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You can now build AI-powered mini apps directly from Gemini
Google has started rolling Opal into Gemini on the web, letting users create and remix AI-powered mini apps.
Why the Rockets Are Built for What Comes Next
Houston's quiet resilience shines when games get tough. They're proving a gritty, adaptable style is built for late-season battles, not just flashy wins.
Perplexity’s revamped iPad app doubles down on research tools
Perplexity has rebuilt its iPad in an attempt to broaden its appeal to students and professionals who rely on the iPad for their daily tasks.
Safeguarding Global Health Security in Cameroon through the America First Global Health Strategy - United States Department of State
The United States and the Government of Cameroon signed a bilateral health Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to expand significant health gains and advance global health security under the landmark America First Global Health Strategy. The MOU puts Americans first by safeguarding our nation from infectious disease threats, while also supporting Cameroon to build robust, self-reliant […]
LightBuddy is a new fully customizable ring light Mac app
LightBuddy is a new ring light Mac app by developer Guilherme Rambo, which features full color control, HDR, multi-display support, and more.
Republicans need to 'stand up’ to leadership amid health care fight: Democratic Caucus chair
Democratic Caucus Chair Rep. Pete Aguilar (D-Calif.) joins Meet the Press NOW to discuss the ongoing fight over health care legislation in Congress as millions of Americans are set to face skyrocketing premiums.
Attorney General Jeff Jackson Announces Health Care Fraud Sentencing
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Tuesday, December 16, 2025 Contact: nahmed@ncdoj.gov 919-538-2809 RALEIGH – Today, Attorney General Jeff Jackson announced that Giselle Alexandria Farrell was sentenced to 24 months of supervised probation and ordered to pay $12,916.56 in restitution after pleading guilty to Medicaid provider fraud. “North Carolinians rely on Medicaid for essential health care,” said Attorney General Jeff […]
Polis-backed HOME Act aims to increase Colorado housing near transit, businesses
Gov. Jared Polis and Democratic House Speaker Pro Tempore Andrew Boesenecker on Tuesday unveiled proposed legislation aimed at reducing barriers to building affordable housing. The bill, known as the HOME Act, will enable the construction of more new homes near transit and local businesses. “Today’s announcement is a big step in Colorado’s nation-leading work to […]
Staff Takeaways: Manchester United 4-4 Bournemouth
Colin – Mainoo is built for the chaos, but not for defending it Ruben Amorim has faced a hail of questions about the inclusion of Kobbie Mainoo in his plans for much of this season, and rightfully so. The young midfielder quickly broke into the first team under Erik ten Hag and looked like a […]
The Party Politics of Sovereign House
Nick Allen’s venue in Dimes Square was a popular gathering spot for right-wing Zoomers. Now, he’s opening a new club called Reign, an attempt to build a lasting cultural institution.
Every media business becomes an events business
"People show up for figures who can build strong parasocial connections. But none of that matters if the other people who show up can't hang."
iPhone 17e and iPhone 18 Pro Modem Specs Leak Online
Internal Apple code suggests the iPhone 17e may ship with Apple's first-generation C1-series cellular modem technology while omitting Apple's N1 wireless chip, and it indicates Apple is still deciding between the C1X and C2 for the iPhone 18 Pro. The details come from internal kernel debug kit files derived from an Apple prototype device running an early build of what became iOS 26. The considerable leak has revealed specific details about dozens of upcoming Apple devices.
Larian's Last Engine Held Baldur’s Gate 3 Back
In fact, Act III was split up because the engine couldn’t stream well enough for a contiguous city.
Northwest researchers find 6-million-year-old ice — the oldest on Earth
To find the oldest ice on the planet researchers had to go somewhere that’s been cold for a long time — where the ice builds up in layers instead of melting away.
Business leaders agree AI is the future. They just wish it worked right now
By Deepa Seetharaman, Supantha Mukherjee and Krystal Hu SAN FRANCISCO/STOCKHOLM, Dec 16 - Last spring, CellarTracker, a wine-collection app, built an AI-powered sommelier to make unvarnished wine
Business leaders agree AI is the future. They just wish it worked right now
Last spring, CellarTracker, a wine-collection app, built an AI-powered sommelier to make unvarnished wine recommendations based on a person’s palate. The problem was the chatbot was too nice. “It's just very polite, instead of just saying, ‘It's really unlikely you'll like the wine,’” CellarTracker CEO Eric LeVine said.
He built JPMorgan's coast-to-coast banker network. Now exec John Richert says the middle market's moment is coming.
JPMorgan's mid-cap chief explains how investment banking works beyond Wall Street, and why the middle market has become a billion-dollar opportunity.
Burnout led me to build Bala — and caught up with me again as we grew. Here's how I manage now.
Burnout recovery inspired Bala, but founder Natalie Holloway found lasting relief through lifestyle changes, self-kindness, and using a life coach.
Deacon Sports Xtra: Dr. Herman Eure Utilized Values and Principles to Break Barriers as a University Trailblazer - Wake Forest University Athletics
The distinguished faculty member and 2017 Wake Forest Medallion of Merit recipient played an integral role in building the university's foundation.
AppleInsider.com
An unreleased build of iOS 26 has revealed details about more than a dozen Apple hardware projects currently in development.
WHO highlights health risks and opportunities in the global waste crisis
A new World Health Organization (WHO) report, Throwing away our health: the impacts of solid waste on human health – evidence, knowledge gaps and health sector responses, warns that poorly managed solid waste is driving a public health crisis and calls for urgent action to protect people and the environments they live in.Globally, the volume of municipal solid waste is growing at an unprecedented rate. Yet, many countries still lack the systems and resources to manage this waste safely. “Solid waste reflects how our societies produce and consume, and how we treat people and the environment in the process,” said Dr Ruediger Krech, Director a.i., Department of Environment, Climate Change, One Health & Migration at the World Health Organization. “If we continue to treat waste as an afterthought, we will lock in avoidable disease, climate pollution and deep social inequities. This report is a clear call to put health and equity at the centre of how we design, manage and ultimately reduce waste.”The report summarizes evidence on how solid waste – especially municipal solid waste – affects health through polluted air, water, soil and food. When waste is not collected, or is dumped, burned or not poorly treated, it can release hazardous chemicals, contaminate drinking-water sources and create breeding grounds for insects and rodents.Communities underserved by waste management services, those living near dumpsites and poorly managed landfills and incinerators, children and pregnant women, as well as waste workers – particularly those working informally – face the greatest risks. For the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) community, the report underlines that safe management of municipal and health care waste is integral to safely managed, climate-resilient systems.A large share of municipal solid waste is still not collected or is disposed of in uncontrolled conditions, including open dumpsites and open burning. These practices damage ecosystems, contribute to climate change and undermine efforts to build healthy cities. When waste is properly managed, however, it can become a resource – generating energy and creating green jobs. The report calls for a coordinated, multisectoral response grounded in the waste hierarchy: preventing waste where possible, then reducing, reusing and recycling, with safe recovery and disposal.Key actions for governments and partners include reducing waste generation at source; expanding affordable and reliable waste collection services, especially in underserved communities; improving control at recovery and disposal facilities; and eliminating open dumping and burning, including hazardous waste. The new report identifies a central role for the health sector in addressing solid waste as a public health threat. The health sector can prevent and minimize health-care waste at source, improve segregation and safe treatment, invest in cleaner climate-resilient technologies, and advocate for health-protective policies and standards. The report also encourages more surveillance, research and biomonitoring to strengthen the evidence base, and promotes social protection and inclusion of informal waste workers.“This report gives countries and health authorities a very practical agenda,” said Mr Bruce Gordon, Head, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Unit, WHO. “Health ministries can start now by ensuring safe management of health-care waste, developing strong occupational health programmes for waste workers, and working with municipalities to reduce health risks from solid waste by closing open dumps and burn sites and gradually improving towards safe services. These concrete steps save lives today and will make cities cleaner and healthier in the future.
Early iOS 26 Software Leak Uncovers Dozens of Upcoming Apple Features
Software from an iPhone prototype running an early build of iOS 26 leaked last week, giving us a glimpse at future Apple devices and iOS features. We recapped device codenames in our prior article, and now we have a list of some of the most notable feature flags that were found in the software code. In some cases, it's obvious what the feature flags are referring to, while some are more vague and harder to interpret.
Captain Chat: Van Dijk Wants to Build Consistency
The Reds won twice on the bounce: that’s good, right?
Donald Trump is sports-fan-in-chief : The NPR Politics Podcast
President Trump has built a brand as the sports-fan-in-chief, attending roughly a dozen major sporting events so far this year. We discuss how professional men’s sports align with Trump’s political brand.This episode: senior White House correspondent Tamara Keith, White House correspondent Franco Ordoñez, and senior political editor and correspondent Domenico Montanaro.This podcast was produced by Casey Morell and Bria Suggs, and edited by Rachel Baye.Our executive producer is Muthoni Muturi.Listen to every episode of the NPR Politics Podcast sponsor-free, unlock access to bonus episodes with more from the NPR Politics team, and support public media when you sign up for The NPR Politics Podcast+ at plus.npr.org/politics.
Donald Trump is sports-fan-in-chief : The NPR Politics Podcast
President Trump has built a brand as the sports-fan-in-chief, attending roughly a dozen major sporting events so far this year. We discuss how professional men’s sports align with Trump’s political brand.This episode: senior White House correspondent Tamara Keith, White House correspondent Franco Ordoñez, and senior political editor and correspondent Domenico Montanaro.This podcast was produced by Casey Morell and Bria Suggs, and edited by Rachel Baye.Our executive producer is Muthoni Muturi.Listen to every episode of the NPR Politics Podcast sponsor-free, unlock access to bonus episodes with more from the NPR Politics team, and support public media when you sign up for The NPR Politics Podcast+ at plus.npr.org/politics.
Ford is starting a battery storage business to power data centers and the grid
Amid Ford’s shift away from making large electric vehicles, the automaker is adding a new product line to find a home for its batteries. Ford said Monday that instead of scuttling plans to build the batteries for those vehicles, it will pivot that capacity into a new battery storage business. Those storage systems, which will use cheaper LFP batteries, will be […]
How Roots Chicken Shak is Building a Radical New Business Model for Restaurant Franchises
The company is choosing franchisees based on shared values, then giving hands-on training to prepare them for success.
GM Revamps In-Car Entertainment, Adds Apple Music Directly to Cadillac and Chevrolet
General Motors ($GM) is taking a major step to modernize its in-car entertainment experience. The company is rolling out a built-in Apple ($AAPL) Music app to selec...
The Business of Flip-Flops: Inside the Rise of Dallas-based Hari Mari
Entrepreneurs Jeremy and Lila Stewart built Hari Mari into a premium flip-flop brand with purpose—and profit. Now, the husband-wife duo is stepping on the gas.
Why xAI Has an Uphill Battle Selling Grok to Businesses
Elon Musk’s xAI wants companies around the world to buy its Grok AI models as it tries to build a moneymaking business. To get there, xAI has created an enterprise AI sales group over the past half-year that has expanded to more than a dozen people. But xAI’s lack of experience in selling to big ...
Kinesiology and Health Sciences Program: Preparing Students for Dynamic Careers in Human Movement
Alma College’s Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences (KHS) is evolving — building on decades of expertise while expanding opportunities for students to engage deeply with human movement, clinical practice,
Kinesiology and Health Sciences Program: Preparing Students for Dynamic Careers in Human Movement
Alma College’s Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences (KHS) is evolving — building on decades of expertise while expanding opportunities for students to engage deeply with human movement, clinical practice,
Science in a French City, Which I Shall Not Name
It has a beautiful historic center with typical old European streets and an impressive number of museums. It is a delightful area of narrow cobbled streets, small charming squares, and beautiful old buildings. It is a very old city—more than 2,000 years old. It is a green city with many parks. There are 14 churches and cathedrals in this city, although over the years it has become less Christian and more Muslim. [Alex Gordon]
UK Wants All iPhones to Block Explicit Images Unless You Prove Age
Apple and Google will soon be "encouraged" to build nudity-detection algorithms into their software by default, as part of the UK government's strategy to tackle violence against women and girls, reports the Financial Times. According to the report, Home Office officials want device operating systems to prevent any nudity from being displayed unless users can verify that they're adults through biometric checks or official ID.
Mirelo raises $41M from Index and a16z to solve AI video's silent problem
Mirelo, a German startup that is building AI to add synced sound effects to videos, has raised a $41 million seed round led by Index Ventures and Andreessen Horowitz.
I sold my company for hundreds of millions and have more money than I'd ever need. Yet at 66, I have no plans to retire.
David Chung shares how his mother's immigrant journey inspired him to build a multimillion-dollar beauty business from the ground up.
How Jeff Nippard Became the Face (and Body) of Science-Based Lifting
The bodybuilding YouTuber is nearly synonymous with the science-based lifting movement. Now he’s built a state-of-the-art research facility of his own.
Fallout Shelter Seasons officially launches with Viva New Vegas!
Overseers, the time has come! Since Fallout Shelter launched in 2015, over 230 million players have built, managed and protected their Vaults. Today, we’re thrilled to announce that our biggest update yet, Seasons, is now available in Fallout Shelter!
Marcus Lemonis is retiring from Camping World
Before becoming host of the TV show “The Profit," he built the largest RV retailer and took investors for a bumpy ride.
Dropping equity goals for businesses widens inequality
We call on the MMSD Commission to build on decades of progress and uphold policies that narrow long-standing racial and gender inequities.
The OpenFold Consortium Names Dr. Jan Domanski as Senior Science Lead to Drive the Next Generation of Open Source AI Models for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery
DAVIS, Calif., December 15, 2025--Dr. Domanski embodies the spirit of OpenFold: a deep scientific understanding of proteins with engineering expertise and a builder’s mindset
The father and son who built an Irish entertainment empire
The Ellimans once owned 34 cinemas and three theatres, including the Theatre Royal and the Gaiety
Israeli scientists work to remove atmospheric CO2 by mimicking weathering of rocks
Hebrew University experts continue in footsteps of Open University researcher who built special reactor that flushes CO2, seawater through rock, before his untimely death from cancer
Grok gets the facts wrong about Bondi Beach shooting
Grok, the chatbot built by Elon Musk’s xAI and popularized on his social media platform X, appears to have repeatedly spread misinformation about today’s mass shooting at Bondi Beach in Australia.
Data center boom creates political conundrum for the GOP
President Donald Trump is all in on the artificial intelligence build-out. Other Republicans are being more cautious.
BizTips: Sell your products by selling the story of your business
Build anticipation by teasing what's coming next for your business. Offer early access, sneak peeks, or pre-booking incentives.
A Trump-touted drug for autism is now in demand, but doctors see a dilemma
Pediatricians debate leucovorin for autism treatment after Trump’s endorsement of the drug.
‘Loopholes have won the day’: Cap? What cap? Spending on players growing even after NCAA settlement
Schools are promising coaches millions to build their rosters, far above the revenue-sharing limits put into place this year. Can anything stop the rising salaries?
Pelicans, Bulls battling to build winning streak
The Chicago Bulls host the New Orleans Pelicans on Sunday night in a matchup of teams that just ended their seven-game losing streaks.
‘Fog of war’: Brown University professor describes police swarm after shooting
Computer science professor Michael Littman said he was grading papers in a building next door to the active-shooter scene when Providence police swarmed the area.
Destiny 2 Equilibrium Loot Table: Dungeon Weapons and Armor
Here's our full Destiny 2 Equilibrium loot table, including all dungeon weapons, armor, cosmetics, and more.
Slab is the first MIDI controller built exclusively for Serato Studio
Slab gives Serato Studio users an MPC-like hands-on controller for chopping samples and building beats
Music City Madness: How sports build community across fanbases
For University alum Larry Gies, sports are all about a community coming together. Before tipoff for Illinois men’s basketball’s game against Tennessee at Bridgestone Arena on Dec. 6, Gies talked about what an off-campus event like this means. “I think it’s just all about community,” Gies said. “Life’s about community, life’s about interacting with people,...
To 'graduate' from poverty, they can borrow to build a business. So why aren't they?
It's called the "graduation" approach — both financial and moral support to help people move from extreme poverty to self-sufficiency. But in this innovative Uganda project, something isn't clicking.
As Netflix and Paramount circle Warner Bros. Discovery, Hollywood unions voice alarm
Several Hollywood unions, including the Writers Guild of America and Teamsters, have expressed serious concerns over a potential sale of Warner Bros. Discovery or its assets to Netflix or Paramount.
Builders Movement seeks citizen-based solutions to overcome ‘us vs. them’ politics
In an increasingly polarized political environment, the Builders Movement, a nonprofit political advocacy organization, said that it wants to overcome “us vs. them” thinking in politics. It’s…
How Bayer transforms Pharma R&D with a cloud-based data science ecosystem using Amazon SageMaker
In this post, we discuss how Bayer AG used the next generation of Amazon SageMaker to build a cloud-based Pharma R&D Data Science Ecosystem (DSE) that unified data ingestion, storage, analytics, and AI/ML workflows.
Cowboys vs. Vikings pick, odds, where to watch, live stream, kickoff time
Dallas looks to keep its playoff hopes alive while J.J. McCarthy aims to build on a solid outing.
How OpenAI is using GPT-5 Codex to improve the AI tool itself
“The vast majority of Codex is built by Codex,” OpenAI told us about its new AI coding agent.
San Mateo Medical Center Health Campus Completes Major Renovation & Expansion
San Mateo, California – San Mateo County’s public hospital has been transformed into a state-of-the-art health care campus, rebuilt to meet California’s seismic safety standards and reimagined to better serve patients and staff. Community leaders gathered today to celebrate the opening, calling it a major investment in public health and a welcome upgrade for the tens of thousands of residents who rely on the County for medical and other care.
Producers Guild Awards’ Children’s, Sports and Shortform Nominees Revealed
Winners will be announced at East and West Coast celebrations in February.
Scientists built an AI co-pilot for prosthetic bionic hands
Managing each finger separately can, with the right sensors, ease control issues.
Portland approves plan for what will be Maine’s tallest building
The new building will have condominiums, a hotel, retail space and a restaurant.
BMW crashes into Santa Monica business, leaving driver seriously injured
A vehicle crashed into a building in Santa Monica late Thursday night, causing significant damage to the structure and sending the driver to the hospital.
Registration opens for business expo
Registration is open for the University of Lynchburg’s third annual business expo, Building Communities Through Partnerships.
A top South Korean shipbuilder is arming the Philippines with a new fleet of warships built for tougher Pacific fights
HD Hyundai built two new guided-missile frigates for the Philippine Navy, giving it a firepower upgrade for South China Sea.
Health inspections found moldy coconuts, room-temperature eggs
Pink buildup in an ice machine and signs of a pest infestation were among the violations found by Washoe County health inspectors from Nov. 8-14.
Flandrau Planetarium and Science Center celebrates 50 years of curiosity
The building now hosts exhibits ranging from space satellites to great white sharks.
Business school grad 'rebuilt' himself throughout ASU journey
W. P. Carey School of Business graduate David De Sousa wants future students to know that his ASU journey is proof that your past does not define your future.
‘Bit by the Research Bug’ Defense Health Employee Recognized for Contributions to Science, Love for Supporting the Warfighter
From her first steps into the world of research as an intern to her current role as a principal investigator, Danielle Zimmerman has built a career defined by curiosity, dedication, and commitment to protecting those who serve.
E-Sports Week in Review
On December 2 and 9, Fortnite No Build finals took place. Each day had four matches, and the results each week stayed the same. Albion dropped Game 1 and were killed immediately. Each game saw better improvement, resulting in a top place of 13th for Game 4 for both weeks. Overall, the Britons placed 33rd in the finals.
Flandrau Planetarium and Science Center celebrates 50 years of curiosity
The building now hosts exhibits ranging from space satellites to great white sharks.
Google's new browser experiment turns your open tabs into custom apps
Imagine if Chrome could build the app you need before you think of it.
Amazon Game Studios announces two new ‘Tomb Raider’ games coming in 2026 and 2027
Lara Croft returns in a reimagined version of her 1996 debut and an all-new adventure that builds on her iconic legacy, both powered by Unreal Engine 5.
Why Biya's victory damages Cameroon's electoral integrity
Cameroon looks calm — but the disputed election has shaken citizen's faith in the electoral system. Tomaino Ndam Njoya, the only female presidential candidate, joins us Under the Baobab, explains why there were no winners in Cameroon's election, and reveals surprising ways Cameroon's political elite can try to rebuild trust with the electorate.
Google's New Browser Promises to End the Tyranny of the Tab
Google’s AI browser Disco builds apps from your tabs but opens questions on privacy, accuracy, and how it affects the open web’s economics.
Texas Business Reforms Show Shareholder Democracy Is Thriving
View our Texas Business Reforms Show Shareholder Democracy Is Thriving insight.
NATO chief: "Putin is in the empire-building business again"
"Conflict is at our door," Rutte said.
Apple AirTag 2: Four New Features Found in iOS 26 Code
The AirTag 2 will include a handful of new features that will improve tracking capabilities, according to a new report from Macworld. The site says that it was able to access an internal build of iOS 26, which includes references to multiple unreleased products. Here's what's supposedly coming: An improved pairing process, though no details were provided. AirTag pairing is already fairly simple, but there's room for improvement with the naming and emoji selection.
Google is building an experimental new browser and a new kind of web app
Meet the GenTab, nothing like the plain ol’ browser tab.
Trump takes steps toward demolishing four federal buildings, preservationist alleges
After demolishing the White House’s East Wing, President Donald Trump is now eying four federal buildings for the same treatment and is circumventing a key government agency with his plans, according to a historic preservationist raising the alarm.
The fact-checking mandate evolves from politics to personal security
"Online scams, phishing attempts, and fraudulent schemes have grown in both volume and sophistication, creating a new front in the war on falsehoods."
Game Awards 2025 LIVE — latest leaks, rumors, predictions and all the build-up to the biggest night in gaming
Geoff Keighley’s Game Awards 2025 are almost here
FMOL Health has purchased this property near Our Lady of the Lake
FMOL Health has acquired a kidney care facility property on Flanders Drive near Essen Lane. The system purchased the site through Our Lady of the Lake Hospital Inc. from Flanders Building LLC f… Already an INSIDER? Sign in. We are glad you enjoy reading Business Report. Continue reading this story and get ACCESS to all […]
Billings contractor receives “F” rating from Better Business Bureau over unfinished work
The Better Business Bureau has given Greenhaw Buildings LLC an "F" rating due to numerous customer complaints of incomplete or shoddy work, lack of communication, and failure to provide refunds.
Pittsburgh’s Strength as Business Center Fuels Aer Lingus Entry into Market
With today’s announcement that Aer Lingus is introducing nonstop flights from Pittsburgh International Airport to Dublin Airport, Pittsburgh and Ireland have the opportunity to build on the powerful business and cultural connection that drives economic development in both regions. Flights on Aer Lingus, the Irish flag carrier, start on May 25, 2026, on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays
HR's big challenge with AI will force HR people to reinvent themselves
Workers fear AI, so one of HR's biggest challenges is getting workers to trust and adopt it by building credibility and addressing employee concerns.
Google's Gemini AI comes to Chrome on iPhone and iPad
After rolling it out on desktop and Android earlier in 2025, Google is finally bringing its built-in Gemini AI experience to iPhone and iPad.
Superbet Group becomes Super Technologies, shaping the future of digital entertainment ecosystems
BUCHAREST, Romania, Dec. 11, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Superbet Group, a leading company in the global technology and entertainment space, announces its rebrand as Super Technologies. The new identity, which will be simply known as Super, reflects the company’s evolution, its expanded vision for the future, and its commitment to building innovative solutions for a rapidly changing world. At the same time, the company will continue to operate its commercial brands across existing territories, with
Data center boom creates political conundrum for the GOP
President Donald Trump is all in on the artificial intelligence build-out. Other Republicans are being more cautious.
Plan for new business jet hangars could boost revenue at underused Sikorsky Airport
The city's airport commission approved negotiations with Sky Harbour to build and manage business plane sites at the Stratford-based facility.
The New WHO Pandemic Treaty and Global Health Governance: Incorporating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into PABS - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
On May 20, 2025, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an international treaty designed to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. The product of three years of arduous negotiations, the treaty marks a new era of global cooperation in public health. However, core aspects of the agreement remain unresolved—notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System, which is intended to ensure equitable access to pandemic-related materials and benefits. To support the successful implementation of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Introduction For the first time, an international treaty has enshrined the principle of “One Health,” the compelling idea that the health of animals, humans, and the environment all contribute to pandemic risks. SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009–10), Ebola (2014–16), and COVID-19 all emerged through zoonotic spillover from animal hosts—respectively, civets, hogs, and bats. Together, they underscore the need for a coordinated, cross-sectoral approach. The Pandemic Agreement responds to this call, requiring state parties to acknowledge the ecological interplay and commit to a comprehensive “One Health” strategy. Specifically, Article 5 charges governments to address “the drivers of pandemics and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease at the human-animal-environment interface,” including wild animal markets, deforestation, and antibiotic overuse. Yet the effectiveness of this “One Health” vision depends equally on the free flow of scientific information and data among countries and institutions. Just as environmental and animal health factors have been neglected in past global frameworks, so too has data sharing been marginalized, despite its centrality to timely detection and response. The Pandemic Agreement takes an important step by requiring governments to enhance data collection and cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO). However, these provisions will remain aspirational without a robust Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) annex. The PABS system will determine whether countries and researchers can rapidly exchange pathogen samples and genetic data while ensuring equitable access to resulting research and development, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Without such mechanisms, the treaty’s promise to operationalize “One Health” and strengthen global preparedness will risk becoming largely symbolic, echoing earlier failures to translate shared principles into coordinated action. Equity Concerns When the 2025 Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement, it left the difficult question of access to pathogens and the sharing of resulting benefits to be addressed in a separate agreement. Negotiations on this separate agreement, PABS, are now underway in Geneva. Yet governments remain divided over fundamental questions of equity between the countries that primarily contribute to the system and those that primarily draw from it—and consequently benefit. For example, wildlife in countries bordering the equator is likely to produce PABS materials, but companies in Europe are likely to use them to develop lucrative products. The most likely contributor countries are likely to be those biodiverse countries around the equator, such as Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, where the number of human-mammalian viral host interactions is large. Conversely, countries most likely to benefit from this material are those with the technology, investors, and infrastructure to capitalize on genomic data, such as the United States, EU member states, and Japan. This imbalance reflects a broader pattern seen in prior international frameworks. Now, as in the past, the wealthiest countries in the world (a useful heuristic is membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)) disproportionately benefit from systems in which pathogens and genomic sequencing data are contributed to a common source. Under the International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the “Plant Treaty” or “Seed Treaty”) and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, companies from Europe and North America disproportionately withdraw biological samples and data for development into lucrative medical products. Their governments and companies have both statutory and contractual claims to the products that those companies correspondingly produce. PABS appears poised to follow the same pattern. The text calls for strong language on access to pathogens and associated data, but the corresponding benefits that should flow to poorer countries are couched in equivocal or non-binding language. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities To address these inequities, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Common but differentiated responsibilities are often a feature of climate change negotiations. The basic principle is that, even though all countries should reduce carbon emissions, governments that became rich and powerful through massive carbon emissions (e.g., France, the United Kingdom, the United States) should have a greater obligation to address the resulting crises. Applied to PABS, it would require that governments hosting and supporting companies developing lucrative products carry greater obligations toward the cost of running the PABS system; share benefits or final medical products; and transfer technology to help countries worldwide develop their own capacities to innovate and manufacture vaccines during an emergency. For example, an annex could mandate that any company based in an OECD country that withdraws PABS material would be obligated to donate the resulting diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to the WHO during a public health emergency or pandemic. Questions remain about how robust those donations would be, but the principle is that they should deliver highly significant lifesaving benefits to be equitably shared. Theoretically, this approach mirrors the PIP Framework, in which companies withdrawing influenza samples are required to pay half of the operating costs. In practice, however, the framework has fallen short. The PIP Framework Secretariat has struggled to secure payments from companies, with companies often disagreeing over how much is owed. Additionally, without another pandemic influenza to test the strength of the agreement during a public health emergency, corporate compliance with sharing mechanisms remains unknown. Even if these limitations did not characterize the PIP Framework, partially paying for operating expenses does not address the inequity in access to genetic data and pathogen samples that left less developed countries last in line for COVID-19 vaccines (and, before them, H1N1). Common but differentiated responsibilities would go further, addressing governments’ legitimate grievances regarding information sharing. It would make withdrawals of PABS material and resulting products more transparent, building trust across the board. Enforcement and Enduring Success A key implication of this approach is that the governing mechanism of the PABS must have real enforcement authority. The WHO Pandemic Agreement delegates its core governance responsibilities to a Conference of the Parties (COP)—a governing body composed of one representative from each participating government, similar to those established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement COP is charged with oversight functions but ultimately possesses no real authority to compel a government to take any action it does not wish to take. The text does not give the COP the ability to, for example, sanction a party that does not comply with either textual obligations or PABS provisions. In other words, there are no effective mechanisms in place to ensure compliance. Perhaps just as significant, establishing a meaningful enforcement mechanism within the PABS system would strengthen the WHO’s credibility and its ability to ensure compliance across global health governance. By setting a precedent for accountability, such a mechanism could enhance the organization’s authority not only within the Pandemic Agreement but also in enforcing the revised International Health Regulations and other frameworks for public health emergencies. Conclusion The PABS annex can—and should—be different. It should establish clear responsibilities for funding as well as for sharing the diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that result from contributions to the system. The system, in turn, must include a dedicated body empowered to hold governments and the corporations they sponsor accountable for their responsibilities before, during, and after pandemics. Doing so would restore trust in the broader agreement, which was eroded as commitments were repeatedly diluted while parties scrambled to meet their own self-imposed deadlines during the Pandemic Agreement negotiations. A robust PABS Annex would cement a grand social bargain. Wealthier countries and their corporations would gain unimpeded access to scientific information essential for developing and manufacturing lifesaving medical products. As such, they would stand to gain considerable economic benefit. Yet that privilege must be matched with responsibility. The grand bargain must include not only the right to innovate, but also the duty to ensure that innovation serves all. As medical products are developed and produced through collective contributions, every person must have equal access. All human beings deserve an equitable chance to survive—to save their own life, the lives of their families, and the well-being of their communities. … Sam Halabi, JD, MPhil, is the Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Health and the Director of the Center for Transformational Health Law at Georgetown Law. He serves as the co-lead for the WHO’s Working Group on Regulatory Consideration on AI and Health’s training workstream. He earned his JD from Harvard, his MPhil from Oxford, and undergraduate degrees from Kansas State University. Lawrence Gostin, LLD (Hon.), JD, BA, is University Distinguished Professor and Founding Director and Timothy and Linda O’Neill Professor of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. He is the author of Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future (Harvard University Press, 2021); Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2018); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010). He also directs the WHO Collaborating Center at Georgetown University. Image Credit: United States Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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