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How the Instinct AI agent helped an entrepreneur run his new business
A tech entrepreneur put the Instinct AI agent to work on marketing, operations, shipping, tariffs, and more.
Colts Learn Which Commanders QB They'll Face Sunday
The Washington Commanders have determined who their starting quarterback will be this weekend against the Indianapolis Colts.
Mike Brown’s Knicks preseason plan puts the bench on trial
Mike Brown does not need a preseason game to learn what Jalen Brunson can do. He does need a better […]
A job layoff leads Hispanic family into filling needs in the community with help of the TROY Small Business Development Center
For Gilberto Laines and Jocabet Cortes, entrepreneurship did not begin with a business plan, a loan or even the certainty that they would one day own a business. It began with work.
Gates Gains From Business Strength Amid Persisting Headwinds
GTES sees stronger demand, margin gains and data center growth, but weak agriculture and rising costs remain key headwinds.
Browns winning games because of the “And” needed in football
The Cleveland Browns are 3-1 early in the 2026 season because of the collective. The “we” and the “and” of football
$10M gift helps launch new sports, entertainment, enterprise program
There was just enough room on the oversized check for all the zeroes. Seven of them, marking one of the larger philanthropic commitments in N.C. Wesleyan University's history.
9 things I wish flyers would stop doing on planes; ex-flight attendant
I saw far too many people go to the lavatory barefoot or blast music without headphones.
GLP-1s Show Benefit For Kids With Type 2 Diabetes
By Ernie Mundell HealthDay ReporterFRIDAY, Oct 2, 2026 (HealthDay News) — A real-world study finds GLP-1 medications helped kids, teens and young adults with type 2 diabetes lose weight, as well as improve their blood pressure and blood sugar control. “Our results confirm that GLP-1 receptor ...
New York's gambling tax revenue faces prediction market growth
Online sports betting has generated over a billion in tax revenue for New York, but prediction markets could take a bite out of that.
Downtown church’s history follows Madison’s story for 175 years
Christ Presbyterian Church will celebrate its 175th anniversary this weekend, having survived fires, fought segregation and seen pastors tried for heresy.
Wisconsin tight ends prepare for Michigan State, familiar faces
Emmett Bork and his Badgers teammates are developing a "mess-you-up" mindset and await their next test vs. the Spartans.
Capitol News Illinois | Optimistic data-center report met with criticism
A new study predicts data centers expected to be built in Illinois over the next decade would create thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in property-tax revenue.
Serial side hustler shares how to start making money today
Lucy Zheng has been building side businesses since 2012. Not all of them worked, but each venture provided skills she used to inform the next.
Health Care Workers Are Tired of Cleaning Up Palantir’s Mess
A hospital giant and radiology network turned to Palantir to streamline scheduling, but nurses and other staff say the new software is causing errors, burnout, and frustration.
Swindon's Holloway labels himself dead man walking
Swindon manager Ian Holloway calls himself a "dead man walking" if the team's form does not turn around.
Dear SEC presidents: You're about to ruin college football for a payday
SEC leaders appear ready to expand the College Football Playoff to 24 teams, chasing revenue while risking the sport's best asset: its season.
Open Machine CEO Allie K. Miller discusses using AI in her daily life
Allie K. Miller, the CEO of Open Machine, shares her daily routine, utilizing AI tools for productivity and personal lifestyle optimization.
L.L. Bean, Super G Mart lead wave of Upstate business growth
Here's a round-up of Upstate business news, including when to expect L.L. Bean, Super G Mart, Tractor Supply, Scout's Doughnuts and more to open.
CUDA engineers adapt as AI reshapes Nvidia chip expertise
Engineers who work with CUDA, used for programming Nvidia's chips, are increasingly managing AI coding agents. Demand for CUDA expertise remains high.
How Julia Letlow, Jamie Davis are running for Senate in Louisiana — and how their styles differ
Why are Jamie Davis and Julia Letlow running different types of campaigns for the Senate?
Science and writing SOL pass rates decline in Halifax County
The Virginia Standards of Learning scores are in for the 2025-26 school year.
Ochsner Health doubles the number of operating rooms at Ochsner Medical Complex
Patients across the Baton Rouge region now have greater access to specialized surgical care closer to home following an expansion of the surgical center at Ochsner Medical Complex - The Grove.
Scott's Stumper
The News-Gazette presents “Scott’s Stumper,” a feature by Scott Shaffer that shows zoomed-in photos of various things around Randolph County.
High School Sports Scores
SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (KELO) — Take a look at the various scores from all the high school sports across South Dakota. Volleyball Aberdeen Central 3, Tea Area 0 Mitchell 3, Pierre 0 Lincoln 3, Brookings 2 Sioux Falls Christian 3, Yankton 0 Harrisburg 3, Huron 0 Washington 3, Roosevelt 2 Sturgis Brown 3, Douglas 1 […]
Eric Schmidt said young programmers should become 'architects'
The former Google CEO said today's AI coding tools surpass his skills and free up programmers to be the architects, not the ones who build the house.
Needlepoint shops see surge as Gen Z seeks creative escape
Crafts like knitting and quilting used to be pastimes for gray-haired ladies wiling away the hours, crocheting sweaters for grandchildren or embroidering lacy handkerchiefs. But today, traditional “Granny Crafts” are
Southwest baseball coach Nick Mendez reflects on 25-year career, impact on players
A Hidden Compound in 'Healthy' Plant-Based Foods May Be Fueling Gut Inflammation
You may have never heard of it.
3 Major Takeaways From Start of Phoenix Suns Training Camp
Devin Booker embraces a positionless offensive shift as the Suns prioritize continuity and recalibrated aggression, blending veteran playmaking with fresh faces to spark a pursuit for a higher ceiling.
Business Briefly
Business-related news and events in Skagit County
Boston Mayor Wu endorses Gov. Maura Healey after past snub
BOSTON — Boston Mayor Michelle Wu endorsed Gov. Maura Healey after hedging just a few months ago on whether she would back the Democratic governor’s bid for a second term.
UC San Diego Health Doctors Earn Top Honors in Peer Recognition Survey
More than 115 UC San Diego Health physicians celebrated as the best on the annual San Diego Magazine Top Docs peer rankings.
Big Pride Littleton returns for third installment
While spooky season has begun, and many parts of town are decked with ghosts and skeletons, Main Street will don rainbows on Oct. 10 — to celebrate the third Big
Oregon Students Edge Up in Math, Science and English Proficiency but Still Lag Far Behind Scores of a Decade Ago
Oregon’s public school assessments for math, science and English language arts edged up for the second year in a row.
Many lawfully present immigrants in Georgia to lose health insurance under 'One Big Beautiful Bill' law H.R. 1
At least 2,213 lawfully present immigrant Georgians may lose access to Medicaid coverage as soon as this month. The state continues to work through Medicaid eligibility reviews as new federal immigrant restrictions roll out, a spokesperson for the Dept. of Human Services said.
Jonathan Taylor upgraded for full practice
Colts RB Jonathan Taylor takes part in practice Thursday after a limited practice
Real Madrid boss Mourinho labels Cristiano Ronaldo comments ‘fake’
Real Madrid head coach José Mourinho has moved to distance himself from any and all comments regarding the situation of Cristiano Ronaldo at present.This of course comes amid a controversy-filled las...
Jim Carrey marries girlfriend Min Ah in Los Angeles
LOS ANGELES — Jim Carrey and Min Ah have entered a new chapter of their lives together: marriage. The "Sonic the Hedgehog" and "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" actor
Logan Museum to host Mary's Attic Sale
MURPHYSBORO — The General John A. Logan Museum will host Mary’s Attic Sale from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Friday and Saturday, Oct. 2 and 3, inside the museum for
Manitowoc, Sheboygan Week 7 high school football scores, live updates
A live look at Week 7 high school football scores from around the Manitowoc and Sheboygan areas.
‘Verity’ review: This Anne Hathaway movie’s inert from the get-go
Anne Hathaway does her best to liven up this inert movie based on a Colleen Hoover bestseller.
Ten bucks says you’ll love this community science project
Today marks the first day of Rut Watch 2026 With another season of Deer Spy in the books thanks to community scientists like you, biologists are now on a mission to pinpoint the peak of the white-tailed deer breeding season in Maine. Every observation of deer breeding behavior and sign helps define the timing of the rut, and this project uses the power of community science to collect deer data all fall long. Hunters, hikers, and wildlife watchers - Rut Watch pairs well with any outdoor adventure you have planned this season. It’s a perfect excuse to slow down and connect with nature as you look for clues. So get outside, rack up that deer data and submit rut reports from now through December 1. The online form is science made simple: Location Date and time Breeding behavior observed Submit a Rut Report What to watch for Active Breeding The most obvious breeding behavior to observe is a buck mounting a doe, but that is a rare sight as it only lasts a moment. You are more likely to witness a buck “tending” a doe, following closely, chasing, nuzzling, or pawing at her rump until she is receptive. Sparring After bucks shed their velvet, sparring helps sort out who is who in the dominance hierarchy. Early season matches are often less intense than later season matches between similar sized bucks. Most sparring is complete by the time breeding begins. Rubs Don’t just look for deer, pay attention to the trees. Rubs are marks made by bucks when they rub their antlers on trees, removing bark and leaving their scent calling card in the process. Scrapes Look to the forest floor for this sign of breeding season behavior. Scrapes consist of two parts - a licking branch, and a patch of cleared earth. Bucks break a low branch around head height, then paw at the leaves below to expose the dirt. Covered in scent, a scrape tells does and other bucks, “I’m here!” Learn More More information What’s next for deer community science: Northern Maine Wintering Deer Survey Other active community science projects: Fish Tag Reporting Maine Golden Eagle Study Maine Amphibian & Reptile Atlas Project Maine Deer Management: Maine’s Big Game Management Plan Game Species Conservation & Management Report The Benefits of Hunting: Supporting Wildlife, Conservation, and Community Subscribe Share Leave a comment
Rafael Stone Saw the Rockets Problem and Actually Addressed It
By acquiring Marcus Smart and Bogdan Bogdanović, Houston injects veteran playmaking and shooting into Ime Udoka’s defensive system to fix a stagnant offense without sacrificing their grit.
10 things to do around the Seattle area this weekend
From wacky pizza combos to a handmade sculpture race, here are the latest local things to do around the Seattle area.
What to stream in October 2026: ‘East of Eden,’ ‘VisionQuest,’ ‘Carrie’
Here's what's coming to Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, HBO Max, Prime Video, Peacock, Paramount+ and other streaming services in October.
Macklemore announces his ‘Free Palestine’ tour dates sold out
Rapper Macklemore is thrilled that the “Free Palestine” tour he launched after being booted from Ed Sheeran’s lineup has sold out its upcoming shows overseas. “I’m honestly blown away. We
Navy All-American Bowl to recognize Jalanie George
The Navy All-American Bowl Road to the Dome tour will visit Desert Edge High School in Goodyear, Arizona, on October 2nd to recognize Jalanie George as a 2027 Navy All-American.
Rapper Rick Ross charged with battery after domestic violence accusation
MIAMI BEACH, Fla. — Rapper Rick Ross was arrested in Miami Beach early Thursday and charged with battery related to a domestic violence accusation, authorities said.
Hot Ticket: BBQ, brews and big country hits highlight the weekend
Village Fair: Country music, barbecue and 70 years of tradition come together this weekend as the League City Music Festival & BBQ Cookoff, also known as the annual Village Fair,
NC Chamber Announces ‘Coolest Things’ for the Year
Coinciding with National Manufacturing Day, the NC Chamber announced winners of this year’s “Coolest Thing Made in NC” competition.
Marion retailer Purple Wagon a finalist in statewide contest
Longtime Uptown Marion retailer The Purple Wagon is one of five businesses from across the state in the running to receive up to $25,000 in Main Street Iowa’s Open 4
USDA invests $12.7M through Dairy Business Innovation Initiatives
Funding supports regional initiatives that provide technical assistance and subawards to businesses working to bolster the dairy supply chain.
Former Disney CEO Bob Chapek's advice to Josh D'Amaro: avoid politics
Bob Chapek backs current top Disney executive Josh D'Amaro, saying his promotion was "appropriate," and offered some advice.
Why Trump's crypto business wants to become a bank
Elizabeth Warren decries the first family's latest crypto play as a "clear conflict of interest and corruption."
Taft ISD hosts Math, Science STEM family night
Taft ISD students recently received the chance to show off their Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) skills during a family night and book fair at the district’s Woodroe Petty
Rapper Rick Ross charged with battery after domestic violence accusation
Authorities say rapper Rick Ross was arrested early Thursday in Miami Beach and charged with battery related to a domestic violence accusation. Online court records show Ross, whose legal name
Rapper Rick Ross charged with battery after domestic violence accusation
Authorities say rapper Rick Ross was arrested early Thursday in Miami Beach and charged with battery related to a domestic violence accusation. Online court records show Ross, whose legal name
Blocktober Party to kick off Halloween in Denton rescheduled
The Blocktober Party and Pumpkin Drop, the annual kick-off event for 31 Days of Denton Halloween, has been rescheduled for Oct. 8 due to inclement weather.
Chad Lowe’s 13-year-old daughter died in the hospital, new details reveal
Chad Lowe and wife Kim Painter confirmed on Sept. 29 that their 13-year-old daughter, Fiona, had died. The couple is also parents to Mabel, 17, and Nixie, 10.
Walmart lighting up new feature for shoppers on digital price tags
Walmart shoppers can now use the app to activate a flashing light on electronic price tags to help locate an item on a shelf.
Henrico Business Watch: Business license filings Sept. 24-30, 2026
Henrico County reported the following business license filings with start dates during the week. The filings are listed alphabetically by business or trade name, followed by a registered address and business industry classification. Better Health Psychiatry PLLC, 8206 Reinland Drive, Henrico – Nurse and personal care. C Squared Creations LLC, 5407
A high-stakes fight for state political power heats up, with Trump's agenda on the line
Party control of state governments can shape policies on contentious issues including abortion, school choice, data centers and the use of law-enforcement surveillance cameras.
Rapper Rick Ross charged with battery after domestic violence accusation
Authorities say rapper Rick Ross was arrested early Thursday in Miami Beach and charged with battery related to a domestic violence accusation. Online court records show Ross, whose legal name
Rapper Rick Ross charged with battery after domestic violence accusation
Authorities say rapper Rick Ross was arrested early Thursday in Miami Beach and charged with battery related to a domestic violence accusation. Online court records show Ross, whose legal name
Kid Rock launches Christian era with new single 'James 1:17'
DETROIT — Kid Rock has launched his new Christian era. Overnight on Thursday, the Detroit rocker released his new single, the praise-heavy "James 1:17 (Jesus is King)," to streaming services.
Josephine Vaccarello Named President of MSG Entertainment
MSG Entertainment has promoted Josephine Vaccarello to President, after previously serving as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Live. She will now additionally oversee the Company’s entertainment and sports bookings as well the productions business.
PepsiCo, Monster challenge India 'energy drink' label ban citing business impact
PepsiCo and Monster Beverage have sued India's food regulator for banning their use of the "energy drink" label, non-public court filings show, escalating a regulatory fight that has jolted a sector expected to be worth $1.6 billion by 2028.
Could GTA VI bring back casinos?
Bodog reports that while GTA VI hints at potential gambling elements, no confirmation for a full casino has been made ahead of its November 2026 release.
Could GTA VI bring back casinos?
Bodog reports that while GTA VI hints at potential gambling elements, no confirmation for a full casino has been made ahead of its November 2026 release.
Beatles uncover hidden John Lennon song in archives. What is it?
There is no such thing as a final Beatles song.
Ana Navarro reacts to question about supposed rift with ‘View’ cohost Alyssa Farah Griffin (exclusive)
‘The View’ star Ana Navarro reacted to a question about a supposed rift with cohost Alyssa Farah Griffin, a former Trump staffer whom Navarro isn’t following on Instagram and has clashed with on air.
‘Digger’ review: Climate change satire will leave you feeling cold
Sometimes, a wildly talented and imaginative artist can make a film that leaves you entirely cold, worn out by the in-your-face-ness of it all. Such is the case with “Digger,”
Wisconsin native Bradley Whitford honored with Hollywood Walk of Fame star
MADISON (WKOW) -- Emmy Award-winning actor Bradley Whitford was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Wednesday.
Wisconsin native Bradley Whitford honored with Hollywood Walk of Fame star
MADISON (WKOW) -- Emmy Award-winning actor Bradley Whitford was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Wednesday.
Sea change: WildFin aims to improve fish behavior analysis in the wild
A doctoral student and a team of Cornell researchers and colleagues created WildFin, a data set composed of nine hours of video that they labeled frame-by-frame with fish behaviors.
Monthly Strum Club & Potluck Returns To York House Oct. 6
LYNDON — Catamount Arts announces the return of the monthly Strum Club to York Street Meeting House, beginning Tuesday, Oct. 6. The community is invited to a potluck at 5:30
Supreme Court to review key part of Trump’s immigration policy
(CNN) — The Supreme Court agreed Thursday to review President Donald Trump’s policy of imposing mandatory detention without bond hearings for people who entered the country illegally, taking up one
Ed Sheeran Told U2 He Didn't Want to Get Political on Ukraine Song
Ed Sheeran collaborated with U2 on the song 'Yours Eternally,' but he told Bono that he didn't want to get political on the track about Ukraine war.
‘Uncertain Empire’: Historian considers post-World War I shifts that shaped Jewish futures
Historian Elizabeth E. Imber’s award-winning book, considers the shifting post-World War I political dynamics — including the uncertain fate of British imperialism — that shaped Jewish futures.
Health Expo ’26 returns with free screenings, new colon health station
Organizers of Health Expo ’26 are urging community members to get proactive about their colon health.
As private equity, politics and prediction markets reshape sports, is the press box up to the task?
Sports journalism has sometimes been called the ‘toy department,’ since it was known for less serious reporting. But the sports page has an opportunity to take on a real watchdog
Walmart is using light-up digital shelf labels to help shoppers and employees find items
Walmart is rolling out a light-up shelf label feature connected to its app to help customers better find the items they're looking for.
‘Gears of War: E-Day’ review: Prequel leans into horror, successfully
It’s as if the “Gears” characters were dropped into a “Resident Evil” game — and it works far more often than it doesn’t, writes our reviewer.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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Vietnam Pandora Jewelry
A model holds up a bracelet charm with trinkets of Vietnamese map and flags at the Pandora factory in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, Wednesday, Sept.30, 2026. (AP Photo/Hau Dinh)
Vietnam Pandora Jewelry
Pandora CEO Berta de Pablos-Barbier, right, speaks with Danish Ambassador to Vietnam Lina Gandlose Hansen as they visit the factory in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, Thursday, Oct.1, 2026. (AP
Vietnam Pandora Jewelry
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