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Arkansas makes headway with numerous football visitors
Arkansas looks to be in good shape with several prospects who officially visited Fayetteville this weekend.
Nvidia Is Finally Doing Something About the RAM Apocalypse
Hopefully, it’s the start of better, more affordable GPU options.
House eyes possible expulsion of multiple members as it returns to Washington
Both parties appear to be factoring in the razor-thin majority that Republicans hold in the chamber as they weigh whether to oust members.
UA Trustees seek review of athletic program competitiveness
With Razorback football program failure becoming an obvious concern debated with varying degrees of vigor in many breakfast diners statewide, a member of the University of Arkansas Board of Trustees...
Moderate Dem scores upset in Wisconsin governor's race; Darline Graham in runoff
Milwaukee County Executive David Crowley managed a razor-thin victory over his democratic socialist challenger, state Rep. Francesca Hong
The Razorback Ledger: Arkansas’ SEC Losing Streak
Arkansas’ SEC losing streak has reached 13 games. That number is no longer a note buried in a game recap. It is no longer simply residue from a bad season, a coaching transition, or a difficult schedule. After Texas A&M’s 34-7 win Saturday, the streak has become a defining burden for the Razorbacks’ program. The …
Arkansas soccer picked second in SEC coaches' poll
The Razorbacks won the SEC regular-season title last year and advanced to the NCAA Tournament second round.
Victor Marx defeats Barb Kirkmeyer as Colorado’s Republican gubernatorial primary crosses finish line
Republican Victor Marx won Colorado’s Republican gubernatorial nomination on Thursday after maintaining a razor-thin lead over state Sen. Barb Kirkmeyer for more than a week as county clerks finished reporting final, unofficial vote totals. Marx, a missionary leader and first-time candidate, will face Democratic nominee Attorney General Phil Weiser in November for the office held […]
Arkansas baseball ranked 21st in final coaches poll
The Razorbacks had a 14-13 record against 10 teams ranked in the final poll.
CDFW News | Del Norte County Razor Clam Fishery Closes Due to Public Health Hazard; Monterey Bay Anchovy and Sardine Restrictions Lifted as Health Concern Alleviated
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife closed the recreational razor clam fishery in Del Norte County today following a recommendation from state health agencies that consumption of razor clams in the area poses a significant human health threat for domoic acid exposure.
Arkansas basketball Bahamas games to be streamed by FloSports
FloSports is a monthly subscription service that can be canceled after the four games. Razorbacks radio broadcaster and former assistant coach Matt Zimmerman will be on the call alongside Chris Sylvester.
LIVE SCORE UPDATES & ANALYSIS: Arkansas baseball at Kentucky Game 2
Follow along as the Razorbacks play the Wildcats in the second game of a series at Kentucky Proud Park.
Miikka Muurinen commits to Arkansas: John Calipari lands another five-star in 2026 recruiting class
The Razorbacks plucked Muurinen from the Serbian professional ranks for immediate help ahead of the 2026-27 season
Razorback Ledger: SEC Woes Grow To Fourteen
A competitive loss to Tennessee showed progress, but Arkansas cannot build its future around games it almost wins. Arkansas finally gave its fans a fourth quarter worth watching. The Razorbacks led Tennessee, created three takeaways, and had opportunities to close out a conference win. Then the afternoon ended with the same result that has followed …
IN THE HOUSE: Notable prospects attending North Alabama game
Arkansas is hosting approximately 60 recruits on unofficial visits Saturday afternoon for the North Alabama game at Reynolds Razorback Stadium.
Arkansas basketball press conferences: Previewing Bahamas exhibitions
JJ Andrews, Cooper Bowser and Abdou Toure answered questions ahead of the Razorbacks' four-game trip to Nassau.
Oklahoma Health Care Authority board approves balanced budget despite funding gaps
Budget cuts and modifications are leaving the state Medicaid agency with "razor-thin margins" as it enters the 2027 fiscal year.
Arkansas softball honors past while celebrating first WCWS berth
The Razorbacks have a daily reminder inside their lockers to let them know they stand on the shoulders of those who came first.
Populist wins Colombia election, but results are challenged
Conservative political outsider Abelardo de la Espriella held a razor-thin lead after Colombia’s deeply polarized presidential runoff, which is being challenged by the ruling party’s progressive candidate.
Razorback Report Card: Georgia
The Razorbacks do need to show they can learn from an embarrassing performance. Georgia is not a reasonable measuring stick for a one-week turnaround, but Arkansas must show more than a respectable final score Saturday. The Razorbacks need answers in five specific areas after the 43-10 loss at Utah. Razorback Report Card: Georgia Five Questions …
David Crowley reenters battleground Wisconsin’s Democratic governor primary with Gov. Evers’ backing
Gov. Tony Evers initially declined to endorse in the race but threw his weight behind Crowley and resuscitated his bid to lead the swing state known for razor-thin election margins.
Arkansas eliminates tennis programs, leaving Razorbacks with 17 sports
The Razorbacks last cut a sport in 1993, but for entirely different reasons than the finances behind this move.
Congressman Adam Gray Defends One of California’s Last Swing Districts After Redistricting
A moderate Democratic Congressman who won his seat by a razor-thin margin has a theory of how his party can win in a swing district.
Georgia baseball makes history in 26-14 win at Arkansas
The Georgia Bulldogs made SEC and program history in their dominant road performance against the Arkansas Razorbacks
Razorbacks visit Fayetteville High for mental health pep rally
The Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball team made a stop at Fayetteville High School Friday, bringing students a message that goes beyond the basketball court.
Russian big Ilia Frolov has committed to Arkansas basketball
Russian big man Ilia Frolov, who wrapped up his official visit to Arkansas early Thursday morning, has committed to the Razorbacks.
LIVE SCORE UPDATES & ANALYSIS: Arkansas baseball vs. UAPB
Follow along as the Razorbacks play the Golden Lions at Dickey-Stephens Park in North Little Rock.
Where Arkansas football's offense ranks nationally in major stat categories
Want a sobering view of the Arkansas football offense? Here's a grim look at where the Razorbacks rank in five major statistical categories.
CDFW News | Del Norte County Razor Clam Fishery Opens After One-Month Closure Due to Public Health Hazard
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Director Meghan Hertel has opened the recreational razor clam fishery in Del Norte County following a recommendation from state health agencies that domoic acid no longer poses a significant threat to human health if consumed.
Reflecting Pool liner was cut with knife or razor, National Park Service says
A parks official made the statement in a court document filed late Wednesday
Commentary: Arkansas football challenges No. 15 Tennessee but falls flat in the final 5 minutes
The Razorbacks had a solid defensive game plan and 3 takeaways, and broke out a running attack in the third quarter, but end-game decisions and lack of execution proved costly.
Razorback Report Card: Victory over Vanderbilt
The Razorbacks ended their SEC losing streak in Nashville. Their postgame report card reveals why this breakthrough was more than a favorable final score. Arkansas finally turned the assignment in with a win attached. Razorback Report Card: Victory over Vanderbilt The Razorbacks beat Vanderbilt 31-21, snapped their 14-game SEC losing streak, and gave Ryan Silverfield …
Georgia Bulldogs Hammer Arkansas Razorbacks in SEC Opening Victory
The Georgia Bulldogs got their SEC schedule started off right.
Georgia tops Arkansas, wins first SEC Baseball Championship
Jack Arcamone drove in four runs with a home run and a single and the Georgia Bulldogs, the tournament's top seed, won their first SEC Baseball Championship, defeating the Arkansas Razorbacks 11-1 in seven innings on Sunday in Hoover, Alabama.
Another SEC Game, Another Loss for Arkansas
Arkansas’ loss to No. 2 Georgia extended the Razorbacks’ SEC losing streak to 12 games. The number does not yet match the worst conference skid in program history, but it is close enough that Arkansas can no longer treat it as a temporary concern. Another SEC Game, Another Loss for Arkansas Arkansas did not need …
Intel confirms Razor Lake-AX for 2028 with 700 TOPS AI performance
Intel's Razor Lake-AX will target humanoid robots in 2028. Earlier leaks linked the processor to 16 or 32 Xe3P graphics cores and on-package memory.
Arkansas Basketball: 2 Elite Freshmen Ready to Make an Impact
Arkansas Razorbacks head coach John Calipari has once again put together one of the NCAA's youngest, yet talented, rosters. Arkansas basketball enters the 2026–27 season with a highly touted freshman class that could play a major role right away. The Razorbacks have plenty of talent, but SEC competition demands more than potential. With several young …
Bentonville’s Dequane Prevo stayed the course with Arkansas football
Prevo is one of three current Razorback receivers to come from Bentonville High School, joining freshman Blair Irvin and junior CJ Brown.
‘Second to None’: Tributes Pour in for Former Congressman, Progressive Icon, and LGBT Trailblazer Barney Frank, Who Died at 86
The late Massachusetts progressive lawmaker was known for his razor-sharp wit and humor, for being a trailblazer for gay rights, and for leading significant reform of the U.S. financial system.
Inside a Philadelphia barbershop, Black men debate their political past and future
Although Black men vote overwhelmingly Democratic, even small shifts in their support can help swing razor-thin elections. They are often some of the most scrutinized but least understood voters, a blind spot that political strategist Khalil Thompson wants to fix.
Georgia vs. Arkansas Live Thread
It’s time to let the big Dawg eat. Georgia is set to kick off against the Arkansas Razorbacks at War Memorial Stadium in Fayetteville a shade after noon eastern (television coverage on ABC). The prevailing wisdom this week seems to be that the Bulldogs will cover a 24.5 point spread easily against the home Razorbacks. […]
Arkansas softball handles business in dominant Fayetteville Regional title
Arkansas softball handled business this weekend in a dominant regional win. Here are three things we learned about the Razorbacks.
Arkansas football recruits stay active during dead period
The Arkansas Activities Association dead period ends Sunday, but it didn’t stop some Razorback commitments or targets from working out while enjoying time off.
An Ohio edge. An Iowa tossup. New CNN polls give Democrats hope in a pair of red states
Widespread dissatisfaction with the state of the country has opened up a prime Senate pickup opportunity for Democrats in Ohio and made for a razor-thin contest in Iowa, according to new CNN polls conducted by SSRS.
Former Razorback star receiver Anthony Lucas to speak at Hawgs Illustrated Sports Club luncheon
Former Arkansas star wide receiver and new Fayetteville Bulldogs head coach Anthony Lucas will be the guest speaker at the June 3 Hawgs Illustrated Sports Club luncheon.
Swedish elections on a knife-edge
A ‘razor-thin’ victory for the centre-left is forecast but not certain, in a result that tests the temperature of European politics
In ‘The Brink of War,’ a Return to an Era of Razor-Edge Diplomacy
A new film depicts the 1986 nuclear arms summit in Reykjavik, Iceland, between Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, which both offered and dashed hopes of a dramatic breakthrough.
Arkansas, Michigan State Headline 2026 CBS Sports Thanksgiving Classic
The CBS Sports Thanksgiving Classic returns to the menu this November as Arkansas and Michigan State square off on Thanksgiving Day at Little Caesars Arena in Detroit. The game will be broadcast nationally on The CBS Television Network and available to stream live on Paramount+ at 4:30 PM ET.
Orioles-Blue Jays series preview: No room for error
Neither of these AL East foes can afford a wobble as their playoff hopes both sit on a razor’s edge.
Arkansas Board of Trustees is fed up with Razorback football
The Arkansas Board of Trustees is listening to fan outrage
Yurachek discusses 2025-26 for Arkansas Athletics
Arkansas Athletics is navigating one of the biggest shifts in college sports history, and Athletic Director Hunter Yurachek explains what it all means. From the new CommunityAmerica Razorback Stadium naming rights agreement to NIL, revenue sharing, fundraising, football and the future of every Razorback program, Yurachek pulls back the curtain on the decisions shaping Arkansas Athletics. He also shares why he's confident in the direction of Ryan Silverfield's football program, the challenges of competing in the SEC's new era and how the Razorbacks plan to stay ahead in an ever-changing landscape.
New CNN poll in Maine shows a razor-thin contest between Sen. Susan Collins and Troy Jackson
Rising diesel prices hit area businesses
Razorback Rentals owner says fuel costs are the highest since he took over the business in 2004
2026 UA Sports Hall of Honor Class Announced
Seven former University of Arkansas student-athletes and late longtime Razorback athletic trainer Dave England have been selected as members of the 2026 class of the University of Arkansas Sports Hall of Honor.
Don't buy the lie that Power Four programs have to cut sports
Arkansas Razorbacks athletics had nearly $196 million in revenue in FY 25. Not allocating less than $3 million for tennis is nothing but a choice.
Arkansas' newest pledge Davion Thompson has elite ability
Arkansas basketball point guard commitment Davion Thompson has elite scoring ability that should serve him well as a Razorback.
Selection surprise: Arkansas baseball not hosting NCAA regional
The Razorbacks will be sent on the road for the NCAA regional round after Fayetteville was not one of the 16 host sites announced Sunday.
Intel "Razor Lake-AX" to Pack 700 TOPS of AI Compute
Intel's senior vice president, Cho Min-sung, announced at the Semiconductors Powering Humanoids summit in South Korea that the next-generation "Razor Lake-AX" platform will be a computing powerhouse, featuring 700 TOPS of AI compute on die. This means that at INT8/FP8 precision, "Razor Lake-AX"...
AJ Evasco, Luke Neiswonger latest transfers to Arkansas baseball
The Razorbacks added two more commitments from transfers Tuesday, including one of the top names in this year’s portal.
Oyster Creek City Council to vote on limit where sexually oriented businesses can open
The Oyster Creek City Council is set to vote Thursday night on an ordinance that would limit where sexually oriented businesses can operate in the small Brazoria County city.
Voyager 2 is nearly 50 years old, losing about 4 watts of power every year as its plutonium power source fades — and NASA just bought it at least another year of science with an all-at-once power-system swap engineers called the “Big Bang,” performed on a spacecraft with razor-thin power margins and no possibility of physical repair.
The Big Bang swap freed almost 10 watts while preserving Voyager 2's thermal balance, keeping its three remaining interstellar instruments on for at least another year.
Where Are They Now: Fort Smith Northside star Jerry Jennings played two sports at Arkansas
If you know the sports culture of Fort Smith, you know about the great two-sport star who helped break the color barrier there in the late 1960s and for Razorback Nation.
Reflecting Pool liner was cut with knife or razor, National Park Service says
A parks official made the statement in a court document filed late Wednesday
Top-seeded Arkansas men's golf opens regional in Oregon
The Razorbacks are the top seed at the Corvallis Regional.
Razorback Volleyball Unveils 2026 Schedule
The Volley Hogs are back in action in August, and the full schedule for the 2026 slate has been released.
Commentary: Arkansas football takes care of business to bushwhack upstart Tulsa
The positives coach Ryan Silverfield said Arkansas would build on following last week's home loss to Georgia are magnified as the Razorbacks out-gained their visitors by 200 yards in the rout.
Raman overtakes Spencer Pratt in razor-thin race, AP count shows, but race remains uncalled
Los Angeles City Council member Nithya Raman has overtaken Spencer Pratt in the latest AP vote count, leading by more than 3,000 votes in the race.
Arkansas football hosts another strong group of visitors
Arkansas football season isn’t going las well as hoped, the Razorbacks continued to host an impressive list of prospects for the Tennessee game on Saturday in Fayetteville.
Arkansas baseball 2028 class grows to 13 commits
With the addition of two more commits from Houston and one from Chicago, the Razorbacks' class includes players from eight states.
Reporter's Notebook: House control could hinge on whether the old political rules still apply
Trump's mid-thirties approval and high gas prices favor Democrats, but redistricting and turnout questions could keep House races razor-tight.
Mosquitos in Brazoria County test positive for West Nile Virus
A batch of mosquitos collected in Brazoria County have tested positive for the West Nile Virus, according to the Texas Department of State Health Services.
Arkansas basketball 'grustling' through individual, team work in preseason
The Razorbacks got what they wanted out of their four-game swing in the Bahamas and are now working toward the season.
Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear and Razorbacks coach John Calipari talk politics and basketball during appearance in Little Rock
Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear spoke with John Calipari, the head coach of the University of Arkansas men's basketball team, during an appearance in Little Rock on Thursday.
2026 Week 4 Preview: Tulsa Golden Hurricane @ Arkansas Razorbacks
Tulsa eyes a 4-0 start and its first win over Arkansas in 50 years.
SEC coaches’ preseason poll places Razorbacks fourth
Arkansas enters the 2026 season ranked fourth in the SEC cross country coaches’ preseason poll with 73 points as Marc Burns enters his second campaign as the Razorbacks cross country coach.
Harry's and Coterie owner Mammoth Brands has ambitions to be the next CPG giant
Mammoth's direct-to-consumer brands have helped upend the razor, diaper and deodorant categories.
LIVE SCORE UPDATES & ANALYSIS: Arkansas baseball vs. Georgia Game 3
Follow along as the Razorbacks play the Bulldogs in the rubber game.
3-star defensive end pledges to Arkansas
Defensive end Keith Richmond was won over by Arkansas after his official visit and pledged to the Razorbacks.
Arkansas football commitments excited about win over Vanderbilt
Several Arkansas football commitments liked what they saw of the Razorbacks’ 31-21 road victory over Vanderbilt while ending a 14-game SEC losing streak.
Arkansas beats North Alabama for first win of Silverfield era
The Arkansas Razorbacks secured their first victory under coach Ryan Silverfield by defeating North Alabama on Saturday.
Reflecting Pool liner was cut with knife or razor, National Park Service says
A parks official made the statement in a court document filed late Wednesday
Coach Cal to be Inducted into Memphis Sports Hall of Fame
Razorback basketball coach John Calipari, who was head coach of the Memphis Tigers from 2000-09, will headline the 2026 Memphis Sports Hall of Fame class. The induction ceremony is Sept. 16.
Intel SVP Confirms Razor Lake-AX Will Hit 700 TOPS & Launch In 2028, 3.88x The AI Compute Of Panther Lake
Intel has confirmed that its next-generation Razor Lake-AX SoCs will launch in 2028, bringing increased AI capabilities.
'We need something right now': Arkansas basketball coach John Calipari on NCAA eligibility rules, Protect College Sports Act
The Razorbacks coach, speaking on The Sideline with Andy Katz, again stated he was in favor of the Protect College Sports Act despite some of his objections to parts of the legislation.
Ohtani battles, Freeman powers Dodgers to sweep of Rays
LOS ANGELES — The margin for error was razor-thin all week, and on Wednesday afternoon at Uniqlo Field at Dodger Stadium, the Dodgers once again found a way to come out on top.
CDFW News | Del Norte County Recreational Razor Clam Fishery Closes Due to Public Health Hazard
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) Director Meghan Hertel has closed the recreational razor clam fishery in Del Norte County. This closure comes following a recommendation from state health agencies that determined consumption of razor clams in the area poses a significant threat to human health for domoic acid exposure.
Arkansas basketball learns Bahamas opponents ahead of summer trip
The Razorbacks will face two Canadian universities, a Colombian professional team and the Bahamas national team while in Nassau.
All Arkansas baseball interests sign before MLB Draft deadline
The 12 drafted Razorbacks signed for a cumulative total of more than $14.7 million.
High school student starts Brazoria Civic Watch to make politics more accessible
Local high school student in Clute
Best practices for launching albums and series in a crowded entertainment marketplace
In this era of personalized algorithms and nonstop content, getting an audience to notice a particular album or debuting TV show, let alone keep coming back, is harder than ever. And the line between a release being a drop in the ocean and a cannonball splash is razor thin — yet not impossible, This new special […]
IN THE HOUSE: Notable recruits at Arkansas-Tennessee game
Arkansas hosted approximately 60 recruits on unofficial visits Saturday afternoon for the Tennessee game at Reynolds Razorback Stadium.
Local business owner unsure how Razorbacks loss will affect sales
“The fan base is not a happy fan base right now.” A local sports store owner says he doesn’t know what to expect for business after the Razorbacks’ loss to Utah.
Live with Coach Cal Radio Show Moves to Walk-Ons Sports Bistreaux
Walk-On’s Sports Bistreaux in Fayetteville will serve as the new home for the “Live with Coach Cal” radio show for the 2026-27 season.
UA Sports Hall of Honor class of 2026 announced
Seven former Razorback athletes will be inducted, and the late basketball trainer Dave England will be inducted posthumously.
Razorback Report Card: Texas A&M
Arkansas has momentum. Now it has to prove that momentum can travel. The Razorbacks’ 34-6 win over Tulsa gave Ryan Silverfield’s team something it had lacked through the first three weeks: clarity. KJ Jackson looked settled at quarterback. Chris Marshall emerged as an elite receiving option. The defense controlled the line of scrimmage and held …
Razorback Report Card: Tulsa
Arkansas cannot erase the losses to Utah and Georgia in one afternoon, but the Razorbacks must show real progress against unbeaten Tulsa before the season becomes harder to salvage. Razorback Report Card: Tulsa Five Questions Arkansas Must Answer Against Tulsa The Razorbacks are 1-2. Their lone win came against North Alabama, but even that 31-14 …
Laci Bohannan has memorable debut for Arkansas volleyball
The UCA transfer put down 15 kills in her Arkansas debut as the Razorbacks moved to 2-0 with their second straight sweep.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.