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The fifth day of Cubsmas: A five game winning streak
Five games was also the team’s longest losing streak last season
Health insurance enrollment on Colorado’s marketplace running even with last year, even with subsidies slated to expire
Health insurance enrollment on Connect for Health Colorado, the state-run marketplace, is running nearly even with last year, even with federal subsidies slated to expire in January. As of Dec. 23, 256,422 Coloradans had enrolled...
Health insurance enrollment on Colorado’s marketplace running even with last year, even with subsidies slated to expire
Health insurance enrollment on Connect for Health Colorado, the state-run marketplace, is running nearly even with last year, even with federal subsidies slated to expire in January. As of Dec. 23, 256,422 Coloradans had enrolled...
Georgia GOP congresswoman rips ‘Mar-a-Lago sexualization,’ Trump’s lack of ‘faith’
"I’ve always been uncomfortable with how those women puff up their lips and enlarge their breasts."
$25,000 per month: the cost of Trump tariffs on small business importers, revealed
The Center for American Progress said the tariffs haven't been a Christmas gift for American business, more like a lump of coal.
How national politics rode along in the patrol car in 2025
From political violence and immigration enforcement to shifting criminal justice policy, 2025 forced local law enforcement to absorb the consequences of national decisions — regardless of ideology
What millennials and Gen Z want from workplace health care
Younger employees are reshaping workplace health care expectations—and employers who ignore that shift risk losing talent. As Harvard Business Review writes, millennials and Gen Z workers want care that’s affordable, easy to access, and supports prevention, mental health and family planning. They also expect consumer-grade convenience, from seamless virtual options to clear, science-backed guidance—delivered with […]
Special edition: The year in photos: Sports highlights from 2025
FSU women’s soccer punctuated 2025 with an emphatic statement - its fifth national championship that reverberated across Tallahassee’s sports scene.
Even 'Avatar: Fire and Ash' can't lift 2025 box office out of pandemic-crisis doldrums
After a roller coaster year, the domestic box office is expected to finish only marginally better than last year and remains down more than 20% from pre-pandemic levels.
Sony's January 2026 PlayStation Plus Games Update Leaves Fans Anticipating the Reveal
Sony has revealed a shift in the PlayStation Plus free games roster for January 2026 with fans eagerly waiting for the list.
From Mormon wives to stars in space, ridiculous pop culture moments from 2025
From Taylor Swift's rated-R anthem to JoJo Siwa's unexpected love triangle, celebrity culture was full of surprises in 2025.
Numerous Clifton small business owners report waking up to break-ins Saturday morning
At least four businesses reported burglaries Saturday morning on Ludlow Avenue in Clifton, with the shops just steps apart from each other.
Introduce new people to Warhammer, and help us reach a target of one million miniatures painted in 2026
Contribute and collect gifts at your local store.
Lloyds Shelves Invoice Financing as Small Businesses Shift Away
British bank Lloyds is reportedly ending its small-business-focused invoice financing program. The factoring program will close by the year’s end, the
Gmail to Let Users Change Their Addresses While Keeping Data
Under the shift, which Google said would eventually be rolled out to all users, old addresses would remain active. Messages and services would not be lost.
Nemo releases Street Fighter 6 tier list where C. Viper is not looking too hot at all
The third competitive season for Street Fighter 6 is already almost complete in terms of official tournaments with 46 out of 48 players qualified for Capcom Cup 12, and we've seen the game's meta shift a decent bit ...
Politics chat: Trump meets Zelenskyy; American heritage creates GOP rift
President Trump is meeting with Ukrainian Pres. Volodymyr Zelenskyy today and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu tomorrow.
The deep ocean has a missing link and scientists finally found it
Scientists have uncovered why big predators like sharks spend so much time in the ocean’s twilight zone. The answer lies with mid-sized fish such as the bigscale pomfret, which live deep during the day and rise at night to feed, linking deep and surface food webs. Using satellite tags, researchers tracked these hard-to-study fish for the first time. Their movements shift with water clarity, potentially altering entire ocean food chains.
Trump’s Second Term Is Reshaping US Science
Unprecedented cuts and destabilizing policy changes are causing fundamental shifts in scientific research and outcomes.
This Odd Jeep Transmission Had Two Second Gears: Here's Why
Jeep's 545RFE automatic transmission had two second gears with different ratios. One of the "second gears" was for shifting up and the other for shifting down.
Thieves hit multiple businesses in Clifton, targeting cash and cameras
Thieves targeted several businesses along Ludlow Avenue in Clifton.
A Nutty Solution: Lessons From an Acorn
How a Bren School PhD fellow helps high school students shift from focusing on the what, toward a deeper interest in the how.
The Toyota MR2 Once Got A Sequential Manual Transmission That Made It Slower
Some Toyota MR2 models had a sequential manual transmission that was slow on upshifts. This made them slower than models equipped with a non-sequential manual.
UCLA Law receives largest gift in school history to expand entertainment and media law programs
UCLA School of Law has received the largest gift in its 76-year history, a planned gift from alumnus Ken Ziffren ’65 that will expand student training and career opportunities in media, entertainment, technology and sports law. Ziffren, a leading entertainment lawyer and co-founder of Ziffren Brittenham, previously helped establish the Ziffren Institute for Media, Entertainment, […]
12 Tech Gifts Ideas That Older People Will Find Useful
If you're gift shopping for the older members of your family, tech may seem like a thorny prospect, but there are still some useful and accessible options.
West Ham 0-1 Fulham: Late Irons gaffe gifts win to Cottagers
Opportunistic Fulham again found a way against a West Ham United side who keep discovering new ways to lose in a 1-0 Cottagers victory at the London Stadium on Saturday.
Rainbow Six Siege Is Being Hacked, As Players Are Gifted 2 Billion Credits, While Ban Logs Are Spammed With Digs At Ubisoft
Content creators urge players to stay offline until the problem has been resolved, given the extent of the breach.
The Second Trump Administration, South America Shifts Right, Time For Sports : Up First from NPR
NPR’s Ron Elving has been thinking about the state of U.S. politics since President Donald Trump returned to power. Also, several countries in South America elected conservative and even far right leaders in 2025, marking a political and ideological shift in the region. And, we’ll have the highlight reel from the year in sports.
The Second Trump Administration, South America Shifts Right, Time For Sports : Up First from NPR
NPR’s Ron Elving has been thinking about the state of U.S. politics since President Donald Trump returned to power. Also, several countries in South America elected conservative and even far right leaders in 2025, marking a political and ideological shift in the region. And, we’ll have the highlight reel from the year in sports.
Health insurance costs spike for businesses, workers after pandemic
New data shows employer-sponsored health insurance costs in California jumped sharply from 2022 to 2025, rising twice as fast as inflation while shifting more costs onto workers and employers.
Brown-Forman sale, battery plant layoffs, Wawa debut headline Louisville area business news of 2025
From restaurants and bars opening and closing to major company shifts, 2025 was a big year for business in the Louisville area.
Immigration lawyers say the H-1B chaos is forcing tough business calls
H-1B visa policy shifts in 2025 cause firms to reconsider staffing, use alternative visas, and update HR travel guidance.
Health care advocates ready to leave 2025 behind, but many issues will reemerge in 2026
Health care advocates and state officials called the past year “stressful,” “frustrating” and “crazy” -- from jarring shifts in federal policies to ongoing budget problems. They're ready to leave 2025 behind, but fear 2026 may be more of the same.
Luxury brands bet on mass-market sports despite shift to exclusivity
Sponsorships and collaborations soar even as industry slowdown spurs renewed focus on wealthiest customers
Something fundamental about black holes may be changing
New observations reveal that the relationship between ultraviolet and X-ray light in quasars has changed over billions of years. This unexpected shift suggests the structure around supermassive black holes may evolve with time, challenging a decades-old assumption.
Vail Health’s behavioral health survey seeks community responses
Vail Health’s biannual behavioral health survey is currently accepting responses. The survey assesses the state of behavioral health in Eagle (and Summit) County and guides how Vail Health spends money on behavioral health programs. “The...
Treat yourself: The best smart glasses to buy with your holiday gift money
Whether you’re looking to get a pair yourself or just want to explore what’s available on the market today, we’ve compiled a list of the most compelling pairs available.
The 5 stories that defined San Francisco’s crazy politics in 2025
An Instagram-savvy mayor. A showdown with the feds. A 200-hour supervisor. In terms of political drama, 2025 was the gift that kept on giving.
Business doesn’t fear regulations — it fears the uncertainties they cause
Throughout history, entrepreneurs have always dealt with uncertainty. Today, in most countries — and especially in this one — it’s an almost annual shifting of political winds.
Friday letters: politics, media, public discourse and more
Reflections on Trump’s address I hope everyone had a chance to watch Trump’s address to the country on Dec. 17. If not, you should easily be able to find it on the internet. If you...
2025 IN REVIEW: A big year for business in east Washington County
Across Beaverton, Tigard, Tualatin and Sherwood, residents and visitors were gifted with a laundry list of new places to eat, drink, socialize and even learn a thing or two. From […]
5 AI advertising controversies that turned heads this year, from Meta's AI granny to Coca-Cola's shape-shifting trucks
Brands, from McDonald's to H&M, drew backlash in some quarters over their AI-driven ads and marketing experiments.
M&T Bank discusses business banking trends, 2026 economic outlook
Shannon Lazare, business banking market manager for New Jersey, New York City, and Long Island at M&T Bank, discusses the shifting economic conditions outlook for 2026.
A Grip on Sports: Whenever you think about those folks who have to work Christmas Day, don't forget the athletes who do so to entertain us
A GRIP ON SPORTS • Where were we? Oh, yes. Thinking about gifts, Roberto Duran and the weekend’s TV schedule. Eclectic? Sure. Electric? Nope.
North Pole visitors surprise families at UVA Health Children’s on Christmas morning
From one room to the next, Santa - otherwise known as Charlottesville Mayor Juandiego Wade - and his elves delivered gifts to these young patients.
Does science agree it’s better to give than receive? A doctor explains
Gift-giving is often framed as a source of stress and obligation, but a growing body of research suggests there may also be something beneficial about giving itself.
Arts and Entertainment Agenda, Dec. 26-Jan. 1
Martini & Frites Après, Dec. 26 The MOLLIE Aspen will host Martini & Frites Après from 3-8 p.m. Dec. 26 on their Roof Terrace, located at 111 S. Garmisch St. The hotel will offer complimentary...
Owner of boutique gift wrapping business in Oakland Park turns grief into purpose
Christmas is quiet now, but just 24 hours earlier, the sound of scissors and ribbon filled On The Roll Wrapping in Oakland Park.
Breaking free from ESG: Financial investment and politics don’t mix
The quiet retreat from ESG and DEI activism is more than a shift in corporate trendlines. It’s a course correction and a return to disciplined, fiduciary-based stewardship.
Year in review: Trump’s environmental policy : The NPR Politics Podcast
As we approach 2026, the NPR Politics Podcast is taking a look back at the year that was in different political areas. Today, we look at how America’s stance on environmental policy has shifted under the second Trump administration and what the potential impacts could be.This episode: voting correspondent Ashley Lopez, senior White House correspondent Tamara Keith, climate correspondent Michael Copley, and automotive and energy correspondent Camila Domonoske.This podcast was produced by Casey Morell and Bria Suggs, and edited by Rachel Baye.Our executive producer is Muthoni Muturi.Listen to every episode of the NPR Politics Podcast sponsor-free, unlock access to bonus episodes with more from the NPR Politics team, and support public media when you sign up for The NPR Politics Podcast+ at plus.npr.org/politics.
More of our favorite 2025 GIFs, plus a Christmas Day watch guide
The Pulse Newsletter 📣 | This is The Athletic’s daily sports newsletter. Sign up here to receive The Pulse directly in your inbox. Good morning! Merry Christmas to all who celebrate. We’re having fun below. For the latest news, check here. We’re back for the real thing this morning on actual Christmas Day. I hope you’re all having a merry time. More GIF gifts, from us to you: The Bounce’s Zach Harper checks in with one of the more aesthetically funny GIFs of the season. That’s Desmond Bane pelting OG Anunoby with a basketball. I’m still laughing. Zach told me this is...
Costco, Wawa, Sheetz, and more: These 55 business locations opened in central Pa. in 2025
The list includes more than 50 businesses that opened locations in the region in 2025, including medical practices, convenience stores, a sports card shop, a doggie daycare, grocery stores, bookstores, thrift stores, discount stores, housing, a vendor marketplace, a sneaker store, large membership-only warehouses and a pet store.
Backed by Swifties and social media, an NC business has put its town on the map
Sparta Candle Co. started with a daughter’s loving gesture. A million followers on social media later, doing good is still the heart of the mission.
Building A High-Performance Shifter For Sim Racing
These days, sim racing is more realistic than ever. There are better screens, better headsets, and better steering wheels with better force-feedback, all of which help make you feel like you’…
Belvidere business owner donates leftover toy drive gifts to children in need
A Belvidere business owner says seeing children smile is what motivates her to keep giving back.
NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan Hosts Annual Holiday Toy Giveaway for More than 1,000 Children and Families - NYC Health + Hospitals
NYC Health + Hospitals/Metropolitan today announced its annual holiday toy giveaway has distributed gifts to over 1,000 children and families this holiday
Entertainment this week: Drinking with Clowns, Mark Mackay and New Year’s Eve celebrations!
Friday, December 26 Drinking with Clowns – 9 p.m., Bar of America, 10040 Donner Pass Rd.. Additional dates: 12/26, 12/27. For more information, visit https://www.barofamerica.com/calendar.html or call (530) 587-2626. Friday Night Music at Cottonwood Restaurant...
The Year in Entertainment 2025: The TV that was top
The small screen took us everywhere from the shores of Cousins Beach to the emergency room at the Pittsburgh Trauma Medical Center this year. Here's a look at the shows and limited series that defined 2025:It was the medical procedural drama The Pitt that scored the top prize at the Emmys this year. Led by Noah Wyle, who won the best actor in a drama Emmy for his portrayal of Dr. Robby in the new series, The Pitt's first season followed the challenges faced by health care workers on the front lines over the course of a single, 15-hour shift at the hospital. Other big winners at the ceremony included Seth Rogen's new comedy series The Studio, as well as the Netflix limited series Adolescence.Many prestige shows captured the cultural zeitgeist in 2025. Fans traveled to Thailand to check in for season 3 of The White Lotus, while the mystery at Lumon Industries continued to unfold as Severance season 2 rolled out. The Last of Us viewers mourned a fan-favorite character during its sophomore season, while Star Wars fans returned to a galaxy far, far away to bid farewell to Andor as it debuted its second and final season.Nobody could stop talking about The Summer I Turned Pretty. Whether you were team Conrad or team Jeremiah, fans couldn't keep their eyes off the dramatic third season of the teen romance series, which spanned from the U.S.'s East Coast all the way to Paris. While the series ended with Belly finally picking which brother she wanted to be with, the story isn't quite over. A feature film that will end the romantic saga has been greenlit by Prime Video.Finally, the year ended with the release of the fifth and final season of Stranger Things. It turned Netflix's streaming records upside down, accumulating 59.6 million views in its first five days and becoming the best-ever premiere week viewing numbers for an English-language series on the streaming platform.Copyright © 2025, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.
AI supercharges scientific output while quality slips
AI writing tools are supercharging scientific productivity, with researchers posting up to 50% more papers after adopting them. The biggest beneficiaries are scientists who don’t speak English as a first language, potentially shifting global centers of research power. But there’s a downside: many AI-polished papers fail to deliver real scientific value. This growing gap between slick writing and meaningful results is complicating peer review, funding decisions, and research oversight.
The best moments of the sports year (in GIFs), plus a landmark NIL lawsuit
The Pulse Newsletter 📣 | This is The Athletic’s daily sports newsletter. Sign up here to receive The Pulse directly in your inbox. Good morning! We are in full holiday mode today. Inside: 🎁 GIF gifts, Part 1 ⚖️ Huge NIL lawsuit 🫘 Beans ⛳ Hickory clubs are delightful We’ve done a form of Gifmas the last two years in Pulse territory, so I decided to ask all of our newsletter writers to join the fun this year. The prompt was simple: What is the best gif gift your sport has given you in 2025? We’re starting today because some people open the majority of gifts on...
I am planning a low-budget, potluck-style Christmas party to spend time with friends without overspending
Here is how I hosted a potluck-style Christmas party for 10 people with an optional gift exchange on a $100 budget.
Sam Blackburn's Christmas wish list for Ohio sports teams, column
TR columnist Sam Blackburn has dusted off his Santa hat and offered up gifts to Ohio's sports teams. The Browns, Bengals and Reds have long lists.
Business owners donate to low-income residents in housing units where they grew up
They gave presents and gift cards to families in Elmdale Court of Lucas Metropolitan Housing.
‘Silver tsunami’ of retiring business owners leaves Main Streets at a crossroads
(This story was originally published by Bridge Michigan, a nonprofit and nonpartisan news organization. Visit the newsroom online: bridgemi.com.) ALPENA — Mary Rajasekhar had owned Olivet Book and Gift for 35 years when she decided last Christmas it was time to retire. But, with her children spread out across the country and into their own […]
Rolling back health AI transparency rule will shift the burden of vetting to health systems
A proposal to deregulate AI products used in health care would shift the burden of vetting those tools onto health systems.
Editorial: Greece, Israel and the Politics of Alignment
The shift is unmistakable. A country that once kept Israel at arm’s length now stands closer to it than almost any European nation.
The iPad-like OnePlus Pad Go 2 is now available for $399 with free stylus or case
The holiday shopping season is just about over, but if you’re still looking for an easy gift — for you...
Klarna Sees Triple-Digit Spending Growth Across Entertainment, Experiences, and Automotive This Holiday Season
NEW YORK, December 23, 2025--Klarna, the global digital bank and flexible payments provider, today reports an increase in U.S. holiday spending beyond traditional retail, with consumers driving triple-digit year-over-year growth across entertainment (+130%), experiences (+115%) and automotive products (100%), such as vehicle maintenance and repairs, from December 1 through Monday, December 22, signaling a clear shift toward experiential and high-value practical purchases this season.
Federal cuts and a race to replace McConnell. Here’s a look at top state politics stories in 2025
Kentucky Public Radio has covered a tumultuous year of federal cuts and shifts, the lawsuits challenging them, state governance and another hefty legislative session. Rediscover our top politics stories of 2025.
Family nurse practitioner offers membership health care services
Hayden resident Brandon Lehman said the Love Wellness Ltd. subscription medical model of direct primary care that includes unlimited visits for a monthly membership fee is a good fit for his needs and is “efficient...
Nine mental-health tips for a happier 2026
Regardless of any resolutions you may have for 2026, one thing is for sure: Everyone wants to have a happy new year.While losing weight or saving money may be great goals, the most straightforward path to happiness is caring for your mental and emotional health. A robust body of research shows that simple cognitive and behavioral strategies can reliably boost happiness and reduce stress – and they’re generally free and accessible to all.These strategies don’t have to be super time-consuming, but they do require intention: They only work if you do them.Here, psychologist Valentina Ogaryan, PhD, clinical director of the Simms/Mann UCLA Center for Integrative Oncology, shares her top tips for cultivating more calm, centeredness and happiness in the new year (or anytime):Make time for playPlay isn’t just for kids, and it’s far from frivolous. The National Institute for Play says engaging in silliness, fun and just-for-pleasure activities reduces stress and increases optimism and resilience. A recent review also found that play improves mental health.“Adults can benefit from play as much as children,” Dr. Ogaryan says, “not just as a reward, but something that helps regulate.”So go ahead and dance with your dog, build something with Legos, tell a joke, sing karaoke or do anything else that feels like fun. Don’t worry about being productive, just enjoy yourself. And, if you can, opt for more analog play, Dr. Ogaryan suggests, as a respite from our ever-more-digital world. Move your bodyWhether you dance, ski, do yoga, play pickleball, ride a bike, roller-skate, hike or lift weights, physical movement benefits overall happiness and well-being. A 2018 review study of more than 1.2 million adults in the U.S. found that doing any kind of exercise was “significantly and meaningfully associated” with better self-reported mental health.The sweet spot was 45 minutes of movement three to five times a week, but even short bursts of physical activity can boost brain health, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.“Movement helps support mood and regulate the nervous system,” Dr. Ogaryan says.Plus: exercise can improve sleep quality, and sleep is essential for mental health.Prioritize sleep“Sleep plays a major role in managing stress,” Dr. Ogaryan says. Research shows that lack of sufficient sleep increases the risk of various diseases, including depression.While stress can interfere with sleep, practicing good sleep hygiene can make logging ZZ’s easier. That means maintaining a consistent bedtime; keeping the bedroom cool, dark and quiet; and avoiding social media, news and stimulating shows before bed.Consume lessWe live in a consumer culture, inundated by endless streams of content and advertising everywhere we go, which makes it easy to get overstimulated.“Something really helpful for stress reduction is to simply consume less,” Dr. Ogaryan says – less news, less social media, less information, less noise, less screen time. “It’s about reducing the input,” she says.Consider setting a maximum number of news articles per day, for example, or a time limit on scrolling. Maybe even go device free for an afternoon or a whole day.Practice present-moment awarenessWith so much coming at us all the time, focusing on the here and now can make life feel more manageable, Dr. Ogaryan says: “When everything feels super overwhelming, when everything feels larger than life, let’s make our world a little bit smaller for that moment in time.”She suggests taking things one day, or even one hour, at a time. Ask yourself: What’s my next right action? Release the need to know how everything turns out and liberate yourself from having to handle everything right now. Let the future take care of itself and just focus on the current moment. Then the next one. Have a daily anchorFrom work to the daily commute to family and life responsibilities, our days can feel jam-packed. Dr. Ogaryan recommends creating a centering daily anchor that can fit into even the busiest day.Maybe it’s a 10-minute walk during your lunch break or mindfully enjoying your coffee in the morning. Let your anchor adapt to your needs each day, she says, but be intentional about using that time to ground yourself and calm your nervous system. You might even say to yourself, “I choose this walk to help me become centered,” or “My day already feels stressful, so I’m going to take the next 10 minutes to enjoy this cup of coffee, feel the warm mug in my hand and just be present.” Having an anchor won’t erase the busy-ness from your day, but it will allow you to approach it more calmly.Be kind to yourselfMost of us have a harsh inner critic in our heads who works overtime. But that critical voice only increases our stress, triggering the same fight-or-flight response as caustic words from another person.To feel happier, we need to replace that inner critic with a kinder, more compassionate voice, Dr. Ogaryan says. Studies show that self-compassion is a source of eudaimonic happiness – the kind of happiness associated with purpose and meaning in life.While our knee-jerk reaction may be to self-criticize – “How could you let it get to this point? You didn’t manage your time well and now the project is going to be late. You’re so inept.” – we fare better mentally by treating ourselves with kindness, like we would a friend. That might sound like, “You’ve got a lot on your plate, but you are capable and you’ll get it done. I believe in you.”We may think that speaking kindly to ourselves means letting ourselves off the hook, so we end up becoming lazy do-nothings. But research shows the opposite: People who are self-compassionate are more likely to try harder in the face of failure and ultimately reach their goals.You can thank your inner critic for its good intentions, but resolve to talk to yourself in a kind, compassionate voice.Connect with othersHumans are social animals built for connection. Stress can be isolating and cause us to withdraw, but connecting with others is a salve for the psyche, Dr. Ogaryan says.“We know that not all relationships are always easy, but if we can think about intentional, nourishing connection – even in really small doses – it could really help center us,” she says.Take a moment to laugh with your colleagues, hug your pet, have a conversation with a friend or smile at the barista making your coffee. A study found that even tiny interactions with casual acquaintances and strangers decreases loneliness and improves happiness and well-being.Seek supportIf you try these practices and happiness remains elusive, or if you can’t access the wherewithal to follow these tips, seek support from your physician or a therapist. Mental health conditions are among the most common health issues in the U.S. and around the world – more prevalent than diabetes or heart disease. One in five people in the U.S. experiences a mental illness each year, with depression and anxiety the most common, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.“We can all think about these tips,” Dr. Ogaryan says. “But it’s important to recognize if you’ve done everything you can and you’re still really struggling, it’s really important to seek help.”
Avid weightlifter leverages exercise science interest into impactful research
Years ago, Wil King took the intellectual approach to improving his physique.
The disunity of science is a feature, not a bug
Mathematical models wield miraculous power, but mistaking them for reality has trapped science in a destructive quest for a “Theory of Everything.” Physicist and philosopher Ragner Fjelland argues that this leads to bloated, Frankenstein theories kept alive by clumsy, ad-hoc amendments, which reduce rather than boost science’s power. Fjelland calls for a radical shift in our attitude: we must reorientate towards creating entirely new theories, celebrating rather than lamenting disunity and diversity in science. Science, from the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day, has more or less developed in a “reductionist” way. The fundamental assumption is that all sciences may be ordered in a hierarchy that can be represented as an upside-down pyramid. At the top we find the human sciences, and at the bottom physics. Strong (or “ontological”) reductionism maintains that all theories at one level can be completely reduced to the lower level, all the way down to theories of atoms and elementary particles, or whatever is “at the bottom.” In the end, all diversity in the world can be unified in one fundamental theory. Hence it is called a final theory, or a Theory of Everything.One of the central figures in developing the idea of a Theory of Everything is the Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft, who received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 for his work. He emphasizes the non-empirical status of the theory:There exists no closely resembling alternative theory. This means that any slight change brought about in the rules would make the theory unlikely or inelegant. The theory will be a "package deal": take it, or leave it. This should hold both for the local laws and for the boundary conditions.This endeavor is not new. On the contrary, it goes all the way back to the birth of Western philosophy 2,500 years ago. The Babylonians made regular astronomical observations during a period of 600 years, from 747 BCE until 150 ACE. They developed mathematical techniques to predict astronomical phenomena, but they made no attempts at explaining them. However, the Greeks developed models, both material and theoretical, to explain the observed phenomena.The best example is Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. Here he introduces a divine craftsman, the Demiurge, who has constructed the universe according to an original plan. Plato seems to have thought that the original plan is what is actually real, while the material world is merely an imperfect realization of it. He therefore does not, in the Timaeus, reconstruct the material universe, but the original plan, which can then be used to explain the material universe.Plato’s aim in producing a theoretical model is to reconstruct the original plan. That is what he carries out in Timaeus—and some modern physicists have embarked on the same project. For example, Einstein’s basic attitude is reflected in the title of Abraham Pais’ biography: “Subtle is the Lord...,” echoing Einstein’s comment, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not.” In an interview Einstein compared our situation to a child who enters a huge library. The child knows that someone has written the books, but he does not know the languages in which they are written. He suspects that there is a mysterious order, but he does not know what it is.___“We have all been working in what Husserl called the Galilean style; that is, we have all been making abstract mathematical models of the universe to which at least the physicists give a higher degree of reality than they accord the ordinary world of sensation.”Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)___This Platonist view is contrary to a widespread impression of science, symbolized by the picture of the “father” of modern science, Galileo Galilei, with his telescope. According to this impression, Galileo liberated himself from the dominating metaphysics of his day—basically Aristotelian philosophy—and constructed a telescope that he directed towards the sky, showing that Jupiter has four moons. He also performed experiments with bronze balls rolling down inclined planes and found the law of freely falling bodies.However, in other cases Galileo emphasized the unreliability of our senses. It is easy to see why. He defended Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, we are not at rest at the center of the universe, but moving at a tremendous speed through space. Why don’t we observe this motion? Galileo praises Copernicus because “with reason as his guide he resolutely continued to affirm what sensible experience seemed to contradict.” In other places he directly refers to Plato. SUGGESTED VIEWING The quest for a final theory With Michio Kaku Galileo’s Platonism goes back to his early writings. In The Assayer, published as early as 1623, Galileo compared the universe to a grand book that is written in the language of mathematics, and “its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.” Therefore, things that cannot be described by mathematics—for example, colors, smells and odors—are not real. They are merely subjective.This division into subjective and objective, advocated by Galileo and his younger contemporary René Descartes, is normally associated with a mechanistic world view, which is regarded as the opposite of Platonism. When we reduce something to, for example, molecules and atoms, we move “downwards.” In contrast, the Platonist moves “upwards,” to abstract entities. However, it only shows that when we address fundamental questions, we should be careful in applying everyday spatial metaphors like “up” and “down.”___Nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world.___The endeavor of finding a Theory of Everything has been heavily criticized. In 2006, the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin published “The Crisis in Fundamental Physics.” He argued that one of the most fundamental principles of science is that we should only regard theories as scientific if we have the possibility to show that they are false by experiments. Although he did not refer to Karl Popper, other critics have referred to Popper and argued that a theory is not scientific if it cannot be falsified (see for example Ellis & Silk 2014).These were not the first physicists to be anti-reductionists. In 1972, the journal Science published an article by the physicist Philip Anderson with the title “More Is Different.” This is the kind of article a scientist would normally write only after he has won a Nobel Prize. However, Anderson won the Nobel Prize for physics five years later, in 1977. The article is amazing, not primarily because it argues in favor of anti-reductionism in general, but because it argues for anti-reductionism within physics itself. Anderson’s conclusion was:At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry.We may say that Plato started the “unity of science movement,” based on Euclidean geometry as the model of all knowledge. A distinguishing mark of geometry is that all possible constructions can be reduced to a few fundamental principles. We have to acknowledge that this approach has limitations. In general, we can easily model technological systems. In addition, we may construct simplified and idealized models that capture important aspects of systems, from various perspectives and for various purposes. But nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world. In a complex system, each level has its distinct, emergent, properties that are characteristic of this level. Therefore, a complex system should be investigated at different levels and from different perspectives. Instead of exclusively pursuing a scientific ideal based on the unity of science, we should acknowledge the diversity—or even the disunity—of science.
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