHT (Sat., March 28, 2026) to stage UFC Seattle from inside Climate Pledge Arena in Seattle, Washington. The event — which streams live on Paramount+ — will be headlined by a Middleweight fight that will see former division king, Israel Adesanya, face rising contender Joe […]
Anderson Cooper Details His Dyslexia Diagnosis as He Blasts ‘Cruel’ Trump
The CNN anchor calls the president 'ignorant' for his recent comments.
Exclusive: Anthropic left details of an unreleased model, exclusive CEO retreat, sitting in an unsecured data trove in a significant security lapse
In a significant security lapse, the not-yet-public information was made accessible via the company’s content management system
iOS 27: Apple will reportedly let Claude and other AI chatbot apps integrate with Siri
Apple will unveil iOS 27 on June 8 at WWDC, and we’re learning new details about what to expect in...
S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Cost of Hope - First Details About the Major Heart of Chornobyl Expansion
A massive new storyline, two new regions - including the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant - that can take dozens of hours to explore, and much more. All in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Cost of Hope expansion announced at #XboxPartnerPreview:
Stranger Than Heaven Gets a Wild New Trailer – and an Entirely New Broadcast on May 6
We just got a brand new look at RGG Studio's Stranger Than Heaven - and we'll be learning even more when we air an entire show about the game on May 6. Get all the details inside.
Family health, HIV/AIDS, housing programs brace for losses in state funding
New details of Gov. Mikie Sherrill’s $60.7 billion budget proposal have nonprofits warning of catastrophic losses of state aid.
Apple blocks App Store updates for Mac app replacing Launchpad
Apple is blocking App Store updates to AppGrid for resembling Launchpad, a feature the company recently discontinued. Here are the details.
Zac Brown Band Stars in NBC Sports’ New Sunday Night Baseball Theme (DETAILS)
The Zac Brown Band is bringing some country rock vibes to NBC and Peacock's Sunday Night Baseball.
Forza Horizon 6 PC Specs Revealed, Ray Tracing & ROG Xbox Ally Compatibility Confirmed
Here are all the details
iOS 26.4 has fixes for 35+ security issues on iPhone, details here
iOS 26.4 launched yesterday, and alongside new features, it brings over 35 key security fixes for your iPhone per Apple’s notes.
New details on Apple-Google AI deal revealed, including Gemini changes: report
A new report goes behind-the-scenes on Apple’s AI deal with Google, control of Gemini-based models, model distillation, and more.
Glyphosate: A story of science, risk, and nuance
In the summer of 2014, a California groundskeeper named Dewayne Johnson started noticing patches of raw, weeping skin spreading across his body. He had spent years applying Roundup, Monsanto’s glyphosate-based herbicide, for a school district, sometimes drenched in it when equipment malfunctioned. By 2014, he had a diagnosis: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In 2018, a jury awarded him $289 million in damages, later reduced on appeal. Tens of thousands of lawsuits followed. The story hasn’t quieted down. It’s all over the internet, swinging between “this will kill you, buy organic” and “relax, you’re fear-mongering.” Some of that recent chatter stems from an Executive Order protecting glyphosate and its production, which set off intense infighting within the MAHA movement. Some of it reflects a deeper truth: Americans genuinely care about harmful chemicals in their environment (see poll below). And the conversation isn’t going anywhere, with a Supreme Court case involving Monsanto set for this April. Glyphosate (the active ingredient in Roundup) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. But does glyphosate cause cancer? And how much exposure is actually risky? With so much mistrust in institutions and corporations (and some genuine conflicts of interest), making sense of the actual scientific evidence is genuinely hard. Here is a translation of what the scientific evidence actually says. Does glyphosate cause harm? Glyphosate is an herbicide that kills most plants it contacts rather than targeting specific species. It works by blocking an enzyme pathway (EPSPS) that plants and many microorganisms need to produce essential amino acids. Without those amino acids, the plant can’t grow and dies. Glyphosate was first developed by Monsanto in the 1970s and became ubiquitous after the company introduced “Roundup Ready” crops in the 1990s. In 2024, Bayer removed glyphosate from residential Roundup-branded products due to litigation pressure. But today it is still the most widely used herbicide in the world. Farmers also discovered they could spray it directly on crops like oats, lentils, beans, and peas just before harvest to dry them out faster and make harvesting easier. Because of its widespread use, it’s obviously really important to understand if it’s harmful to humans. The key principle: The dose makes the poison The most important concept in toxicology is that “the dose makes the poison.” Sixteenth-century physician Paracelsus articulated what remains the foundational principle of toxicology: sola dosis facit venenum. Water will kill you if you drink enough of it. Aspirin saves lives at 81 milligrams and causes internal bleeding at higher chronic doses. So, at what dose is glyphosate poisonous? The LD50 in rats (the dose that kills half the test animals) is around 5,600 mg/kg body weight. Table salt is roughly 3,000 mg/kg. By that classic measure, glyphosate is less acutely toxic than salt. But some people are exposed to a lot of glyphosate through their work. And among the general public, there are many questions about low-dose, cumulative exposure from multiple sources over long periods. Does glyphosate cause health problems? Cancer Correlation maps are striking, with one analysis finding that 60% of counties that spray the most glyphosate have non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma rates above the national average. But correlation alone doesn’t establish cause, which is why animal and human studies matter. In animals: Rat studies are typically what most fear is rooted in, but most people don’t know the study details on the dosage given to rats. A pooled analysis of the 13 most rigorous rat studies found evidence that very high doses, around 55,000 times greater than typical food residue exposure, can cause certain cancers. In humans: One of the strongest studies followed 55,000 herbicide users over 20 years and found no overall increased cancer risk. There was one signal: among those with the highest use, rates of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) appeared elevated. A broader meta-analysis of 18 human studies also found no overall cancer risk, though a separate meta-analysis focused specifically on non-Hodgkin lymphoma found that people with high cumulative glyphosate exposure faced a 41% higher relative risk compared to those with low or no exposure. These human studies are observational studies (randomized controlled trials would be unethical), and meta-analyses are only as reliable as the studies they pool. But the story seems consistent: at very high exposure levels, there may be some cancer risk. But that’s about as far as the science currently takes us. Emerging research: gut and reproductive health Gut: Because glyphosate targets a pathway that exists in some gut bacteria, scientists have questioned whether it could affect the microbiome. In mice, a 2023 University of Iowa study found that glyphosate altered gut bacterial composition and raised markers of intestinal inflammation. A 2024 systematic review found similar patterns: disrupted gut bacteria and problems with the mucus layer that protects the intestinal wall in mice. Whether this translates to humans is an open question. The human gut is highly variable and resistant, and we don't yet have strong studies confirming the same effects in people. Reproductive health: Animal studies have found that glyphosate-based herbicides can interfere with reproductive hormones, including disrupting egg cell development in mice and reducing the number of eggs available in sheep’s ovaries. However, the doses used in these experiments were high, so it’s not yet clear whether the same effects would occur in humans. On the human side, a 2021 pilot study led by Mount Sinai researchers tested urine samples from pregnant women across the U.S. and found glyphosate in 95% of them. The study also found a possible connection between higher glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and a subtle physical difference measured in female newborns. That said, some connections weren’t statistically reliable and this was a small study. The researchers themselves said more and larger studies are needed before drawing firm conclusions. What do regulators say about glyphosate safety? In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A). The classification is worth taking seriously. But, there’s an important distinction: IARC classifies hazard, meaning the potential to cause harm under some conditions. It does not assess risk, which accounts for actual exposure levels and the real-world probability of harm. The U.S. EPA, the European Food Safety Authority, Health Canada, and regulatory agencies in Australia and Japan have all concluded that glyphosate is “unlikely to be carcinogenic to humans” at realistic exposure levels. They’re asking a different question: given how much of this people actually encounter, what is the probability of harm? Your actual exposure is what determines your actual risk. What does glyphosate mean for your daily life? At the grocery store: Food residues are small. The EPA’s acceptable daily intake is 1.75 mg/kg of body weight per day. To hit that threshold from oatmeal alone, a 150-pound adult would need to eat roughly 50 pounds of oats every day. But this calculation addresses only one pathway (food), and we don’t yet have robust tools to measure people’s actual total exposure. If reducing exposure matters to you, organic certification prohibits synthetic herbicides, and organic oat products generally test at lower or undetectable levels. Either way, a diet rich in whole grains, conventional or organic, is far better for your health than one that omits them out of fear of residues. On the farm: Occupational exposure is orders of magnitude higher than consumer exposure. Farmers and farm workers who mix, load, and apply glyphosate-based herbicides, especially without protective equipment, face meaningfully different risk profiles. Proper PPE isn’t optional. Integrated weed management strategies that rotate chemical modes of action are also worth taking seriously, both for health and for long-term effectiveness. If you live near a farm: Spray drift is real. Concentrations near field edges can spike during and after application, particularly on windy days. This is an area where I think public health could really step up and empower rural communities with buffer zones, rather than placing the onus on individuals. But for now, knowing your local agricultural calendar and keeping windows closed during application are the first steps. Bottom line Dewayne Johnson was exposed to glyphosate at levels most people will never encounter, and a jury decided he deserved compensation. That outcome is not evidence that the oatmeal in your pantry is dangerous. But it is a reminder that the dose, the context, and the person doing the exposing all matter enormously. Glyphosate is a chemical tool with benefits, trade-offs, and genuine open scientific questions. Learning to hold that complexity without collapsing into panic or dismissal is, honestly, one of the most useful and hardest things to do in navigating modern health science. Love, YLE Your Local Epidemiologist (YLE) is founded and operated by Dr. Katelyn Jetelina, MPH PhD—an epidemiologist, wife, and mom of two little girls. Hannah Totte, MPH, is an epidemiologist and YLE Community Manager. YLE reaches more than 425,000 people in over 132 countries with one goal: “Translate” the ever-evolving public health science so that people will be well-equipped to make evidence-based decisions. This newsletter is free to everyone, thanks to the generous support of fellow YLE community members. To support the effort, subscribe or upgrade below: Subscribe
tvOS 26.4 fixes an annoying audio issue on Apple TV 4K
tvOS 26.4 is available now on Apple TV 4K, packing several new features and also a key fix for an annoying audio issue. Here are the details.
How To Watch The F1 Japanese Grand Prix
Full 2026 F1 Japanese Grand Prix schedule including race start times, qualifying, practice sessions and global TV broadcast details.
Person shot dead at business on Lockbourne Road
Columbus police responded to a shooting on Lockbourne Road early Wednesday morning.Few details were immediately available, but ABC6 confirmed the shooting t
macOS Tahoe 26.4 Adds Slow Charger Indicator for MacBooks
macOS Tahoe 26.4 includes a new slow charger indicator that tells MacBook users when their charging setup isn't delivering full power. As described in an updated Apple support document, a "Slow Charger" label now appears in orange text in the battery status menu and above the Battery Level graph in Battery settings. The indicator is accompanied by an info button for more details.
Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 leak makes 2027's Ultra phones look both exciting and scary
New details of the so-called Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 and Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 Pro have emerged from a trusty source.
'13 Going On 30' is getting a Netflix reboot: The details
Netflix is rebooting the classic rom-com '13 Going On 30,' and the new iteration will star Emily Bader and Logan Lerman.
Google says Pixel Watch step counts and other stats are fixed, but your data won’t be
Following a few days where Pixel Watch owners would run into wonky step counts and other stats, Google says the...
Detroit Tigers' Opening Day be on cable TV? Here's what we know
The Detroit Tigers haven't been able to give details on their broadcast service, Detroit SportsNet, and its status on cable TV packages.
A Jamiroquai Music Video From 1996 Just Inspired A New Revuelto For 2026
Novitec refines the Revuelto with carbon fiber details, new wheels, and a bump in hybrid V12 performance
LIVE AT 3:30 P.M.: Ewing to announce entertainment for Omaha’s Memorial Park concert
On Monday, Omaha Mayor John Ewing Jr. is expected to announce details for the Memorial Park concert.
US soccer legend Landon Donovan details mental health struggles in new book
American soccer great Landon Donovan talks to Fox News Digital about the themes in his new book, "Landon: A Memoir."
By Director Mr. Sakurai, Kirby Air Riders: Development Insights — Part 5 - News
Join Kirby Air Riders director Masahiro Sakurai as he shares insights into the development and details behind some of the game's modes and features. Check out the rest of the interview Part 1: Air Ride and Top Ride Part 2: Cramming everything into S…
'Harry Potter' star details racist 'abuse' he suffered after joining upcoming TV show
Paapa Essiedu is speaking out about on 'abuse' he's endured since being cast as Severus Snape in the 'Harry Potter' TV series: 'Nobody should have to encounter this for doing their job.'
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
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