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Portland to consider removing zoning rule that limits entertainment licenses
Could the removal of a 30-year-old zoning rule lead to more activity in downtown Portland? Some business owners hope so.
Accel Entertainment (ACEL) After Russell 2000 Exit Has Undervaluation Back In Focus
Index removal puts Accel Entertainment back in focus Accel Entertainment (ACEL) was recently removed from the Russell 2000 Dynamic Index, an event that can influence institutional ownership patterns, index tracking fund flows, and short term trading activity around the stock. See our latest analysis for Accel Entertainment. Against that backdrop, Accel Entertainment’s recent share price moves have been mixed, with a 1-day share price return of 1.27% but a 7-day share price return that...
Liverpool sporting director Richard Hughes expected to join Simon Francis at Al Hilal
Francis, who replaced Hughes as Bournemouth’s technical director in 2024, is leading the Saudi Pro League club's transfer activity.
The new presidential fitness test is a positive step, not the solution, experts say
Physical activity needs to be fun to keep kids engaged. And the test risks embarrassing them, instead.
Ancient cave paintings can harbor human DNA for millennia, scientists find
The breakthrough could reveal previously hidden ancient human activity inside caves, acting as ‘genetic archives’
Undercover investigation leads to arrest at Jasper massage business
An undercover investigation into a massage business in Jasper ended Wednesday with one arrest after authorities said they found evidence of illegal activity. The investigation began after the Jasper ...
NC lawmakers send bills targeting gangs, mental health evaluations to Stein
The House of Representatives on Wednesday passed two bills targeting criminal suspects: one would change where they are evaluated for mental illness while the other would give prosecutors stronger tools to crack down on gang activity.
How urban design leads to better wellness
A new big-data analysis of the U.S. shows how urban design aids the health of city residents — especially when cities provide walking opportunities, greenery, and mixed-use streets with a blend of commercial and residential activity.
Josh Hokit calls for UFC to cut Tom Aspinall
Heavyweight contender Josh Hokit took aim at champion Tom Aspinall over inactivity and wants the UFC to strip Aspinall of the heavyweight title and release him from the organization. He also continued to take shots at former two-division titleholder Alex Pereira. "This crybaby has lost all of his ...
2026 Best of the 'Burgh Winners: Entertainment and Leisure
Activity Bar Pins Mechanical Co. Bed & Breakfast The Mansions On Fifth Luxury Hotel Boutique Hotel Kimpton Hotel Monaco Pittsburgh Camp for Kids
Health officials warn of West Nile virus in mosquito in Alhambra, human infection in Long Beach
The first human case of West Nile virus in Long Beach and current mosquito-carrying activity in the San Gabriel Valley has been reported this month.
America's national parks could add years to your life — here's how they boost health
National parks offer more than scenic views. Research shows trails and greenways boost physical activity, reduce stress and improve mental health.
Rethinking “Soft” Leadership Skills in Public Health
Learn how public health leaders can leverage interpersonal skills to better navigate cross-sector partnerships in this blog post.
Chicago Business Activity Cooled in June
The Chicago Business Barometer, compiled by MNI Indicators, slipped to 56.7 from 62.7 in May, but still beat expectations.
4 Sectors Attracting Seed Funding in Digital Entertainment
Digital entertainment is navigating a paradox. Overall venture capital flowing into gaming dropped sharply through 2025 and into 2026, yet seed-stage deal activity has remained surprisingly resilient across a handful of focused verticals
Insider Sale: CEO of Business Group of $BABA Sells 13,579 Shares
Fan (FJ) Jiang, the CEO of Business Group of $BABA, sold 13,579 shares of the company on 06-25-2026 for an estimated $164,305. We received data on the trade from a recent SEC filing. This was a sale of approximately 2.4% of their shares of this class of stock. Following this trade, they now own 556,617 shares of this class of $BABA stock.$BABA Insider Trading Activity$BABA insiders have traded $BABA stock on the open market 7 times in the past 6
Efzimfotase alfa demonstrated improvements in bone health in treatment-naïve pediatric patients with hypophosphatasia achieving median difference of 1.67 vs placebo in RGI-C Score at week 25 in MULBERRY Phase III trial
Positive results from the MULBERRY Phase III trial showed that efzimfotase alfa (ALXN1850), an investigational enzyme replacement therapy, demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in bone health in children (2 to
Brain activity under anesthesia challenges what we know about consciousness
The unconscious brain appears to be far more capable than scientists once believed. Researchers found that patients under general anesthesia could still process language at a sophisticated level, distinguishing nouns, verbs, and adjectives while listening to stories. Even more remarkably, neural activity showed signs of predicting upcoming words before they were heard. The results challenge traditional ideas about consciousness and hint at new possibilities for brain-computer interfaces.
How ‘exercise snacks’ can improve your health
Doctors say short bursts of physical activity can improve your health. Here’s how to make these “exercise snacks” count.
US Oilfield Business Activity Strengthens, Though Oil Price Uncertainty Remains
The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas’ second-quarter energy survey reports improved business conditions, despite a mixed outlook on oil prices and input costs.
Mountain lions changed everything in this tiny California preserve
A surprising ecological makeover unfolded when mountain lions began frequenting a small preserve south of San Francisco. Deer activity dropped, plants recovered, and shifts among predators like coyotes, bobcats, and foxes followed. The study shows that powerful “trophic cascades” aren’t limited to remote wilderness—they can happen in small, suburban preserves too.
Sports books see surge in Missouri World Cup betting
Sports gambling activity is up this month in Missouri with Kansas City hosting six FIFA World Cup matches.
Semi-communal 'compound houses' in Ghana affect how people participate in political activity
Could the precise architectural form of your residence influence how much you participate in politics? A new study by MIT scholars finds this to be exactly the case—at least in Accra, Ghana, where many ...
Scientists find thousands of earthquakes in a perfectly straight line in Alaska, revealing a hidden 'microplate'
Tiny earthquakes that emerge in a strikingly linear pattern revealed the Yakutat microplate, which may be focusing volcano and earthquake activity.
How architecture influences political activity
A new study in Ghana shows residents in semi-communal housing are more likely to vote, attend rallies, and take part in political campaigns, compared to people in more private forms of housing.
Binghamton University creates an open-source healthcare simulation repository
Staff from Binghamton University’s Information Technology Services and Decker College of Nursing and Health Services recently collaborated to create the SUNY Share Simulation and IPE Activity Repository.
U.S. Business Activity Continued to Expand in June
U.S. business activity in the private sector continued to expand in June as brighter news out of the Middle East helped restore some confidence among U.S. businesses.
US Business Activity Picks Up on Manufacturing Strength
US business activity expanded at the fastest pace in five months, bolstered by a surge in demand for manufactured goods.
Chicago’s Bike Lanes Don’t Hurt Businesses, City Report Finds
As protected bike lanes face opposition in some neighborhoods, city-backed case studies found lanes in a half-dozen corridors have not contributed to a negative impact on economic activity.
The tea in your kombucha changes more than just the taste
Scientists discovered that kombucha’s flavor, chemistry, and antioxidant activity vary dramatically depending on the tea used to make it. Green and oolong tea kombuchas emerged as the most biologically active, while fermentation transformed each tea into a distinctly different beverage.
Euro-Zone Business Activity Shows Resilience to Iran War Fallout
Business activity in the euro area shrank less than anticipated in June, feeding optimism that the region’s economy can weather faster inflation and the jolt to confidence dealt by the Iran war.
German business activity hits 18-month low in June, PMI shows
Germany's private sector activity contracted at its fastest pace in 18 months in June as the services downturn deepened, a survey showed on Tuesday.
German Business Activity Unexpectedly Worsens on Services Slump
Germany’s private sector shrank for a third month as sagging confidence over the Iran war sent services activity sinking at its fastest pace since 2022.
French Business Activity Extends Drop With Economy ‘Frail’
French business activity shrank for a sixth month after higher energy costs sparked by the Iran war hurt confidence and consumer spending.
Outdoor drinking ‘entertainment zones’ could help grow Downtown Fresno
Fresno has passed an ordinance creating three entertainment zones that would allow outdoor drinking during approved special events, in an effort to revitalize downtown and bring more activity to th…
Meta AI training data leak exposed employee activity across company
Meta's AI Model Capability Initiative faces scrutiny after a data leak exposes internal security risks, sparking employee concerns.
A cloud-based miniscope for neurosurveillance of brain health and disease in freely behaving animals
Nature Methods - A miniscope with cloud-based operation and multicontrast capabilities enables continuous recording of neuronal activity, hemodynamics or cellular dynamics over multiple days. This...
MASTER CLASS: Tap in to the power within to make healthy choices
Intention is a very powerful psychological attribute contributing toward any behavior change. Without an intent to change, there's almost zero chance it will occur – especially with respect to health behaviors. This week, I'll present some tips for maximizing intention in an effort to make good behaviors "stick." Plus, I'll introduce an exercise that fits perfectly into physical activity program.
Move with the mayor: Buffalo kicks off community health walk at Delaware Park
Mayor Sean Ryan joined residents Saturday morning for the "Move with the Mayor" event at Delaware Park, which is aimed at encouraging physical activity and breaking down barriers to good health.
Chinese scientists create record-smashing brain implant electrode array
Breakthrough recorded neural activity with high clarity and remained safely functional for 18 months without a drop in performance.
Google Health returns 'Hourly Activity' in June, tosses in extra for Android
The app continues to get polished in ways users might find useful.
Reframing exercise: How simple physical activity boosts health | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
For many people, consistent exercise feels daunting — an all-or-nothing proposition in which setbacks signal failure and advice overwhelms. This discussion reframes physical activity as something accessible and sustainable by challenging common myths about exercise.
Google Health 5.02 rolling out with return of naps, Hourly activity, & more
Google Health’s work to address issues and make improvements to the redesigned Android and iOS app continues today with version 5.02.
Mosquito population surge prompts public health emergency in Fort Bend County
The public health emergency was declared on Tuesday as Fort Bend County health officials are reporting "extraordinary mosquito populations" and activity that are well-above normal seasonal levels.
Ozempic users may be making a major weight-loss mistake, new study suggests
New research finds GLP-1 users significantly reduced physical activity, with daily steps and exercise declining after starting a weight loss medication.
Australia court bans former Star Entertainment CEO for six years, fines $495,000
Australia's Federal Court on Wednesday banned former Star Entertainment CEO and managing director Matthias Bekier from managing corporations for six years, and fined him A$700,000 ($494,620.00) over breaches tied to the handling of risks associated with money laundering and criminal activity.
AI and brain-computer interface allow speechless ALS patient to work a full-time job
The hardware isn't new, but a UC Davis research team's machine learning-powered method of translating brain activity in an ALS patient into sentences with 92% accuracy is
Chautauqua County Announces Funding Opportunity for Youth Sports Programs
MAYVILLE, N.Y. — The Chautauqua County Youth Bureau is looking to expand opportunities for young people to experience the many benefits of youth sports, including teamwork, leadership, physical activity and personal growth.
Why Marketing Feels Harder as Your Business Grows by Nathan Tayloe
At some point, most growing businesses hit the same moment. What used to feel straightforward starts to feel more complicated. Marketing takes more effort. Results feel less predictable. What once worked consistently begins delivering mixed outcomes. It is easy to assume something is broken. In many cases, nothing is. The business has simply reached a different stage. What Worked Before Starts to Lose Its Edge Early on, growth is often driven by a few things working well at the same time: Referrals are strong The value of the offering is clear The team is aligned Decisions are made quickly Marketing, in that stage, tends to feel easier because the business itself is easier to understand. As the company grows, that simplicity fades. The audience expands. Services evolve. New people join the team. More channels are added. More decisions are made across more touchpoints. Marketing is no longer communicating one clear story. It is trying to represent a more complex business. Complexity Creates Friction That added complexity does not always show up immediately. It builds over time. Messaging starts to drift. Different parts of the business describe what they do in slightly different ways. The website no longer reflects how the company actually operates. Sales conversations evolve faster than the brand. At the same time, more activity is introduced to try to keep growth moving: New campaigns More content Additional platforms More tools and reporting The volume increases. The clarity does not always keep pace. That is when marketing starts to feel harder. It’s Not a Lack of Effort Most teams respond to this stage by doing more. More output More meetings More adjustments More experimentation That effort is not misplaced. It is often pointed in the wrong direction. When the underlying issue is a lack of alignment, more activity tends to create more noise. Results become harder to interpret. Decisions take longer. Progress feels inconsistent. From the outside, everything looks active. From the inside, it feels less certain. The Real Shift As businesses grow, marketing becomes less about execution and more about alignment. The companies that navigate this transition well tend to refocus on a few fundamentals: A clearly defined audience A strong, consistent position in the market Messaging that reflects how the business actually operates Alignment between leadership, marketing, and sales When those elements are in place, execution becomes more effective again. Marketing does not necessarily become easier, but it becomes more consistent. A Different Kind of Discipline Growth introduces more opportunity, but it also demands more discipline. What worked when the business was smaller often cannot be scaled without adjustment. The systems, messaging, and decision-making that once felt intuitive need to become more intentional. That is not a sign of failure. It is a normal part of growth. Marketing feels harder because the business has become more complex. The solution is not to outwork that complexity. It is to bring clarity to it. The companies that do that well tend to regain momentum quickly. Those who do not often stay busy without seeing the same level of progress. — Learn more about how we help organizations align strategy, brand, and execution. Visit tayloegray.com, or reach out directly at nathan@tayloegray.com.
One muscle protein may hold the key to staying stronger as you age, study finds
New research identifies a muscle protein called NOX4 that declines with age and inactivity, potentially explaining why exercise keeps people stronger.
The Compass Report: Relative declines seen in Arkansas metro economies
Although job numbers were up broadly, rising jobless rates, declines in manufacturing and construction jobs, and moderation in building activity resulted in lower grades among the four Arkansas metro economies...
Science & Medicine: Relaxing excited neurons may lead to more effective treatments for schizophrenia
A new medication to treat schizophrenia has been developed by scientists who discovered that a neuron that inhibits the activity of other cells may be in short supply in those with the disorder.
People taking GLP-1 weight loss drugs like Ozempic started moving less
People taking popular weight-loss drugs such as Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound may be losing pounds, but they could also be moving less. Researchers analyzing Fitbit data found that daily step counts and exercise levels dropped after people started these medications, despite successful weight loss. Because the drugs can reduce muscle mass along with fat, the decline in physical activity raises concerns about preserving strength and long-term health.
Better Business Bureau: Major sporting events bring economic opportunities and increased scam risks
As excitement builds around World Cup matches – especially with Spain's team training in Chattanooga and tournaments being held as close as Atlanta – your Better Business Bureau is encouraging local fans and businesses to prepare for increased activity, heightened demand and the rise in scams that too often accompany major global sporting events.
Chinese hackers hijack auth flow, spy on isolated network for a decade
Chinese hackers took control of a target organization's authentication stack and maintained persistence for 10 years, with full visibility into the administrative activity.
World Cup brings business boost to downtown Augusta as construction continues
Downtown Augusta construction continues to impact businesses as work speeds up, with most of the activity centered around Broad Street.
Las Vegas ranks No. 2 in world in startup community activity
Las Vegas ranked No. 23 in the U.S., climbing four spots from last year, and ranked No. 67 globally, rising 17 spots, in StartupBlink’s Global Startup Ecosystem Index 2026.
Synthesia HR chief: Tokenmaxxing isn't the goal. Getting results is.
Companies are pushing workers to use AI. Synthesia's Laura Gonzalez says measuring token usage can reward activity over outcomes.
Study: Less sedentary time, more light activity may lower key health risk in pregnancy
University of Iowa researchers recommend a daily mix of movement and sleep, along with a cap on sedentary time, to lower the risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.
Pregnant women may reduce key health risk through less sitting, more light exercise
Women who engage in light physical activity and lessen their sedentary time may significantly reduce the risk of key health problems during pregnancy, according to a new University of Iowa-led study. ...
Local businesses roll out custom merch as World Cup crowds expected to boost economy
With Philadelphia projected to generate roughly $770 million in economic activity from upcoming FIFA World Cup matches, local businesses are preparing for an influx of fans by offering new merchandise infused with Philly flair.
Trump administration proposes new rules on prediction markets that would still allow most sports activity
The Trump administration on Wednesday proposed a set of new federal regulations for prediction markets that appear to largely leave the booming industry intact.
New Florida law leads Polk County Schools to add $400 sports fee for non-public student-athletes
The Polk County School Board voted unanimously Tuesday to approve a new $400 activity fee for certain non-traditional student-athletes participating in district sports.
Roundup: Existing home sales / Faith Technologies / University Lakes update
A May surge: U.S. existing home sales rose in May to their highest level since December, reaching an annual pace of about 4.17 million. The increase was driven by slightly lower mortgage rates and stronger buyer activity. However, affordability remains a challenge as home prices stay elevated and supply is still limited. CNBC has the […]
Promotora-led health program shows promise for rural Latina women
Pilot study links culturally adapted intervention to healthier eating and increased physical activity
Ottawa Center for the Arts repurposes churches for entertainment and culture
Ottawa Center for the Arts uses repurposed churches, each rich in history, that are now invigorated with activity.
Springfield sees wave of new business openings in May
Springfield saw a flurry of business activity in May with new restaurants opening and multiple businesses closing.
San Francisco’s Metropolitan Mosaic
Urban development, green spaces, and maritime activity converge in this Northern California city.
Public Health to Host Field Fest to Celebrate Inaugural MeckMoves Fitness Challenge
Mecklenburg County Public Health is celebrating the end of the inaugural MeckMoves fitness challenge with MeckMoves Field Fest – a wellness festival and experience that will take place June 27 from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on the field at Eastway Regional Recreation Center. The free, family-friendly event is open to the public, not just MeckMoves participants, and will have resources and activities to promote health and physical activity.
You could get some of the benefits of sleep without having to nod off
Mice seemed to reap some of the benefits of sleep by having their brain activity stimulated while they were awake, and the researchers plan to test the approach on people
Highlandtown’s business district was growing. Then ICE came.
Highlandtown, a growing and increasingly Latino neighborhood in East Baltimore, has been at the center of ICE activity lately. That has business owners worried about the future.
Goldman Sachs pushes Fed rate-cut call to 2027 on strong US jobs data
Goldman Sachs expects the U.S. Federal Reserve to keep rates unchanged through 2026 and delay rate cuts until 2027, it said on Friday, citing stronger economic activity and job growth after a robust payrolls report.
MOSI Monday | STEM Splash Art! The Science of Floating Ink
STEM Splash Art! The Science of Floating Ink...this activity demonstrates density and buoyancy in a surprising way.
Need to recharge your brain? Stop swiping and turn a page
People are throwing parties in an effort to read more for fun. The meet-ups are more than a social activity or a way to recharge — they can help improve brain health.
Scenes From Thursday’s LARSO Health Fair ‘Stronger Together
Scene from the LARSO Health Fair at Betty Ehart Senior Activity Center. Photo by Maire O’Neill/losalamosreporter.com Scene from the LARSO Health Fair at Betty Ehart Senior Activity Center. Ph…
South Florida businesses question whether FIFA's economic boost estimate for the World Cup will become reality
FIFA estimates the seven games played in the area could generate $1.3 billion in economic activity.
PENN Entertainment Bets On New Aurora Casino And Valuation Gap
PENN Entertainment (NasdaqGS:PENN) is opening the new US$360 million Hollywood Casino Aurora as its latest land-based flagship in Illinois. The long-running Hollywood Casino riverboat in Aurora is set to close after more than 30 years of operation as activity shifts to the new property. The new complex combines gaming, hotel rooms, dining, and entertainment offerings in a single, purpose-built facility. The move reflects PENN Entertainment's push to grow its brick and mortar footprint...
One Seahawks CB to watch during the 2026 preseason
Dansby’s ball skills, toughness and smarts are earning him picks but flying under the radar in his first month of offseason activity with the Seahawks
LAPD and feds conduct drug-busting operation in fentanyl hotspot MacArthur Park
The Los Angeles Police Department and federal agents are working on a joint operation targeting "illegal narcotics activity" in MarArthur Park, a hotspot for fentanyl sales and use, on Thursday afternoon, authorities said.
DPH Hosts Fourth Annual Advancing Healthy Lifestyles Conference
DOVER, DEL. (June 4, 2026) — The Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity Prevention Program (PANO) of the Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) brought together hundreds of leaders, advocates, and practitioners for its fourth annual Advancing Healthy Lifestyles Conference, on June 4, at the Bally’s Dover Casino Resort. It was a full day focused on […]
Every US state and Washington, DC, ranked by their economies
A recent WalletHub study ranked all US states and Washington, DC, based on economic activity, economic health, and innovation potential.
Retirements are driving INW business sales
Since January, the Inland Northwest has seen several business acquisitions, suggesting that merger and acquisition activity may be on the rise.
Scientists discover the master clock that controls biological growth and development
A newly discovered genetic clock acts as the master timekeeper for development, orchestrating crucial bursts of gene activity throughout a worm’s growth. When the clock is disrupted, development stops, offering fresh clues about how growth-related disorders may arise.
US economic activity and inflation both up in recent weeks, Fed survey shows
U.S. economic activity increased a bit in recent weeks, employment was little changed, and the fallout from higher energy prices due to the war in the Middle East was pervasive, the Federal Reserve said on Wednesday, two weeks before Kevin Warsh convenes his first policy meeting as head of the U.S. central bank.
Dion Dawkins And Wegmans Teach Kids Healthy Eating And Activity!
In partnership with Wegmans, the Buffalo Bills invited St. Lawrence Catholic to the Wegmans Conference Center in Rochester, NY as part of the Play 60 Charged Up By Wegmans Field Trip Grand Prize! The event included an hour of physical activity stations as
US service sector growth picks up in May; businesses face higher prices for inputs
U.S. services sector activity picked up in May as businesses preemptively placed orders and rebuilt inventories in anticipation of shortages and higher prices because of the war with Iran.
Scientists reverse anxiety by fixing a tiny brain circuit
A newly identified group of amygdala neurons appears to play a central role in anxiety and social behavior. Restoring normal activity in this tiny brain circuit reversed anxiety and social deficits in mice, revealing a promising new target for future treatments.
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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