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How "Alligator Alcatraz" fit into DeSantis' political playbook
DeSantis has funneled tens of millions of dollars into high-profile — and often controversial — immigration enforcement efforts before.
Barcelona vs Real Betis – Match preview and team news
Barcelona are ready to face Real Betis on Sunday in a La Liga encounter.Hansi Flick’s men will be looking to bounce back after their recent loss and will look to win their final home match of this s...
€100m Liverpool target may remain in Bundesliga
Yan Diomande Transfer Race Takes Fresh TwistLiverpool Target Faces Bayern ShadowYan Diomande has become the sort of name that turns recruitment meetings into longer conversations. At 19, with 13 goals...
🚨 Bundesliga: relegated sides set, one giant misses Champions League!
The 2025–26 Bundesliga season delivered its verdict this Saturday.The big news from this final multiplex of the season concerns Bayer Leverkusen. Germany’s 2024 champions will not play in the Cham...
Borussia Dortmund predicted lineup and team news vs Werder Bremen
Borussia Dortmund take on Werder Bremen in their final Bundesliga match of the season this Saturday.Dortmund have already locked in second place with 70 points from 33 games, while Werder Bremen sit 1...
LALIGA EA SPORTS Team of the Season (TOTS) - EA SPORTS FC™ Football Ultimate Team - EA SPORTS Official Site
Check out the LALIGA EA SPORTS Team of the Season (TOTS) squad and their ratings in EA SPORTS FC™ 26 Football Ultimate Team
Official: ‘Proud’ Italy starlet Inacio signs new Borussia Dortmund deal
Italian wonderkid Samuele Inacio has signed a contract extension with Borussia Dortmund until June 2029, just days after scoring his first senior goal with the Bundesliga side: ‘I want to celebrate ...
Built for MAGA appeal, Alligator Alcatraz leaves DeSantis with big political bill
“No question it’s increased public safety. And no question it’s the right thing to do to defend the sovereignty of this country,” DeSantis said.
Leverkusen next German club to be linked with Rohl
Rangers' Danny Rohl is among several names on Bayer Leverkusen's shortlist for a new head coach, but Bild suggests that Crystal Palace's Oliver Glasner is the top choice and Girona's Michel is also a candidate. Danny Rohl is not at risk of being sacked by Rangers and is unlikely to leave for Wolfsburg considering their relegation from the Bundesliga, but Union Berlin, in particular, and Bayer Leverkusen could be more attractive propositions amid Europe-wide interest in the 37-year-old.
Kathleen Krüger appointed Hamburg's head of sport
Hamburg have appointed Kathleen Krüger as the club's new board member responsible for sport. She becomes the first woman to fill such a role at a Bundesliga club on a permanent basis.
🇩🇪 Bundesliga milestone: Krüger, HSV’s first female sporting director
Hamburger SV has marked a before and after in the history of German football. The club of the "red shorts" has officially appointed Kathleen Krüger as its new sporting director. This move is not only...
Grieving Hansi Flick Leads Barcelona to La Liga Title With Win Over Real Madrid
Led by Hansi Flick, who was grieving the death of his father, Barcelona retains Spanish league title after beating Real Madrid 2-0.
Barcelona win second straight LaLiga title after El Clásico victory
Barcelona have been crowned back-to-back Spanish champions under Hansi Flick after clinching the LaLiga title
Barcelona vs. Real Madrid live updates: Barca, on the brink of clinching La Liga, leads 2-0 after first half of El Clásico
Athletic Club’s Nico Williams sparks Spain World Cup fears
Athletic Club star Nico Williams has on Sunday sparked concern across the Spanish football landscape.This comes after the winger was forced into a premature departure from Athletic’s latest La Liga ...
CONFIRMED lineups: Barcelona vs Real Madrid, 2026 El Clásico
Real Madrid have published their starting lineup for the upcoming match against Barcelona in LaLiga. Barça have a golden opportunity to secure the title, but both teams will be missing big stars like Kylian Mbappé, Lamine Yamal or Fede Valverde tonight. Who will win the last El Clásico of the 2025-26 season? STARTING LINEUPS Barcelona […]
Barcelona vs Real Madrid, La Liga: Preview
Barça face their biggest rivals with a golden chance to clinch the title at home
Citing 'Florida officials,' Ashley Moody says it's time to 'move on' from Alligator Alcatraz
'It's served its purpose.'
Confirmed 2. Bundesliga lineups: Holstein Kiel vs. 1. FC Magdeburg
Tim Walter makes two changes from the victory over Braunschweig as Ivan Nekic and Umut Tohumcu replace Ikem Ugoh and Frederik Roslyng.Petrik Sander makes one change from the win against Hertha as Dari...
The Invisible Disability: An Employer’s Guide to Mental Health and the ADA
As Mental Health Awareness Month (annually observed each May) draws attention to the prevalence of mental health conditions in the workplace, employers should be reminded that mental health conditions may qualify as disabilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and, if so, employers have the same reasonable accommodation obligations they would for any physical disability.
Ron DeSantis confirms it may be time to wind down Alligator Alcatraz
The Governor said he has no doubt Florida will be reimbursed the costs of standing up the controversial Everglades facility.
EA SPORTS FC™ and LALIGA Launch New York Community Pitch as Part of FC FUTURES Program, Designed by Local Artist BG183
EA SPORTS FC™ and LALIGA have unveiled a newly refurbished community football pitch in the South Bronx, New York, as part of FC FUTURES – EA SPORTS’ grassroots initiative to expand access to the game and connect football communities around the world. EA SPORTS FC™ and LALIGA launch New York community pitch as part of FC FUTURES program Marking the 10th pitch delivered through the program with LALIGA globally, the project brings together soccer, creativity and community to create a safe, inclusive space for young people and local families to learn through play. Developed in collaboration with local partners and featuring a custom design by Bronx artist BG183, the pitch is connected to P.S./M.S. 31 The William Lloyd Garrison School and has been delivered alongside love.fútbol and South Bronx United to support long-term impact in the community. Located in the South Bronx, the pitch has been designed as a multi-use space that goes beyond the game, supporting school physical education and
Clavicular is charged in connection with alligator shooting
Clavicular faces a misdemeanor charge after a viral video appears to show the manosphere celebrity shooting the body of an alligator from an airboat in the Everglades.
🥐Mbappé, the Champions League, a lifeline... Tuesday’s 5️⃣ stories
We’re in the middle of a week of Champions League and Libertadores action, with leagues like the Premier League and the relegation battle in La Liga being decided. Atleti, this is the big nightIt’...
Ligue 1, Europe’s best league alongside the Bundesliga? 👀
Cock-a-doodle-doo. Lyon 4-2 Rennes, Nantes 3-0 OM, PSG 2-2 Lorient, PFC 4-0 Brest: this weekend in Ligue 1, just like since the start of the season, we saw goals. Lots of goals!An enjoyable trend tha...
Brentford 3-0 West Ham
Also, Josh Dasilva is back on the pitch! Brentford are still in there, despite some doubters at the start of the season - but those were not supporters. Jerry: We took our chances with a thing of beauty from Mikkel Damsgaard, but West Ham thankfully were profligate in front of goal, which is why they are in a relegation scrap with Spurs, and we still have a chance of a first European jaunt.
Barcelona’s insane scoring run puts history within reach
There is no denying that Barcelona have built something relentless in La Liga this season. While results often grab the headlines, it is their consistency in front of goal that is quietly turning int...
Richard Hughes has €100m answer to Mohamed Salah replacement
Julian Alvarez would be a perfect deal for Liverpool to try and get over the lineJulian Alvarez has been one of La Liga's most in-form players this season.Even though the 26-year-old doesn't play in a...
📸 Mega tifo against BVB, Gladbach fans deliver spine-tingler!
Borussia Mönchengladbach can secure survival in the Bundesliga with a home win against BVB.Accordingly, the atmosphere at Borussia-Park was already heated before kick-off. The main reason for that wa...
🚨No Mbappé or Courtois in Arbeloa's squad for Espanyol
Real Madrid need to win today in Cornellà if they don’t want to see Barça crowned LaLiga champions before El Clásico. There are many absences in the Real Madrid squad, who need a win tonight agai...
Official | Schalke 04 secure automatic promotion back to the Bundesliga
Schalke 04 have officially sealed Bundesliga promotion ahead of the 2026/27 top flight campaign. The 2. Bundesliga table-toppers are assured of automatic promotion after defeating Fortuna Düsseldor...
🔼 Up for good this time? Schalke seal Bundesliga return
And there’s a party in Gelsenkirchen!Schalke 04 are back among the elite of German football.They needed to beat Fortuna Düsseldorf this Saturday (2) to secure at least the second automatic promotio...
🚨 Osasuna and Barcelona name XIs for La Liga clash
Barcelona look to remain on the march from their seat of power on Spain's east coast as Hansi Flick's troops take to the road and lock horns with Osasuna this evening. Blaugrana are in a rich vein of ...
🚨 Need a miracle? Heidenheim are doing plenty against Bayern
FC Heidenheim is backing up its words with actions and doing everything it can to still avoid the looming relegation from the Bundesliga, which many already see as certain. In the match against the a...
🚨 Official: Barça unveil special shirt for El Clasico!
Do you approve of the choice?In 10 days, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid will meet one last time this season for a Clasico that could definitively decide the fate of La Liga.As every year since Spotify b...
Summer move already done? VfB boss raves about Bundesliga star!
It has not yet been officially confirmed that Grischa Prömel will move from TSG Hoffenheim to VfB Stuttgart this summer. However, as numerous media outlets are reporting in unison, the transfer is al...
German football agrees €100m Adidas investment: What impact will it have, and does it make sense?
The sports manufacturer's deal is intended to support the growth of the leagues and the development of the Bundesliga's 36 member clubs.
🗞️Today’s front pages: El Clásico could seal Barça’s title
Although the spotlight in the press is on a historic event, in football Barça and their possible La Liga title this weekend are already making headlines.The week begins with several fronts open: on o...
Atlético beat Athletic but continue to push mental, physical limits
Atlético end a four-match losing run in LALIGA.
Confirmed 2. Bundesliga lineups: VfL Bochum vs. Greuther Fürth
Uwe Rösler makes four changes from the defeat to Dresden. Maximilian Wittek, Noah Loosli, Cajetan Lenz and Philipp Hofmann come in for Erhan Mašović, Leandro Morgalla, Mats Pannewig and Callum Mars...
Betis vs Real Madrid, 2026 La Liga: Predicted lineups
Real Madrid visit Sevilla to face Betis, and they’ll do so without key players Eder Militao and Arda Güler. Camavinga will likely replace the Turkish player, while Huijsen is expected to start alongside Rüdiger in the center of the defensive line. Real Madrid predicted XI: Lunin; Trent, Huijsen, Rüdiger, Carreras; Tchouaméni, Camavinga, Valverde, Bellingham; Mbappé […]
Ratings: Much-changed Atlético lose to Elche despite Nico brace
It marks Atleti’s fourth consecutive loss in LaLiga.
📋 The XIs for matchday 16, Querétaro v Cruz Azul
Liga MX is nearing the end of the regular season, and we will have a double matchweek. Cruz Azul opens the curtain by visiting Querétaro on Matchday 16 of Liga MX. La Máquina is going through a diff...
🚨 Line-ups ready: Mallorca and Valencia open the matchday
RCD Mallorca and Valencia CF kick off LaLiga Matchday 33 this Tuesday in a dramatic clash in the battle for survival. Separated by just one point, 14th and 15th in the table face off in one of the fir...
🚨 Confirmed line-ups: Athletic and Osasuna must win
San Mamés opens its doors this Tuesday, April 21 (7:00 PM) for a highly even clash on Matchday 33 of LaLiga EA Sports. Athletic Club and CA Osasuna face off separated by just one point in the standin...
Bernie Sanders' anti-billionaire group defends surprising endorsement of billionaire for CA governor
Bernie Sanders' grassroots group Our Revolution endorses billionaire Tom Steyer for California governor, marking the anti-oligarch group's first such move.
'BEEF' Season 2 Is *So* Different Than Season 1—and I'm Fully Obsessed with It
The hit Netflix show 'Beef' is back with season two and I'm already obsessed after only two episodes. Here, my honest review of 'Beef' season 2, starring Oscar Isaac, Carey Mulligan and Charles Melton.
Multifunctional ligand engineering for pure-blue halide perovskite nanocrystal LEDs
Light: Science & Applications - Passivation with a bifunctional fluorinated ligand stabilizes mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals, enabling high-color-purity deep-blue emission...
Barcelona star rejects contract renewal offer
A member of the defensive ranks at La Liga giants Barcelona has knocked back a contract renewal proposal from the club.That’s according to Mundo Deportivo, who highlight Andreas Christensen as the B...
Bayern Munich vs Stuttgart – Predicted lineup and team news
Bayern Munich hosts VfB Stuttgart at the Allianz Arena on Sunday in their Bundesliga matchday 30 fixture, with the title now within touching distance.Vincent Kompany’s side needs just a single point...
2. Bundesliga: Bobzien inspires Dresden to big win over Bochum
Bochum created a decent chance right from kickoff, but they went down from the hosts' first real goalscoring opportunity. Vincent Vermeij couldn’t reach Ben Bobzien’s delivery, but Jason Ceka slid...
Secretary Kennedy Appoints Casey B. Mulligan as HHS Chief Economist and Regulatory Officer
HHS appoints Casey B. Mulligan, PhD, as Chief Economist and Chief Regulatory Officer.
Fantasy Bundesliga: Scout squads for Matchday 30
Bulinews' Fantasy Bundesliga writers have each put together a squad of 10 outfield players for the upcoming matchday.Managers have full freedom with formations, but squads can’t exceed 110M, can onl...
Union coach Eta wants focus on football after landmark appointment
Union Berlin coach Marie-Louise Eta said Thursday she was looking forward to questions about football rather than her pioneering role as the first female manager of a men's team in a top European league. Eta, who became the first female assistant coach in Bundesliga history at Union in 2023, is still slated to take over the club's women's team in the summer regardless of how the men's side finishes the season.
HHS brings on an affordability czar
Casey Mulligan will advise the agency on health care affordability, Axios has learned.
LA Galaxy Embarrassed and Eliminated 3-0 At Home
Los Angeles, Calif. -- The LA Galaxy were overcome by a scarlet wave, both in the stands and on the field, as they fell 3-0 (2-7 on aggregate) at home to Liga MX champions, Toluca, in the second leg of the Concacaf Champions Cup Quarterfinal on Wednesday, April 15, 2026.
Fighter pilot Rumen Radev looks to break Bulgaria’s political deadlock
Radev is vowing to combat the country’s oligarchs and mafia, but his Kremlin-aligned positions on Ukraine have sparked concern.
🥐Champions week, Liga hangover... Monday's 5️⃣ stories
It’s a key week and one of the most important of the year because of everything at stake, and the news is clear. No Mbappé two days before MunichWith still two days to go before the battle at the A...
Cologne wins Bundesliga relegation duel 3-1 against 10-man Werder Bremen
Cologne eased its Bundesliga relegation worries on Sunday with a 3-1 win over 10-man Werder Bremen that left the visiting team just outside the drop zone. Wagner has been handed the reins for the rest of the season after Cologne fired Lukas Kwasniok as coach on March 22.
Tigres thrash and outclass Chivas at El Volcán!
Tigres made a statement at El Volcán, thrashing Chivas 4-1. The felines controlled much of the match, handing the Liga MX leaders one of their most painful defeats of the Clausura 2026. The party st...
Record-breaking Bayern march closer to Bundesliga title
Bayern Munich romped to a 5-0 win at St Pauli on Saturday, breaking a 54-year Bundesliga goalscoring record and moving to within touching distance of a 35th league crown. The goal continued the 19-year-old's impressive debut Bundesliga season, in which he has scored 11 times.
Barcelona vs Espanyol, La Liga: TV & Streaming, Live Thread
Join us for another Barcelona La Liga adventure!
This dreadful run that's weighing Mbappé down 🥶
The black cat?This Friday evening, Real Madrid were held to a 1-1 draw at home by Girona on matchday 31 of La Liga.If Barcelona win this Saturday, the Catalans would move nine points clear of Madrid a...
📺 Today’s guide: Saturday packed with Brasileirão, Bundesliga on OF +
Brasileirão Série A - 11th Round4:30 PM - Remo x Vasco da Gama - Globo and Premiere 4:30 PM - Vitória x São Paulo - Globo, Premiere and YouTube (GE TV) 6:30 PM - Mirassol x Bahia - Premiere 8:00 P...
Borussia Dortmund vs Leverkusen
Borussia Dortmund prepares for matchday 29 of the Bundesliga as they welcome Bayern Leverkusen to the Signal Iduna Park on Saturday afternoon.Although Dortmund remains in second position in the table ...
Barcelona vs Espanyol – Predicted lineup and team news
Barcelona will look to make it seven La Liga wins in a row when they host Espanyol at the Camp Nou on Saturday.The Catalan giants have dominated this fixture in recent years — Espanyol haven’t bea...
Seton Hall to Host LaLiga Delegation for Presentation on Globalization
Join us for a presentation led by Alex Requena on the globalization of the sports industry, featuring an international delegation from LaLiga.
Seton Hall to Host LaLiga Delegation for Presentation on Globalization
Join us for a presentation led by Alex Requena on the globalization of the sports industry, featuring an international delegation from LaLiga.
📸 Bayern's season takes an unusual turn against Real Madrid
Bayern Munich have been Europe's most prolific team this season... until now.The Bundesliga champions-elect usually make short work of opponents but it initianlly wasn't the story in their Champions L...
Fan dies after cardiac arrest at German Bundesliga soccer game
A long-time Eintracht Frankfurt supporter died in hospital, aged 87, hours after suffering a cardiac arrest in the stadium during a German Bundesliga game, the club said Tuesday. The stadium fell silent as paramedics worked to revive the man, who hasn't been named, during the second half of Frankfurt's 2-2 draw with Cologne on Sunday. In October, another fan died after falling ill while entering the stadium at a German Cup game between Leipzig and Energie Cottbus.
UN urges Pakistan to free activist Idris Khattak, citing health risks and legal obligations
United Nations human rights experts on Thursday called on Pakistan to immediately release activist Idris Khattak, stating that his continued detention and reported lack of medical care raise concerns...
Mulligan's restaurant in Jensen Beach is closing after 23 years in business due to high rent costs
Mulligan's in Jensen Beach is closing on Easter Sunday after 23 years. The owner cited exorbitant rent costs as the reason for the closure.
Mulligan's restaurant in Jensen Beach is closing after 23 years in business due to high rent costs
Mulligan's in Jensen Beach is closing on Easter Sunday after 23 years. The owner cited exorbitant rent costs as the reason for the closure.
Colo Colo face Concepción to defend top spot
Colo Colo comes into the Liga de Primera in great form, where it will resume action this Sunday against Deportes Concepción. El Cacique will resume its campaign with five wins and two losses, which...
Atlético Madrid vs Barcelona, La Liga: Preview
Barça begin a trio of giant games against Atleti, looking for a big win in the first one to stay in control of the title race
Ademola Lookman: ‘It’s good to have a manager like Simeone’
He spoke to Into the Calderon at a La Liga roundtable.
Fantasy Bundesliga: Scout squads for Matchday 28
Bulinews' Fantasy Bundesliga writers have each put together a squad of 10 outfield players for the upcoming matchday.Managers have full freedom with formations, but squads can’t exceed 110M, can onl...
💸 Goalkeeper joins the attack! La Liga's top earners
L'Équipe recently published numerous player salaries from Europe's top leagues. Of course, La Liga was included too. Here’s how much the top 5 in Spain earn per month (gross).5. Jude Bellingham (Re...
Real Madrid and Barcelona plan wonderkid acquisitions for summer rebuild
Barcelona are ahead of Real Madrid in the La Liga title race, with Hansi Flick’s side four points clear at the top. But with nine games remaining in the season, Madrid will also fancy their chances...
Sports paper reveals figures! These are the Bundesliga top earners
French sports newspaper L'Équipe today estimated the gross salaries of the highest-paid Bundesliga players and coaches. Who do you think makes the most money per month? Coaches2. Kasper Hjulmand (Le...
🔍 Nacional host Cúcuta: through, but under scrutiny
Atlético Nacional returns to the Atanasio Girardot this Wednesday at 20:30 to face Cúcuta Deportivo. Although Diego Arias’ team has already secured its spot in the Liga BetPlay-I playoffs with an ...
Florida influencer Clavicular arrested on suspicion of battery
A controversial manosphere influencer who goes by the name Clavicular was arrested on suspicion of battery, and no, this had nothing to do with the alligator incident.
Bayern honour Asian Cup champion Tanikawa
Newly crowned Asian Cup winner Momoko Tanikawa was honoured for her achievement by FC Bayern Women director Bianca Rech ahead of the team’s Bundesliga game at home to Nürnberg on Saturday. The Baye...
Gechter exit sealed? This Bundesliga club is his likely destination
According to a report by 'Sky', Linus Gechter's exit from Hertha is likely a done deal. The 22-year-old Berliner, who is under contract with Hertha until 2028, is reportedly on the verge of moving to ...
Gossip: Sancho unlikely to return to Villa Park
Manchester United and England winger Jadon Sancho, who is on loan at Aston Villa this season, has held talks with Borussia Dortmund about a return to the Bundesliga club on a free transfer, with the 25-year-old willing to take a pay cut. (Sky Sports Deutschland - in German)
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
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