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Saints plan UK-first memorial wall for fans' ashes
The wall could be built this summer at Northampton Saints' ground, subject to planning permission.
Federal judge upholds North Carolina photo voter ID mandate in win for GOP lawmakers
North Carolina’s photo voter identification law was upheld on Thursday, as a federal judge set aside arguments by civil rights groups that Republicans enacted the requirement with discriminatory intent against Black and Latino voters.
Dr. Terri Yarbrough Green launches Congressional campaign - Talk Business & Politics
U.S. Rep. Rick Crawford, R-Jonesboro, will have an opponent in the general election this fall. Democratic candidate Dr. Terri Yarbrough Green officially launched her campaign in Northeast Arkansas. The Paragould...
United Healthcare, ECU Health pause contract talks as price dispute puts coverage in focus
Discussions around healthcare could impact people across Eastern North Carolina,United Healthcare and ECU Health have paused negotiations on a new contract and
Barnes & Noble will open store at Toco Hills shopping center
Barnes & Noble will open in the former Westside Market space. Developer EDENS owns the Toco Hills shopping center and is also currently redeveloping the former North DeKalb Mall space into a mixed-use project.
North Carolina’s photo voter ID mandate can continue as a judge upholds the law
A federal judge has upheld North Carolina's photo voter ID law, rejecting claims by civil rights groups that discrimination against Black and Latino voters warrants striking it down.
Jeremy Melander joins Essentia Health-32nd Avenue Clinic to practice orthopedic surgery
The Essentia Health-32nd Avenue Clinic is excited to welcome Jeremy Melander, an advanced practice registered nurse and certified nurse practitioner in orthopedic surgery.
Why we're seeing coyotes in suburban North Texas
Coyotes have expanded their range across the U.S. and now thrive in cities like Dallas, where food, shelter and human habits shape their behavior.
Zone 2, 3, 4? What do heart rate zones mean for your health?
If you’re not an athlete or training to be one, how do you know how much time you need to spend in each zone to maintain optimal health?
Federal ruling on UF case deals blow to state law limiting faculty dispute appeals
Court filings showed multiple professors were denied arbitration after challenging terminations and performance reviews under the law.
As sports betting booms in North Carolina, so do gambling problems
Two years after North Carolina legalized mobile sports betting, counselors say they are seeing the fallout: drained bank accounts, strained relationships and young people — especially young men — spiraling into anxiety and depression after losing more than they can afford.
UNCW to host free STEM expo focused on marine science
The UNCW STEM Expo will feature hands-on activities focused on North Carolina’s coast and marine environments.
North Carolina coaching search: Billy Donovan, Tommy Lloyd and other top candidates address UNC job
The blue blood opening in Chapel Hill has created serious buzz in the college basketball coaching world
Bleecker Street’s Crosswalk & LD Entertainment Acquire West End Live Version Of ‘Hadestown’
Bleecker Street’s event cinema division Crosswalk has teamed with LD Entertainment to acquire North American and English-speaking territories for the West End live theater-shot Tony Award-winning hit ...
Cone Health Unveils Healing Art at The Resurgent
"Carolina Folks" at The Resurgent is by North Carolina born artist Ransome.
Two Northside leaders named 2026 Health Care Champions
Lynn Jackson, president and CEO of Northside Hospital Forsyth, was named Health Care Executive of the Year, and Christine Bree Becker, lead nurse practitioner for the Maternal Heart Health Clinic at the Northside Hospital Heart Institute, was named Innovator of the Year in Women’s Health at an awards ceremony on March 19.
Entertainment this week: Luggi Foeger, Broken Compass and more!
Friday, March 27 Broken Compass Bluegrass Band w/ Tba – 8 p.m., Crystal Bay Casino, 14 Highway 28. For more information, visit https://devildogshows.com/event/broken-compass-bluegrass-band-w-tba/ or call (775) 833-6333. Comedy Night – 8 p.m., SCERA, 760 North...
Is Nutrafol Men 50+ worth it? What to know about the hair supplement
Nutrafol Men 50+ is designed to support hair health for men over 50. Here’s what to know about the formula, ingredients and how it fits into a routine.
Rock Island Entertainment Venue Nominated In USA Today 10 Best Poll
WOC Newstalk 1420 is the Quad Cities place to talk! WOC is also the Quad Cities home for Iowa sports with a full slate of Iowa football and basketball games.
Weekly Entertainment Report for Southern NH, March 26-29: Live music and lively arts
Live music and the lively arts connects us to the human experience. Go forth and enjoy what is waiting for you.
The hunt for the next UNC men's basketball coach begins
Davis' handling of key moments in games and the era of NIL contributed to the change at the University of North Carolina.
Northwestern hires Princeton's Carla Berube as women's basketball coach
Carla Berube won 83.5% of her games at Princeton and went to five consecutive NCAA Tournaments. Now, she'll rebuild in the Big Ten at Northwestern.
Quantum science outreach program sees Golden State expansion
Since its creation in 2022, SparCQS has introduced thousands of individuals to the not-so-small world of quantum science. Housed within the Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Access (¡MIRA!), the workforce development initiative, whose name is an acronym for Sparking Curiosity in Quantum Science, delivers a trailer’s worth of colorful, approachable quantum science demonstrations to K-12…
Lana Condor talks ‘Pretty Lethal,’ Pacific Northwest-set ‘Whodunnit’
Lana Condor gets to utilize her dance skills in the action thriller "Pretty Lethal," which is now streaming on Prime Video.
North Bay athletes of the week: Top performers in prep sports around region
Did you catch these standout performances?
Cable TV channels for Seattle Mariners games are set
Seattle Mariners games this season will continue to have a home on local cable, with specific channels now set for their broadcasts.
Samsung price hikes on Galaxy A37, A57 start at $449, make Pixel 10a worth a look
Samsung just announced its new mid-range Galaxy A37 and Galaxy A57 phones and they’re coming to the US, but with...
Glyphosate: A story of science, risk, and nuance
In the summer of 2014, a California groundskeeper named Dewayne Johnson started noticing patches of raw, weeping skin spreading across his body. He had spent years applying Roundup, Monsanto’s glyphosate-based herbicide, for a school district, sometimes drenched in it when equipment malfunctioned. By 2014, he had a diagnosis: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In 2018, a jury awarded him $289 million in damages, later reduced on appeal. Tens of thousands of lawsuits followed. The story hasn’t quieted down. It’s all over the internet, swinging between “this will kill you, buy organic” and “relax, you’re fear-mongering.” Some of that recent chatter stems from an Executive Order protecting glyphosate and its production, which set off intense infighting within the MAHA movement. Some of it reflects a deeper truth: Americans genuinely care about harmful chemicals in their environment (see poll below). And the conversation isn’t going anywhere, with a Supreme Court case involving Monsanto set for this April. Glyphosate (the active ingredient in Roundup) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. But does glyphosate cause cancer? And how much exposure is actually risky? With so much mistrust in institutions and corporations (and some genuine conflicts of interest), making sense of the actual scientific evidence is genuinely hard. Here is a translation of what the scientific evidence actually says. Does glyphosate cause harm? Glyphosate is an herbicide that kills most plants it contacts rather than targeting specific species. It works by blocking an enzyme pathway (EPSPS) that plants and many microorganisms need to produce essential amino acids. Without those amino acids, the plant can’t grow and dies. Glyphosate was first developed by Monsanto in the 1970s and became ubiquitous after the company introduced “Roundup Ready” crops in the 1990s. In 2024, Bayer removed glyphosate from residential Roundup-branded products due to litigation pressure. But today it is still the most widely used herbicide in the world. Farmers also discovered they could spray it directly on crops like oats, lentils, beans, and peas just before harvest to dry them out faster and make harvesting easier. Because of its widespread use, it’s obviously really important to understand if it’s harmful to humans. The key principle: The dose makes the poison The most important concept in toxicology is that “the dose makes the poison.” Sixteenth-century physician Paracelsus articulated what remains the foundational principle of toxicology: sola dosis facit venenum. Water will kill you if you drink enough of it. Aspirin saves lives at 81 milligrams and causes internal bleeding at higher chronic doses. So, at what dose is glyphosate poisonous? The LD50 in rats (the dose that kills half the test animals) is around 5,600 mg/kg body weight. Table salt is roughly 3,000 mg/kg. By that classic measure, glyphosate is less acutely toxic than salt. But some people are exposed to a lot of glyphosate through their work. And among the general public, there are many questions about low-dose, cumulative exposure from multiple sources over long periods. Does glyphosate cause health problems? Cancer Correlation maps are striking, with one analysis finding that 60% of counties that spray the most glyphosate have non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma rates above the national average. But correlation alone doesn’t establish cause, which is why animal and human studies matter. In animals: Rat studies are typically what most fear is rooted in, but most people don’t know the study details on the dosage given to rats. A pooled analysis of the 13 most rigorous rat studies found evidence that very high doses, around 55,000 times greater than typical food residue exposure, can cause certain cancers. In humans: One of the strongest studies followed 55,000 herbicide users over 20 years and found no overall increased cancer risk. There was one signal: among those with the highest use, rates of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) appeared elevated. A broader meta-analysis of 18 human studies also found no overall cancer risk, though a separate meta-analysis focused specifically on non-Hodgkin lymphoma found that people with high cumulative glyphosate exposure faced a 41% higher relative risk compared to those with low or no exposure. These human studies are observational studies (randomized controlled trials would be unethical), and meta-analyses are only as reliable as the studies they pool. But the story seems consistent: at very high exposure levels, there may be some cancer risk. But that’s about as far as the science currently takes us. Emerging research: gut and reproductive health Gut: Because glyphosate targets a pathway that exists in some gut bacteria, scientists have questioned whether it could affect the microbiome. In mice, a 2023 University of Iowa study found that glyphosate altered gut bacterial composition and raised markers of intestinal inflammation. A 2024 systematic review found similar patterns: disrupted gut bacteria and problems with the mucus layer that protects the intestinal wall in mice. Whether this translates to humans is an open question. The human gut is highly variable and resistant, and we don't yet have strong studies confirming the same effects in people. Reproductive health: Animal studies have found that glyphosate-based herbicides can interfere with reproductive hormones, including disrupting egg cell development in mice and reducing the number of eggs available in sheep’s ovaries. However, the doses used in these experiments were high, so it’s not yet clear whether the same effects would occur in humans. On the human side, a 2021 pilot study led by Mount Sinai researchers tested urine samples from pregnant women across the U.S. and found glyphosate in 95% of them. The study also found a possible connection between higher glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and a subtle physical difference measured in female newborns. That said, some connections weren’t statistically reliable and this was a small study. The researchers themselves said more and larger studies are needed before drawing firm conclusions. What do regulators say about glyphosate safety? In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A). The classification is worth taking seriously. But, there’s an important distinction: IARC classifies hazard, meaning the potential to cause harm under some conditions. It does not assess risk, which accounts for actual exposure levels and the real-world probability of harm. The U.S. EPA, the European Food Safety Authority, Health Canada, and regulatory agencies in Australia and Japan have all concluded that glyphosate is “unlikely to be carcinogenic to humans” at realistic exposure levels. They’re asking a different question: given how much of this people actually encounter, what is the probability of harm? Your actual exposure is what determines your actual risk. What does glyphosate mean for your daily life? At the grocery store: Food residues are small. The EPA’s acceptable daily intake is 1.75 mg/kg of body weight per day. To hit that threshold from oatmeal alone, a 150-pound adult would need to eat roughly 50 pounds of oats every day. But this calculation addresses only one pathway (food), and we don’t yet have robust tools to measure people’s actual total exposure. If reducing exposure matters to you, organic certification prohibits synthetic herbicides, and organic oat products generally test at lower or undetectable levels. Either way, a diet rich in whole grains, conventional or organic, is far better for your health than one that omits them out of fear of residues. On the farm: Occupational exposure is orders of magnitude higher than consumer exposure. Farmers and farm workers who mix, load, and apply glyphosate-based herbicides, especially without protective equipment, face meaningfully different risk profiles. Proper PPE isn’t optional. Integrated weed management strategies that rotate chemical modes of action are also worth taking seriously, both for health and for long-term effectiveness. If you live near a farm: Spray drift is real. Concentrations near field edges can spike during and after application, particularly on windy days. This is an area where I think public health could really step up and empower rural communities with buffer zones, rather than placing the onus on individuals. But for now, knowing your local agricultural calendar and keeping windows closed during application are the first steps. Bottom line Dewayne Johnson was exposed to glyphosate at levels most people will never encounter, and a jury decided he deserved compensation. That outcome is not evidence that the oatmeal in your pantry is dangerous. But it is a reminder that the dose, the context, and the person doing the exposing all matter enormously. Glyphosate is a chemical tool with benefits, trade-offs, and genuine open scientific questions. Learning to hold that complexity without collapsing into panic or dismissal is, honestly, one of the most useful and hardest things to do in navigating modern health science. Love, YLE Your Local Epidemiologist (YLE) is founded and operated by Dr. Katelyn Jetelina, MPH PhD—an epidemiologist, wife, and mom of two little girls. Hannah Totte, MPH, is an epidemiologist and YLE Community Manager. YLE reaches more than 425,000 people in over 132 countries with one goal: “Translate” the ever-evolving public health science so that people will be well-equipped to make evidence-based decisions. This newsletter is free to everyone, thanks to the generous support of fellow YLE community members. To support the effort, subscribe or upgrade below: Subscribe
Vandalia Health restructuring, eliminating north/south regions; Goldberg out
Changes come with President and CEO David Ramsey set to retire and anticipated impact from Medicaid changes.
Shark scientists gather in Newport for the Northeast Pacific Shark Symposium
Shark scientists gathered at Oregon State University's Glady Valley Marine Science Building on the Hatfield campus in Newport to share research about shark species found on the west coast at the Northeast Pacific Shark Symposium.
Mike Tirico and Cris Collinsworth Earn 2026 Sports Emmy Noms
NBC Sports’ Mike Tirico has been nominated for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Sports Personality – Play-by-Play category, alongside fellow nominees Joe Buck, Joe Davis, Ian Eagle and Jim Nantz. Tirico’s “Sunday Night Football” commentary partner, Cris Collinsworth, is up for the Event Analyst Emmy!
Brad Stevens quickly removes himself from consideration in North Carolina's coaching search
Not even one of the three best jobs in college basketball is moving Stevens out of Boston
Player availability report, presented by Orlando Health Orlando Health Jewett Orthopedic Institute: Orlando Pride at Chicago Stars
Here is this week's player availability report, presented by Orlando Health Jewett Orthopedic Institute, for Friday's home match at Chicago Stars
Birthday boy is Bach!
Blue Hill Bach will celebrate Early Music Month with an “intimate chamber baroque” concert honoring Johann Sebastian Bach’s 341st birthday at St. Francis by the Sea Episcopal Church on Friday,
Lake Lure, Chimney Rock businesses expect visitor boost when U.S. 64 reopens
Officials with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) will soon reopen a major stretch of U.S. 64.
Democracy Depends on Science—So Scientists Need to Show Up for Democracy
A shared commitment to facts and knowledge, produced independently from political interference, is critical to democracy—and worth fighting to protect.
Top Republican in North Carolina Senate concedes race decided by 23 votes
North Carolina Republican Senate leader Phil Berger, endorsed by President Donald Trump, conceded the GOP primary race to Sheriff Sam Page after a second recount.
Entertainment calendar
Please email entertainment listings to entertainment518@digitalfirstmedia.com. Thursday, March 26, 2026 THE EGG: 1 Empire State Plaza, Albany. Firebird, 7pm. www.theegg.org CAPITAL REPERTORY THEATRE: 251 North Pearl St., Albany. …
Newcastle should resist any calls for change
The biggest game of the weekend was Newcastle v Sunderland - well, it was in the north east, anyway. For all the passion, and there was plenty on show, as well as the usual late drama, in the end it was Sunderland winning to go 11th leaving their neighbours down in 12th. For Sunderland it is still a fine season as a promoted side, but for Newcastle this is disappointing mid-table mediocrity following defeat in the semi-final of the Carabao Cup against Manchester City and in the Champions League against Barcelona.
How to stream all Yankees games in 2026 if you don't have cable TV
Here's how to watch all New York Yankees games during the 2026 season.
Imaging manufacturer Guerbet faces financial challenges following recent FDA warning
Regulators recently scolded the France-based pharmaceutical firm for safety issues that occurred at its plant in Raleigh, North Carolina, which produces imaging contrast agents.
After North Carolina's split with Hubert Davis, here are 6 candidates to replace him
UNC is a primo job, so the school won't have trouble finding suitors. But the right fit will be tricky.
Hubert Davis out as North Carolina men's basketball coach after five seasons
North Carolina fired men’s basketball coach Hubert Davis after five seasons during which the Tar Heels won but not at the consistent level of the program’s storied history.
Cordova students will compete in Alaska Science Olympiad
Students will be traveling from Cordova, Keni, Minto, Nome, Palmer, Seldovia and Utqiagvik to compete with counterparts in the Fairbanks North Star Borough.
Hubert Davis out as UNC coach after five years, ushering in historic break from Carolina family tradition
A stunning NCAA Tournament collapse, eroding donor support and mounting internal pressure culminated in North Carolina cutting ties, a move that breaks the program's 70-year coaching lineage
At Baklava Bakery & Coffee, a family business evolves with a new generation
One year after opening, the Arlington cafe extends a 20-year bakery operation while sons help shape its coffee program for future growth.
Trump-endorsed North Carolina state Senate leader loses by 23 votes
Phil Berger conceded the race to Rockingham County Sheriff Sam Page.
Republican Phil Berger, one of North Carolina’s most powerful politicians, concedes state Senate race
North Carolina State Senate leader Phil Berger on Tuesday conceded his primary race to Rockingham County Sheriff Sam Page, a political earthquake that took down arguably the most powerful politician in a pivotal swing state.
Paul George ready to be 'the focal guy' for shorthanded 76ers upon return from suspension
George apologized Tuesday for his failed drug test and how it affected his team's momentum
7 new children’s and young adult books by local authors
The Northwest is home to a vibrant community of children’s and young adult authors. Celebrate early reading with these recommendations.
‘R U OK?’ Day bringing awareness to mental health resources in Pitt County
One county in eastern North Carolina is using that question to encourage greater awareness of mental health resources.
'Sports Illustrated Swimsuit' Teases Sexy New Photo Shoots with Bethenny Frankel, Ilona Maher and More
'Sports Illustrated Swimsuit' teased its forthcoming 2026 issue featuring a mix of newcomers, as well as fan-favorite veterans.
NEA Business Notes: RightFiber expands into North Texas - Talk Business & Politics
Jonesboro-based RightFiber is expanding its 100% fiber optic internet with a more than $50 million investment in north Texas. RightFiber brings speeds up to 5 gigabytes to homes and up...
A $25 minimum wage in D.C. could shift business to N. Va., restaurant association says
A $25 minimum wage proposal in D.C. could push some restaurant workers into Northern Virginia in the short term and, in the long term, potentially drive businesses to relocate as well, the head of the region's restaurant association says. The Restaurant Association Metropolitan Washington -- an outspoken opponent of D.C.'s Initiative 82, which sought to phase
I Tried Some Games With Nvidia's DLSS 5. It's Controversial, Yes, But Also an Eyeful
Is Nvidia's forthcoming DLSS 5, shown last week at GTC 2026, a game-ethics question mark? Is it spectacular? Yes and yes.
Salamander Migration Has New Citizen Science Component
Each spring, blue-spotted salamanders emerge from their underground burrows at Presque Isle Park in Marquette and venture across the road to lay their eggs. Northern Michigan University students have been involved in conservation, data collection and public education efforts for this annual event, but this year, the general public is invited to play a more active role in salamander migration research. Northern Michigan University Biology Department Head Jill Leonard encourages community members to participate in the Marquette Citizen Science Project.
Arlington's Westover Taco Will Be Home to Northern Virginia's First Women’s Sports Bar
Restaurateur Sarah White is converting Arlington's Westover Taco into Northern Virginia's first ever women's sports bar.
Wind Turbines Once Had One Job: Generate Power. Now Engineers Want Their Towers to Do Something Modern Life Cannot Run Without
Deep in the North Sea, a strange new AI infrastructure plan is taking shape inside offshore wind turbines.
Mercedes-AMG Reveals Prototype For Forthcoming New GT3
Mercedes-AMG Reveals Prototype For Forthcoming New GT3
Old Wisdom, New Science, and the Tools of Tomorrow
How can firefighters navigate between the hard-earned practical wisdom of the past and modern technological developments? Scott Guillerault says fire research may point the way.
Tropical Cyclone Narelle Crosses Australia
The powerful storm lashed the northern edge of the continent with damaging winds and drenching rain as it made landfall multiple times.
Scientists found a rhino in the Arctic and it changes everything
Scientists have uncovered a new species of rhinoceros in the Canadian High Arctic, revealing that rhinos once lived far farther north than expected. The fossil, dating back 23 million years, is unusually complete and has helped reshape ideas about how these animals migrated between continents. Evidence suggests rhinos crossed from Europe to North America more recently than scientists once thought.
Ben White called up for England: Why Real Madrid's Trent Alexander-Arnold continues to be frozen out
Manager Thomas Tuchel has one of the most skilled right-backs in the world to call upon, but hasn't figured out a way to make him worth it
Kraken owners take step toward a Seattle Sonics NBA team
Seattle Kraken ownership has launched a parent brand, One Roof Sports and Entertainment, that could include owning an NBA expansion Seattle Sonics team.
NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi | North Central Bronx Brings Novel Minimally Invasive Vascular Surgery Procedures to the Bronx - NYC Health + Hospitals
NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi | North Central Bronx today announced it has begun offering two types of minimally invasive surgical procedures that were
Seattle Sports This Week: TV and radio for March 23-29
A look at the broadcast schedule for March 16-22 on Seattle Sports 710 AM and the Seattle Sports app, as well as local sports teams on TV.
AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc. (AMC) Is a Trending Stock: Facts to Know Before Betting on It
Zacks.com users have recently been watching AMC Entertainment (AMC) quite a bit. Thus, it is worth knowing the facts that could determine the stock's prospects.
Add this one line to your AI prompts for faster, better answers
This handy prompt add-on can save you from tedious back-and-forths with your AI.
Benjamin Logan students shine at Regional Science Day competition
Benjamin Logan students had a strong showing at the Ohio Academy of Science Regional Science Day at Ohio Northern University. Competing against top students from […]
Ballard set to miss Northern Ireland's Italy play-off
Dan Ballard is set to miss Northern Ireland's crucial World Cup play-off semi-final against Italy on Thursday because of a hamstring injury.
Four Jewish ambulances set on fire in London in what health secretary calls 'sickening' attack
The attack on the Jewish Community Ambulance service in north London is being treated as an "antisemitic hate crime", the Metropolitan Police says.
Costco Expands Member Offerings With Fertility Care And In Store Events
Costco Wholesale has partnered with Sesame and IVI RMA North America to offer U.S. members access to advanced fertility care with exclusive pricing and coordinated services. The retailer is also rolling out a national outdoor cooking roadshow in warehouses, featuring multiple brands and on site experiences for members. These moves extend Costco’s reach further into healthcare services and experiential retail beyond its traditional bulk merchandise model. For investors tracking...
Does PBS ‘Count of Monte Cristo’ Make Big Book Changes?
A recap of Episode 1 of the Sam Claflin and Jeremy Irons-led adaptation.
UTA College of Business to connect students, professionals with networking, elevator pitch event
Students, business professionals and recruiters will mingle from 6 to 8 p.m. Monday at the UTA Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology Development.
Samsung Brings AirDrop Support to Quick Share with Galaxy S26 Series
Samsung is introducing AirDrop support to the Galaxy S26 series, making it easier for users to share content between devices using Quick Share. The feature will begin rolling out from March 231, starting in Korea and expanding to more regions including Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, Latin America, North America, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. AirDrop support […]
Man who bought $75 worth of Apple products from a stranger in a car park realizes he might be sitting on a small fortune
A tech enthusiast who bought a bunch of used Apple products off a stranger in a car park was left pleasantly surprised by the haul
Sunday Sports: Sackets hoops in the state finals, plus updates on SU sports
Here’s a recap of your North Country sports this Sunday.
‘Project Hail Mary’ blasts off with $80.5 million, a best for Amazon MGM, and the year
Studio estimates on Sunday say Amazon MGM's “Project Hail Mary” has topped the North American box office charts with $80.5 million in ticket sales — the second biggest ever for a non-franchise film.
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
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