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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin Is in Development at PlatinumGames
Paramount has made a significant move in the world of video games, and announced its first major project, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin from Bayonetta developer PlatinumGames. Here's everything you need to know.
Detroit investment programs help remove vacant storefronts, open new businesses
PENN Entertainment Bets On New Aurora Casino And Valuation Gap
PENN Entertainment (NasdaqGS:PENN) is opening the new US$360 million Hollywood Casino Aurora as its latest land-based flagship in Illinois. The long-running Hollywood Casino riverboat in Aurora is set to close after more than 30 years of operation as activity shifts to the new property. The new complex combines gaming, hotel rooms, dining, and entertainment offerings in a single, purpose-built facility. The move reflects PENN Entertainment's push to grow its brick and mortar footprint...
Joshua Wostal teases Tampa Bay Rays ballpark resistance planned by the Tampa CRA next week
If Wostal’s comments on The Ryan Gorman Show are to be believed, the CRA will vote to remove the Rays MOU from its upcoming agenda next week.
Breaking News: NFL Franchise To Move To New State (Report)
The NFL has learned that one of their historic franchises will officially have a new home. The bombshell news surfaced on Friday morning and has gone viral throughout the league. The NFL has not seen a team move locations since 2020 (the Raiders to Las Vegas) and 2016 (the Rams to Los Angeles). Now, there […] The post Breaking News: NFL Franchise To Move To New State (Report) appeared first on Gridiron Heroics.
Colin Cowherd Urges Pittsburgh Steelers To Make T.J. Watt Trade
If Fox Sports radio host Colin Cowherd had control over the Pittsburgh Steelers, his first move would be to part ways eight-time Pro Bowl linebacker T.J. Watt. Earlier this week, the Cleveland Browns officially hit the reset button by trading All-Pro defensive end Myles Garrett to the Los Angeles ...
Fresno considers dropping Business Journal, Fresno Bee from legal notice requirements
The Fresno City Council tabled an ordinance that would remove the Business Journal and Fresno Bee as named legal notice publications.
TPC26 Panel Explores AI's Impact on Science, Productivity and Global Collaboration
Can AI help science move faster without sacrificing openness and collaboration? How to measure ROI in AI for science? What are some of the most effective strategies for collaboration among […]
Pritzker moves to end data-center incentives
It’s a noteworthy move for Pritzker, who ran for governor eight years ago as a business-friendly venture capitalist who focused on technology.
Business Report launches the AI Academy to help business leaders move from understanding to implementation
As artificial intelligence rapidly reshapes the business landscape, Business Report’s training division is launching the Business Report AI Academy, a new executive education experience designed to help small and mid-sized business leaders move beyond uncertainty and into practical implementation. Sponsored by Pellerin Technology, the five-session Academy provides a structured leadership learning path that guides participants […]
Liverpool is pushing to beat Arsenal to sign two attackers
Liverpool and Arsenal have both been linked with moves for several of the same attacking targets, and The Times reports that the duo are now competing for two highly rated forwards in the current tran...
Bayern ‘exploring’ surprise move for Liverpool winger
Bayern Munich are exploring a surprise move for Liverpool winger Rio Ngumoha in the summer transfer window. The 17-year-old signed his first professional deal with Liverpool in September, and has a c...
I moved from the UK to the US to grow my business; love the work culture
UK entrepreneur Thomas Phillips moved to Austin, Texas, to grow his business. He's enjoyed the US's entrepreneurial spirit, work culture, and tax benefits.
How ASUS Is Bringing AI into Healthcare Workflows
Move from pilot to production with ASUS AI Hub and NVIDIA NemoClaw. Deploy scalable, secure on-premises enterprise Agentic AI with robust data governance and custom knowledge RAG workflows.
Official: Napoli make Alisson Santos’ move permanent
Napoli confirm Alisson Santos has completed a permanent transfer to the Stadio Maradona after an initial six-month loan spell from Sporting CP.Brazilian winger Alisson Santos has completed a permanent...
Midfielder Smallwood pens permanent Bristol Rovers deal
Midfielder Richie Smallwood has made his loan move from Tranmere to Bristol Rovers permanent, signing a one-year deal.
Report: Brentford have launched £43m bid to sign forward
Brentford Close In on Record Move for Cologne Star Said El MalaBrentford appear to be edging closer to completing one of the most eye catching deals of their summer, with reports from Bild suggesting ...
Why Does the Sun Make You Sneeze? Scientists Reveal the Surprising Truth - Futura-Sciences
Why Do Some People Sneeze in Sunlight? Have you ever found yourself sneezing when you suddenly move from the shade to the bright outdoors, or even after switching on a powerful light? You might be part of the roughly one in four people who experience what’s called the photic sneeze...
Webster Town Board votes to remove Pride flag raised at town hall this week
The board says the American flag and the New York state flag will be the only ones displayed on properties owned by the town of Webster.
Report: Arne Slot could be set for shock managerial return
Celtic weigh ambitious move for former Liverpool boss as managerial search takes fresh twistCeltic’s search for a new permanent manager could be heading in a fascinating new direction, with former L...
Official | Allan Saint-Maximin leaves RC Lens
Allan Saint-Maximin’s (29) exit from RC Lens has been confirmed. The Frenchman is expected to make a move to the MLS.Having joined Lens last February following the termination of his contract with M...
Chelsea consider €30m deal for Juventus defender Cambiaso
Chelsea are considering a move to sign Andrea Cambiaso from Juventus after the Italian side missed out on Champions League qualification.Juventus are planning sales this summer after a sixth-place fin...
‘B—ch’ Move? Allen ‘Finessed’ By DDP Bait-And-Switch
This weekend (Sat., June 6, 2026) at UFC Vegas 118, No. 4-ranked Middleweight contender will take a significant step down the ladder to face unranked boxer Edmen Shahbazyan in the co-main event. Usually, there are extenuating circumstances when a Top 5-ranked contender fights outside the rankings. Some kind of losing streak is involved or the […]
Juventus eyeing Tottenham goalkeeper Guglielmo Vicario
Tottenham Hotspur goalkeeper Guglielmo Vicario was on the cusp of a move back to Italy, but despite talks reaching an advanced stage, Inter Milan turned elsewhere.However, the Spurs shot-stopper is st...
Barcelona not interested in Juventus fullback despite recent reports
Barcelona are in the market for multiple players this summer, with the likes of Julian Alvarez being closely linked with a move to the Camp Nou.However, apart from signing a top striker, Barcelona are...
Brave is charging $60 to remove features it added in the first place
Pay more to get less.
Dallas mayor warns 'the wolf is up the tollway' as big businesses move north
Caitlin Clark’s sidestep triple vs. Dream is a must-see
Caitlin Clark continues to amaze WNBA fans with her smooth moves on the court. The Indiana Fever superstar once again showcased her elite skill set in the third quarter against the Atlanta Dream on Thursday. She brought the ball toward…
Rams Land Myles Garrett: Should the Lions Make a Move?
After the Rams landed Myles Garrett, the question shifts to Detroit: Should the Lions make a blockbuster move of their own, or trust the roster they've built?
Building a One Health workforce to protect people from zoonotic disease and foodborne illness
From zoonotic pathogens that move between animals, humans and their shared environment to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by antimicrobial use across sectors, to chemical contaminants, food safety is at the centre of the One Health approach. On World Food Safety Day, we highlight those using the approach to address risks to human, animal and environmental health. WHO, together with partners, is committed to strengthening the One Health workforce, including professions such as veterinarians, epidemiologists and food safety officers. However, the approach is only as strong as the systems behind it and the people who implement it – across sectors, services and borders.
The Un-Trumping of the Kennedy Center Will Happen Very Soon
An internal memo from the center’s counsel gave staff a June 12 deadline to remove the president’s name from the building’s signage.
Kennedy Center orders staff to remove Trump’s name
The Kennedy Center’s general counsel ordered staff on Thursday to remove President Donald Trump’s name from the building by June 12, according to a memo obtained by CNN, in order to comply with a recent court order.
Move Fast, Surveil Things
Meta has deployed facial recognition code to millions of their always-on surveillance glasses, according to new reporting by Wired. EFF’s Threat Lab was able to confirm that the facial recognition
Pentagon drops 180 faiths from military's recognized religions list
The Department of War officially removed 180 faiths from its recognized religions list, reducing over 200 faith codes to just 31 under a new memo.
You are witnessing an independent movement in Idaho politics
Because primary elections often nominate candidates who are either too extreme or unlikely to win, many voters are looking for a better option.
I relocated abroad. I should have done 7 things differently.
I made some mistakes when I moved abroad. If I did it all over again, I'd act like a tourist and network more.
Fantasy Baseball Rankings Movers: Miguel Vargas joins third base elite; Nolan McLean, Shota Imanaga take a hit
Rankings movers: Vargas surges and Misiorowski's control issues appear to be a thing of the past
Alix Earle Is Reportedly Joining Benson Boone’s “The Time of My Life” Video
Alix Earle’s next entertainment move may take her from TikTok, reality TV, and magazine covers into Benson Boone’s music-video world. The influencer and media personality ... Read More
Rutgers Football ranked bottom of Big Ten: Is it accurate?
The Scarlet Knights will need to improve defensively to see any movement.
Hartridge still admires Exeter despite Argyle move
New Plymouth Argyle signing Alex Hartridge says his move will not lessen the admiration he has for former club Exeter City.
How Rachel Carson's Silent Spring changed the world in 1962
Rachel Carson’s look at the dire effects of industrial and agricultural pollution birthed the modern environmental movement when it was first published – and remains as crucial a read today, finds Rowan Hooper
Three studies used by RFK Jr and allies to justify controversial vaccine policies changes facing new scrutiny
Scientists praise moves to investigate, retract or remove controversial studies. The authors stand by their work
New Steelers coaches see Jalen Ramsey as their version of do-it-all Charles Woodson
Mike McCarthy and his coaching staff see Jalen Ramsey as the ultimate chess piece in their secondary, a defender who can move around and be a true threat...
Hojlund release clause revealed following Man United departure
Rasmus Hojlund has completed a permanent move to Napoli from Manchester United, and Italian sources report that an €85m release clause for the Dane will be available from next summer.Napoli confirme...
Samsung Electronics move to Texas jars N.J. business, political communities
Samsung's decision to relocate its U.S. headquarters from Englewood Cliffs to Plano, Texas, has rocked the N.J. business community.
Man City consider legal action after Haaland claim
After a candidate in Real Madrid's presidential election unveils an Erling Haaland shirt on live TV, Manchester City dismiss the suggestion their striker will move to Spain.
Michael Grant launches 2028 bid for Ben Albritton's Senate seat with 20-plus endorsements in hand
Michael Grant is making his move for 2028 — and he isn't being subtle about it. The former House Majority Leader and Punta Gorda Republican filed Tuesday
Nottingham Forest Eyeing Move for €45m Juventus Forward
Nottingham Forest Transfer News: Lois Openda Emerges as Intriguing Summer TargetForest Eye Openda OpportunityNottingham Forest’s summer planning has taken an intriguing turn, with Gianluca Di Marzio...
Business owners say they’re being forced out of Northlake Mall with just weeks notice
Business owners say they have less than 30 days to move out.
Microsoft admits Windows 11's right-click menu is a mess, will let you customize it after years of complaints
Microsoft has confirmed that it'll let you customize the context menu to your liking, which means you'll be able to add or remove items.
Alphabet's capital raise signals the end of low capex, high earnings business model: Expert
Blind Squirrel Macro's Rupert Mitchell hints at how investors may be underestimating a key transition underway when Big Tech moves to capital-intensive AI infrastructure operations. This move, the veteran capital market banker suggests could reshape the market dynamics that helped fuel U.S. equity outperformance over the past decade.
Austin health agencies move to protect sexual health services as Safe Alliance closes
With the Safe Alliance set to shut down its sexual assault victim services next week, local public health leaders are moving to protect other critical sexual he
Democrats and Republicans slam arrest of Ohio's 'The Rooster' blogger
Even politicians who dislike The Rooster are denouncing the arrest of blogger D.J. Byrnes, with some calling the move censorship.
Trump strips job protections from 8,000 senior federal workers
The move reclassifies thousands of employees, making it easier to fire them for any reason. Critics say it could politicize the civil service.
Latest White House move to politicise science funding provokes ...
US research community mobilising to push back on proposed rule that would give apparatchiks control of which research gets funded
Russell Wilson announces move to CBS Sports in apparent retirement video
Senate Republicans move forward with their big immigration bill after internal clashes: From the Politics Desk
Plus, Trump’s new DNI pick faces skepticism.
Dallas residents lament Downtown business exodus after Mavs, Stars plan suburban moves
Though centered around Dallas City Hall's future, the focus of public comment at today's Dallas City Council meeting was the exodus of businesses from downtown, with many residents taking time to lament the departure of sports franchises and companies alike.
Christine Miller takes a warning shot at Tampa Sports Authority appointees
There's more drama as negotiations with the Rays move forward.
Wellin5 Moves Toward Its Next Phase of Behavioral Health Acquisitions
Wellin5 is arguing for the harder version. The company is a hybrid behavioral health platform that has operated in the category for more than a decade and has served tens of thousands of patients through virtual therapy services.
REV launches new communications platform for businesses
REV Fiber for Business has launched a cloud-based communications platform designed to help employees collaborate and stay connected with customers through a single mobile and desktop application. “As workplace communication needs evolve from traditional offices to hybrid and remote environments, our business customers need platforms that remove friction,” Tressy Leindecker, REV’s executive vice president of […]
Taylor Swift's 'Toy Story 5' song is one of her savviest business moves yet
Taylor Swift is tying her commercial and promotional power to "Toy Story 5" with an original song for the film's soundtrack. It's a smart business move.
Senate Republicans drop Trump ballroom funding from immigration bill
Senate Republicans have formally removed funding for President Donald Trump’s ballroom security as part of their sprawling immigration funding package, according to revised legislative text released Wednesday.
Trump suffers rare House defeat as bipartisan vote moves to withdraw troops from Iran conflict
The House voted to curb Trump's war powers in Iran after Democrats and several Republicans bucked the president in a rare bipartisan rebuke of his policy.
AI Startup Collate Raises $95 Million To Automate Life Sciences Paperwork
In this week’s edition of InnovationRx, we look at breakthroughs from ASCO, Harrison.ai's U.S. expansion, Clear's move into healthcare and more.
Macy's Lifts Sales Outlook; GameStop Collectibles Business
On this episode of Stock Movers with John Tucker: - Macy's (M) shares are on the move after it lifted its sales outlook for the year, a sign that the company's focus on growing its luxury business and improving its assortment is paying off. - GameStop (GME) shares are climbing after the video-game retailer reported a record quarterly profit driven by its collectibles business. Sales overall climbed 14% to $835.3 million. Net income of $389.6 million was the highest ever for a quarter in the company's history, GameStop said in a regulatory filing Tuesday. - Palo Alto (PANW) shares are dropping as the security software company reported results following a 61% year-to-date rally. The company reported third-quarter results that beat the average analyst expectation and raised its full-year forecast for key metrics, but failed to meet elevated buyside expectations.
Brentford Set to Stun Premier League With £38m Summer Transfer
Brentford Transfer News: Said El Mala Deal Signals Serious AmbitionBrentford Move Closer to Said El Mala TransferBrentford appear to be edging towards one of the most intriguing deals of the summer, w...
Scientists Create Water Tweezers to Move Small “Surfers”
Breakthrough shows how water waves can be used to move and hold floating objects
Milwaukee shouldn’t trade Giannis Antetokounmpo for one major reason
With constant trade talks swirling around superstar Giannis Antetokounmpo, this could be the summer a blockbuster deal finally happens. The Bucks’ owner has made comments about wanting to make a move before the NBA Draft to acquire assets, and looking…
The Texas Business Court - A New Forum for Complex Disputes
By Byron F. Egan A key driver behind the DExit movement is Texas’s investment in a specialized forum for complex business disputes. The Texas Business Court represents a significant shift in how commercial litigation is handled in the state.
Can Hollywood help heal America's divides?
Steven Olikara believes movies and TV can help Americans move beyond caricature, contempt and political division.
Michigan’s rural health investment must be built to scale
Michigan’s rural health investment should not simply fund isolated success stories. It should accelerate the movement of proven models from one community to the next.
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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