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New insider tip claims the Samsung Galaxy S27 Ultra will only be available with a Qualcomm chipset
The S27, S27+ and S27 Pro are still slated to have Exynos variants in some regions and Snapdragon ones in others. This always seems to be a pressing...
Samsung Health Makes Sleep Coaching Easier to Start and Tailors Weekly Guidance
Sleep Coaching starts with three days of data and adjusts weekly, while Running Coach introduces advanced training and Scan Meal debuts in U.S. beta alongside personalized nutrition guidance
How MSU Health Care athletic trainers are supporting local schools
MSU Health Care athletic trainers currently provide daily coverage at six area schools, attending practices and games while serving as trusted health care professionals for student-athletes, parents and coaches.
Exclusive: Samsung's Smart Glasses Weigh 41g, Here's Every Frame
See every Gentle Monster and Warby Parker frame for Samsung's smart glasses, plus the 41g weight and key specs ahead of November sales.
MSU celebrates 25 Years of Imaging Sciences excellence
Morehead State University marks 25 years of undergraduate imaging sciences education, celebrating student success, faculty support and healthcare impact.
NMSU research centers celebrate fall with outreach events
PHOTO CAPTION: New Mexico State University’s Agricultural Science Center at Clovis hosted about 720 fifth-grade students from Curry County during the center’s Pumpkin Patch Day earlier this month....
Samsung Galaxy S27 might finally introduce DC dimming
The tech might only be coming to the Pro and Ultra models for now, though. We already heard word that Samsung Display is gearing up to start Galaxy S27...
Dizzying lineup of Galaxy Z Fold 9 devices leaks, including the Galaxy Z ‘Slide’
The Galaxy Z Fold 9 lineup looks complicated. Not only does Samsung reportedly plan to add another Fold model, but...
Samsung has updated these Galaxy devices to Android 17
Samsung is now rolling out its Android 17-based update, One UI 9, to its collection of supported Galaxy smartphones and...
Samsung Galaxy S27 Ultra rumors: Pricing, features, and leaks
The new Samsung flagship is coming early next year.
Samsung is releasing a new foldable next week, and it just leaked
Samsung has a bunch of new foldables in store for next year, but also one more coming out this year,...
Michigan State suffers 31-3 loss at Wisconsin
MADISON, WI. (WLNS) — The Michigan State football team suffered its third straight loss in its first Big Ten road game of the season, falling 31-3 at Wisconsin Saturday. This is the first time since the 2024 season that MSU failed to score a touchdown in a game. The Spartans have scored a combined 26 […]
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 8 Review: Iteration Overshadowed By Innovation
Samsung's Galaxy Z Flip 8 might be the best clamshell foldable smartphone on the market for the money, but it's just not much of an upgrade over the Z Flip 7.
Samsung One UI 9 Rollout: These Galaxy Phones Are Getting Android 17
Samsung’s One UI 9 rollout is expanding. See which Galaxy phones are getting Android 17, which devices are next, and how to check for the update.
Qualcomm denies rumors about Snapdragon 8 Elite Extreme Gen 6 overheating
Don't panic just yet. Yesterday, a Korean news outlet shared some concerning news about the upcoming Samsung Galaxy S27 Ultra. According to the report,...
Foldables are about to get huge
iPhone Duo demand meets a long delivery queue, giving Samsung's Galaxy Z Fold 8 an opening. Plus the latest Google and Android news.
Dark clouds appear over 'Xbox Cloud Gaming' as it retires apps on some TVs — and the reasons are poorly explained
Microsoft just emailed users of older Samsung TVs that the Xbox Cloud Gaming app is going to be killed off soon, but didn't really explain why.
Samsung Health Makes Sleep Coaching Easier to Start and Tailors Weekly Guidance
Sleep Coaching starts with three days of data and adjusts weekly, while Running Coach introduces more advanced training and Strava Routes integration
NMSU hosts 12th annual Health Professions Fair Nov. 4
The New Mexico State University Aggie Career Studio is scheduled to host its 12th annual Health Professions Fair on Wednesday, Nov. 4, offering students, alumni, and community members opportunities…
More images of the Samsung Galaxy Buds On surface, they show off the clip-on design
The buds will support nod gestures and AI assistants. They will use "open-ear air conduction". We first heard of the Galaxy Able buds back when the Galaxy...
GM Says Apple Wallet Car Keys Coming to These Vehicles
In a late September press release that we just discovered now, GM announced that it has started rolling out Apple Wallet car key support in select Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMC vehicle models, with additional models to follow over time. Google Wallet and Samsung Wallet will also be supported, with a related Samsung press release mentioning availability in the U.S. and Canada. GM said the rollout will occur as follows, with model years listed in parentheses.
Galaxy S27 series case image adds weight to earlier design leaks
Previous leaks about Samsung’s next flagship non-foldable smartphones, the Galaxy S27, Galaxy S27+, Galaxy S27 Pro, and Galaxy S27 Ultra, have revealed renders
USDA awards $16.2mn to upgrade MSU plant science greenhouses
A major USDA NIFA grant will help Michigan State University complete the modernisation of its Plant Science Research Greenhouse Complex
Your Samsung Gallery app finally syncs with Google Photos — how to set it up right now
Samsung Gallery has moved on from OneDrive to Google Photos. Here's how to set it up to keep your photos backed up.
Samsung launches Certified Re-Newed Galaxy phones on Amazon starting at $489
Samsung is bringing its Certified Re-Newed Galaxy S24 and S25 flagship phones with new batteries and a warranty to Amazon starting at $489.
One of Samsung's most popular phones is now getting stable One UI 9 with Android 17
One of the most popular Samsung phones, the Galaxy A36 5G, is now getting the stable One UI 9 update with Android 17 in Europe.
Sports is a $1 trillion business. More students want in on the action
As the global sports industry booms, enrollment in MSU Denver’s Sports Management program has more than doubled.
Galaxy S24 stable One UI 9.0 update reaches the US
Samsung has started rolling out the stable version of One UI 9.0 (Android 17) to the Galaxy S24, Galaxy S24+, and Galaxy S24 Ultra in the US via new OTA softwar
Chinese pottery discovered in Great Zimbabwe reveals medieval African empire's vast connections spanning thousands of miles
Archaeologists excavating a medieval African kingdom have discovered pottery from eastern China, revealing connections across continents.
Samsung Leak Claims 6 Galaxy Z Foldables for 2027
A leak claims Samsung could launch 6 Galaxy Z foldables in 2027, including a rollable Z Slide and a 3-tier Fold 9 line. Here is what is confirmed.
Samsung is expanding One UI 9 with Android 17 to the oldest qualifying flagships
Samsung’s Android 17-based One UI 9 update is starting to arrive on Galaxy S23, its oldest Galaxy flagships eligible for the update.
Samsung's Galaxy SmartTag 3 works with way more Android phones than anyone realized
No longer exclusive to Galaxy and iOS devices.
Samsung’s first Android XR glasses leak in 25 styles alongside 9-hour battery, specs [Gallery]
Samsung’s first Android XR glasses are right around the corner and, ahead of launch, another leak reveals every style you’ll...
Amazon US Prime Deals: the Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra is 30% off
Despite the recent price hike that put the base model at $1,400 MSRP, you can still get an S26 Ultra under $1,000. The Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra launched at...
Blame Snapdragon: An Exynos-powered Galaxy S27 Ultra is now more likely than ever
Samsung might be forced to ship the Galaxy S27 Ultra with Exynos instead of Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 6 due to performance issues.
Major SmartThings app redesign finally hits Galaxy phones
Earlier this week, Samsung's SmartThings app received a major UI redesign, but it was initially limited to iPhones. Now, the update has started reaching Galaxy
iPhone 18 Pro Max vs Samsung Galaxy S26 Ultra: which should you choose?
Two of the very best phones compared
Googlebook "Better Together" phone features don't work with Samsung at launch
Googlebooks require Android 17, but Samsung's Android 17 phones won't work yet.
Galaxy S23 stable One UI 9.0 (Android 17) update goes global
Samsung has started rolling out the stable version of One UI 9.0 (Android 17) for the Galaxy S23 series outside its home country, South Korea. Europe appears to
Googlebook’s Android-integrated features won’t work with Samsung phones at launch
Googlebook is here with Android integration as its main pitch, but Samsung users are left out at launch as Galaxy devices aren't supported yet
Samsung says the Galaxy Z Fold 8 is more popular than ever thanks to iPhone Duo
Apple’s debut in the foldable market was always going to have an impact on Android foldables, with many brands having...
Samsung 9100 Pro SSDs are on sale at Amazon, 1TB drive is back near its launch price
The 9100 Pro comes in four capacities: 1TB, 2TB, 4TB, and 8TB. The 1TB model is currently $206, about 39% below its regular list price of $339....
Samsung just released Android 17 updates for Galaxy S23 and several more devices
Samsung’s Android 17-based One UI 9 update continues to pick up steam, with several more Galaxy devices joining the fray....
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8: 7 ways to make the most of its wider foldable design
Here are seven ways to make the most of the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8’s wider design, from multitasking and photography to entertainment and hands-free viewing.
Galaxy S27 Ultra colors leak, and Samsung could be breaking up with purple
Leaked Galaxy S27 Ultra colors suggest Samsung is retiring Deep Purple for another, surprising shade of color.
Samsung rolling out Android 17 for more Galaxy devices in the US
Samsung’s Android 17 rollout is speeding up, with more last-gen Galaxy devices now getting One UI 9 updates in the...
Samsung Galaxy S27 Ultra: (Slightly) faster charging and potentially fewer camera artifacts
While industry insiders are currently focused on the starting mass production of some Galaxy S27 series components like the Exynos 2700, leakers are sharing more details about battery and camera improvements that could matter to end users.
5 classic movies that saw our AI future coming
An MSU Denver film professor explores how science fiction anticipated today's biggest questions about artificial intelligence.
We Found the 145 Best Prime Day Tech Deals From Apple, Dell, HP, Samsung, Sony, and More
Amazon's Big Deal Days is happening right now, and here at PCMag Deals, we're tracking down the very best tech deals on top-rated products with the deepest discounts just for you.
UConn's Azzi Fudd will appear in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
The Dallas Wings rookie joins 10 other women for a shoot in Spain, with stops in Ibiza and Mallorca.
A Supersized Wacky Weather Report: MSU Football and Hockey
MSU Football Remains In A Drought as MSU Hockey Thunders Into A Sweep
5 Cheaper OLED TVs To Buy Instead Of The Samsung S95H
While the Samsung S95H is an excellent OLED TV, it can get pricey, depending on the size you pick. Here are some affordable alternatives from other brands.
Samsung all but confirms iPhone Duo is goosing Galaxy Z8 sales
Searches for Samsung foldables just happened to skyrocket following iPhone Duo unveiling.
MSU vs. Northwestern. How to watch Big Ten football game
The MSU Spartans host Northwestern at noon Saturday, Oct. 17. Fans are in for sunny, yet cold, weather.
Samsung’s first AirPods Max 2 rival could be called Galaxy Studio
Samsung recently launched its first clip-on wireless earbuds, the Galaxy Buds On, and the company is reportedly working on two more audio products. One is a pai
NMSU College of Business to honor 2026 Hall of Fame recipients, community partners
New Mexico State University’s College of Business will celebrate accomplished alumni, valued corporate partners and community leaders whose careers and contributions have made a lasting impact at...
Samsung's New Smart Glasses Arrive at FCC for Approval
Smart glasses are certainly having their moment, both good and bad. I think it’s obvious that the world has seen the benefits of wearing a pair, but there is also that creepy, privacy nightmare side that has given us the ick. Still, Samsung and Google and their design partners will not be deterred from launching...
Google is selling Pixel and Samsung phones inside the Play Store
Google has added a “Shop devices” option in the Play Store that lists Pixel and Samsung hardware and links straight to the Google Store.
When the Haze Keeps You Indoors, Your Health Routine Doesn’t Have to Stop
From indoor workouts and mindful eating to better sleep and heart health, Samsung Galaxy Watches and Samsung Health offer practical ways to stay on top of your wellbeing when the air outside keeps you home.
What is the oldest Samsung device that still gets software updates in 2026?
Knowing how long your phone will get updates is important for deciding when to upgrade.
Galaxy S25’s stable One UI 9.0 update reaches the USA
Last week, Samsung released the stable version of One UI 9.0 (Android 17) to the Galaxy S25, Galaxy S25+, and the Galaxy S25 Ultra. However, the brand made it a
Leading Colorado U.S. Senate candidates debate on campus
Students filled the King Center theater to learn where each man stands on the issues and to get an up-close view of politics in action.
Major One UI update expected in 2027
Samsung introduced a major improvement to its smartphone and tablet experience with the launch of One UI in 2018, and the company has continued to refine it eve
Samsung backtracks on SmartTag 3 Android support — still locked to Galaxy phones
After earlier this week claiming that its new SmartTag 3 would support non-Galaxy Android phones, Samsung says that won't happen, after all.
Apple Reportedly Waiting on Samsung for Ultimate Bezel-Free iPhone Display
Apple is waiting on Samsung to perfect a next-generation OLED display technology that wraps almost vertically around a phone and essentially makes the sides themselves part of the screen, claims a Chinese leaker. Xiaomi's 2021 concept phone – bearing a striking resemblance to Samsung's rumored technology According to the Weibo-based leaker Instant Digital, the technology is internally described by Samsung as a "full-surround, full-screen display".
Google’s new ‘Shop devices’ tab sells Pixel and Samsung Galaxy devices side by side
Google has launched a new “Shop devices” portal that lets interested buyers pick up a Samsung Galaxy smartphone from the...
Prime Day Offers Best TV Prices of the Year From Samsung, Sony, and More
Prime Big Deal Days is in full swing this week, offering massive savings on everything from AirPods to MacBook Pro and much more. We've been keeping an eye on these Apple-related Prime Day discounts all week, but now we're also tracking great sales on other categories, including TVs. Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with Amazon. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
5 Cheaper Android Tablets To Buy Instead Of The Samsung Galaxy Tab S12 Ultra
If you're in the market for a new tablet and have been eyeing Samsung's Galaxy Tab S12 Ultra, you might consider these cheaper alternatives.
Student-led composting business brings sustainability efforts to MSU
Starting a business is not easy. Coming up with a good idea is difficult, and securing funding and resources for it once you have it can be even harder. For Tanner Marlow, one of his startup business struggles came after those two steps. He secured ample space and the resources he needed from the university...
We tried the new Googlebook OS - What can it do and what not?
The new Googlebook models featuring Google's new operating system for laptops have been on the market since last week. We take a closer look at Googlebook OS and explain what it can do and where it (still) has limitations.
What's The Oldest Samsung Phone That Still Gets Software Support?
Buying a new phone is an investment, so you'll want one that lasts a while, but does your old Samsung still have some life or is it out of support?
Samsung Galaxy phones can't tell if they're connected to Bluetooth or not
Samsung Galaxy phones are experiencing a problem that is causing the volume slider to show the incorrect icons.
I updated my Galaxy to One UI 9 and immediately changed these 5 settings
Bigger sliders, live network speed, per-app internet blocking, and a fix for car sickness.
Samsung Health Makes Sleep Coaching Easier To Start and Tailors Weekly Guidance
Sleep Coaching starts with three days of data and adjusts weekly, while Running Coach intr
Customizing your Samsung Galaxy phone is a bit easier with One UI 9
One UI 9 is rolling out to newer Samsung Galaxy devices, and it unlocks lots of new customization features, particularly in Good Lock and Home Up.
Samsung’s over-ear headphones might be called ‘Galaxy Studio’
According to a fresh leak, Samsung’s upcoming over-ear headphones might be called “Galaxy Studio.” A leak earlier this year revealed...
NMSU professors collaborate on $1.2 million NASA grant
American third grade classrooms are filled with natural-born scientists – children obsessed with asking why and treating the world as an open-ended laboratory. But as they cross the threshold into...
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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