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'After the holidays' has arrived: The expert's recommendations for a proper return to routine
The holiday period has ended. Dr. Sigal Mazor, director of the Department of Health Education and Promotion at Clalit, provides a series of recommendations on returning to routine.
French services sector returned to growth for first time since December, PMI shows
France's dominant services sector grew in September for the first time since the end of last year, helped by a rebound in output after businesses had been impacted in August by an intense summer heatwave, a business survey showed on Monday.
OPKO Health (OPK) Sharpens Its Focus, Is It Still A Bargain?
OPKO Health (OPK) has been drawing attention after recent trading moves around its US$1.56 share price, with investors weighing its mixed return profile over the past year against longer term performance trends. For context, OPKO Health’s recent pullback, with a 7 day share price return of down 4.29% and a 30 day share price return of down 4.88% from US$1.56, comes after a stronger 90 day share price return of 4.70% and year to date share price return of 22.83%. The 1 year total shareholder...
Here's the ultimate Blink survival guide, according to the experts
Blink Cincinnati returns Oct. 8-11. Here are the best times to come, what to see, how to get around and other insider tips from festival organizers.
Ashton Jeanty Injury Update: Will Raiders RB Return Against Chiefs?
Las Vegas Raiders running back Ashton Jeanty was knocked out of the game against the Kansas City Chiefs on Sunday. The post Ashton Jeanty Injury Update: Will Raiders RB Return Against Chiefs? appeared first on HEAVY.
Basalt Health Raises $20 Million Series A Led By NEA
Basalt Health has raised $20 million in Series A funding led by returning investor NEA to expand its AI platform for post-acute care admissions. Existing investors Frist Cressey Ventures and 25m Health also participated. The round brings Basalt's total funding to approximately $24.5 million.
Oldtone Music Festival returned to Hillsdale
Oldtone Music Festival drew bands, dancing and workshops at Cool Whisper Farm, celebrating roots music and traditional folkways.
Rashee Rice suffers hamstring injury in Week 4
Chiefs WR Rashee Rice doubtful to return in Week 4 because of injury
Italian Heritage Day returns to Rochester with food, entertainment, and language lessons
The fourth annual Italian Heritage Day returned to the Rochester Public Market.
Melvin Council Jr. Announces His Return to Kansas
Melvin Council Jr. Announces His Return to Kansas
Melvin Council returning to Kansas for 2026-27 season
The Kansas Jayhawks are continuing to reload their roster for the 2026-27 season.
Everything Brewers Fans Must Know About Padres Game 3 Starter
Fresh off a dominant return from injury, right-hander Nick Pivetta brings postseason poise and high-strikeout potential to the mound for San Diego’s critical showdown against Milwaukee.
Ankle injury for Lamar Jackson in Week 4
Ravens QB Lamar Jackson questionable to return because of ankle issue
Jayden Daniels to return to practice this week
Washington Commanders quarterback Jayden Daniels will be a full participant in practice ahead of the Week 5 game
Tejas Fest brings Texas flavor to downtown Victoria
Live music? Check. Fresh street food? Check. Cowboy demonstrations, stilt walkers and Chihuahua races? Check, check and adorably check. The third annual Tejas Fest returned to downtown Victoria this weekend, […]
Puka Nacua expected to handle regular workload
Puka Nacua not expected to have any limitations in return to action
Two kickoff returns for touchdowns help FAU crush Texas Southern
Leonard Farrow returned two kickoffs for touchdowns in the first quarter, one on the opening play of the game, to help the Owls post an easy win in Boca Raton.
Retailers are making returns harder. A carpet seller taught me why that’s a mistake
A standard business practice offsets future costs by funding a reserve for returns – but many small businesses don’t do it
Braves Minor League Recap: Briggs Opens AFL Season
Briggs McKenzie returned to the mound for the first time in three months to kick off the AFL season.
Pre-Snap Reads: Seahawks return home to face Chargers
Let’s get back on track, boys. Please.
Central Texas Soul Fest returns to Temple for fourth annual celebration
The Central Texas Soul Fest will bring Southern Soul, R&B and live entertainment to the MLK Festival grounds on Saturday, Oct. 10, in Temple.
Costa’s coffee shops return to profit with iced drinks and matcha on the menu
Costa Limited reports operating profit of £20m in year to 31 December 2025 after losses of £13.5m in 2024
Blue Jays Handed Clear Offseason Message on Pirates’ Oneil Cruz
After reaching the World Series last year, the Toronto Blue Jays failed to reach the postseason this year. As a result, the Blue Jays’ front office will need to bolster the team if it wants to return to the Fall Classic. Vladimir Guerrero Jr. had an awful 2026 season by his standards, hitting .260 while […] The post Blue Jays Handed Clear Offseason Message on Pirates’ Oneil Cruz appeared first on HEAVY.
Malen completes recovery ahead of Como clash
Malen doesn’t want to stop. Having recovered from the slight knee problem that kept him from playing against the Netherlands, the striker is ready to return to the heart of Roma’s attack against C...
Is Elanco Animal Health (ELAN) Still Undervalued As Its Stock Sits At $22.14?
Elanco Animal Health (ELAN) recently caught investor attention after its latest trading session, with the share price closing at $22.14 even as recent month and past 3 months returns show declines. Zooming out, Elanco Animal Health has a 1-day share price return of 1.70% at $22.14, while the 30-day and 90-day share price returns are down 9.63% and 11.90%, which points to fading short-term momentum even as the 3-year total shareholder return of 131.59% signals a much stronger longer-run...
Is Hims & Hers Health (HIMS) A Bargain After The Fraud Lawsuit Claims?
Hims & Hers Health (HIMS) is back in focus after a proposed securities fraud class action accused the telehealth provider of misleading investors about data sharing practices and prescription billing workflows. Recent price action for Hims & Hers Health has been choppy, with the share price slipping about 1% over the past day and week, climbing 4.7% over the past month, yet falling 24.2% across 90 days. The 1-year total shareholder return is down 44.8%, despite a very large 3-year gain that...
Everything’s the Best: One Week More
With only one week left before club football returns, we ask: how we doin’, Reds?
2026 Saw Breakout Stars and Return of Vintage Sandy
Sandy Alcantara reclaimed his ace status and shattered franchise records, leading a resurgent Miami pitching staff fueled by Max Meyer’s All-Star emergence and Eury Pérez’s dominant growth.
Penguins Cut Veteran Forward Before Home Opener
The Pittsburgh Penguins are back in action on Saturday evening against the Montreal Canadiens, who make their first trip of the season to PPG Paints Arena in downtown Pittsburgh.It marks the return of hockey for the Penguins in front of their home fans for the first time since Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinal […] The post Penguins Cut Veteran Forward Before Home Opener appeared first on HEAVY.
NASCAR Results Tonight: Corey Day Wins Focused Health 302, NASCAR O’Reilly Series Results at Las Vegas
Who won the NASCAR race tonight? The NASCAR O’Reilly Auto Parts Series returned to the track on Saturday night at […]
Kansas candle-making business accused of fraud to get a loan
KANSAS CITY, KAN. – A federal grand jury in Kansas City, Kansas, returned an indictment charging a Kansas woman for allegedly submitting fic
Jake Sanderson Reinjured In Senators’ Season Opener In Toronto
As he did in his only preseason game, Sanderson left early in the Sens' regular season opener in Toronto and did not return.
Renato hails training spell for Grêmio before 'finals'
Grêmio will return to action in the Brasileirão next Wednesday (7), when they visit Remo in a clash between two teams currently in the competition’s bottom four.And coach Renato Gaúcho is countin...
NC GOP leaders to call special session on fuel prices
The Senate and House Republican leaders have not set a date for lawmakers to return to Raleigh.
Ohio State Dominates Iowa In Record-Breaking Fashion
Ohio State returned to Kinnick Stadium for the first time since the 2017 beatdown, and it went significantly better this time around. For as frustrating as all three phases were for the Buckeyes, Ohio State was in control from the jump, only allowing a late touchdown when the game was well in hand. In the …
Retiring Tigers Star Justin Verlander Makes Financial MLB History
The Hall of Fame career for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander came to a close late last month, as he made one final start wearing the Old English D in front of a packed house at Comerica Park. Verlander, who returned to the Tigers last offseason with a one-year contract, announced that the 2026 MLB […] The post Retiring Tigers Star Justin Verlander Makes Financial MLB History appeared first on HEAVY.
Is AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) Fairly Valued As It Reshapes Debt And Governance?
AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) just pushed through a cluster of corporate moves, including board declassification, new debt financing and an equity shelf registration tied to employee stock plans, giving investors fresh governance and capital-structure information to assess. Recent price action suggests traders are reassessing AMC Entertainment Holdings after these capital moves. The 90-day share price return of 46.56% and year-to-date share price return of 72.05% came despite a 1-year...
Kyle Shanahan explains why 49ers keep welcoming back former players
Deebo Samuel, Dre Greenlaw and Dante Pettis all returned to the 49ers after spent at least the past season on other teams.
Predicting Tyrese Haliburton's Statline in Return to Pacers This Season
Taking a look at how Tyrese Haliburton's year will go for the Indiana Pacers this season.
Outsider country star makes wild, unforgettable return to Seattle
The locked-in country star was in a wildman's groove Friday when he played Seattle proper for the first time in years.
New Berlin West cruises past rival New Berlin Eisenhower
New Berlin West capitalized on turnovers and a key punt return to defeat rival New Berlin Eisenhower, 35-14.
Flooding forced traumatic moves to Oʻahu for longterm patients, but health, spirits improve with return to Maui
Some residents of Hale Makamae, the only intermediate care facility for adults with developmental disabilities, are now back at Maui Memorial Medical Center as they await the $65 million renovation and reopening of their longterm facility at Kula Hospital.
The second annual Grand Strand Chef’s Table event returns to Myrtle Beach
The Horry Georgetown Technical College’s International Culinary Institute of Myrtle Beach is ready to host the second annual Grand Strand Chef’s Table event on Friday, Oct. 16.
TST Best Bets: October 3, 2026
Mississippi State gets a chance to show how far it has come Saturday, welcoming No. 7 Alabama to Starkville for a matchup of unbeaten SEC teams. Kamario Taylor has helped turn the No. 16 Bulldogs into an early surprise, but keeping up with the Crimson Tide will be their biggest test yet.Over in the Big Ten, No. 14 Iowa returns home after its dramatic win at Michigan to face No. 6 Ohio State. The Hawkeyes will lean on their defense again, this time trying to slow down Julian Sayin and Jeremiah Sm
Rams’ plan for Puka Nacua revealed ahead of Eagles game
Puka Nacua will return for Los Angeles Rams vs. Philadelphia Eagles, but Los Angeles may limit his workload.
Wisconsin football vs. Michigan State: Live updates, stats, score
Fresh off a ranked win at Penn State, the Wisconsin Badgers return to Madison for homecoming against Michigan State.
Is 'SNL' on tonight? Host, musical guest and how to watch Season 52
Dakota Johnson returns to host 'Saturday Night Live' for the third time, with Turnstile making its debut as musical guest.
Jose Alvarado Assures He Always Wanted to Return to Knicks
Jose Alvarado feels that the Knicks are his home.
U.S. Senate candidate Angie Nixon presses Florida's two senators to protect Haitian TPS holders
Senate Bill 4814, if passed, would extend protections for Haitian nationals who face a forced return amid worsening gang violence, political turbulence, and economic destruction in Haiti. The legislation is stalled in the U.S. Senate.
Live Nation Entertainment (LYV) Stock Stays Hard To Read After Its 93% Run
Live Nation Entertainment has seen its share price advance strongly over the past few years, which naturally puts the focus on whether the current US$168.77 level is supported by what the business can generate in cash. With the stock giving back some ground in recent weeks, the question now is how that recent share move lines up against the value implied by its cash flows. Over the past 3 years the stock has returned 92.9%, which raises the issue of whether the market is now asking investors...
Former Georgia QB returning to cover UGA for first time
Former Georgia Bulldogs quarterback Aaron Murray is returning to UGA for the first time as a member of the media
Badenoch returns to Conservative conference much stronger than a year ago
Approval ratings for Tory leader and her party have crept up as she has asserted her style and authority but big challenges lie ahead
Aaron Sorkin says ‘money does not motivate’ Jesse Eisenberg: ‘It’s infuriating’
Aaron Sorkin says he spent three days trying to convince Jesse Eisenberg to return as Mark Zuckerberg for ‘The Social Reckoning,’ but none of his arguments, including a substantial salary, made an impact on the star.
Could Brewers' Woodruff Return in the 2026 Postseason?
Cleared for mound work, Brandon Woodruff is racing against time to rejoin the Milwaukee Brewers rotation.
Powerhouse Plays
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — The KELOLAND SportsZone returned on Friday night, which also marks the return of Powerhouse Plays. Powerhouse Plays features the top plays and playmakers from each KELOLAND SportsZone. View this week’s Powerhouse Plays in the video player above. Games featured on Power Plays:
Drexel University and the Academy of Natural Sciences may be headed for a split, sources say
Neither the Academy nor Drexel returned calls early Friday evening seeking comment on whether ongoing talks had ended and its outcome.
Apple Confirms AT&T iPhone 18 Pro Max Problems. You Might Need a New Phone
This week's iOS update is intended to prevent this from happening to other phones. If your iPhone 18 Max Pro has already lost service, you'll need to return it for a new one.
Ohtani Cleared Physically for Dodgers Postseason Opener
Despite late-season injury scares, Shohei Ohtani returns to the lineup fully healthy, providing a massive offensive boost as the Los Angeles Dodgers begin the postseason.
Shawn Horcoff Reveals Red Wings’ Reaction to Simon Edvinsson Leaving
Shawn Horcoff says Simon Edvinsson remains a Red Wings priority but admits Detroit did not expect the defenseman to return to Sweden.
Supreme Court returns with high-profile emergency cases
The Supreme Court returns Monday, and the Trump administration is already appealing to the high court to make emergency rulings. Experts don’t see the commander in chief slowing down.
Supreme Court returns with high-profile emergency cases
The Supreme Court returns Monday, and the Trump administration is already appealing to the high court to make emergency rulings. Experts don’t see the commander in chief slowing down.
Health and wellness fair returning to Hartford on Saturday
HARTFORD, Conn. (WTNH) — The 16th annual Ollie M. Williams Community Health and Wellness Fair will be held Saturday in Hartford. The event will offer free resources, health screenings and giveaways…
Trump revisits the scene of his political ascent as Republicans struggle
A month before the midterms, the president is returning to Alabama and other places where his movement remains strongest.
Nico Collins set to play in Week 4
Nico Collins is all set to return to the lineup for the Texans.
Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science And Technology (SEHK:1956) Jumped 7%, Is It Fully Priced?
Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology (SEHK:1956) drew attention after a sharp 7.4% gain in the latest session, a move that contrasts with its weaker performance over the past month and past three months. The sharp move in Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology comes after a tougher stretch, with the share price return down 7.49% over the past month and 22.93% over the past quarter, contributing to a 38.63% year to date share price decline from the current HK$68.55...
BLINK to bring massive changes, new entertainment destination center to Covington for 2026 festival
BLINK returns to Covington this year with a new entertainment destination center, letting visitors explore Madison Avenue, W. Pike Street, Park Place and more with a drink in hand.
Know the Foe: Charlotte
Memphis returns to the gridiron on Saturday for its first conference matchup of the season against Charlotte. The game was originally scheduled for a 2:30 p.m. CT start, but on Thursday, it was announced the game would be moved to 10 a.m. CT due to a threat of inclement weather Saturday afternoon.
P.J. Washington Could Channel Mavs Legend with Bench Move
Coming off a down year, Washington wants to return to the playoff basketball that has defined his time thus far with the Dallas Mavericks.
How culinary school shaped Victoria Monét's return to music
LOS ANGELES — This past spring, while deep in rehearsals for a European stadium tour with Bruno Mars, Victoria Monét would get up early every morning to chop, blend and
Jalen Duren Returns to Pistons Facility, Bickerstaff Reacts
Jalen Duren is back at the Pistons facility, and JB Bickerstaff says he is in great shape. #Pistons
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe
Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs
Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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