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Congo’s Shock Tie With Portugal Won A Polymarket Bettor $1 Million
The Democratic Republic of the Congo managed a 1-1 draw against No. 5-ranked Portugal in the World Cup.
Americans Struggle to Afford Quality Healthcare
Fifty-one percent of Americans could not consistently afford healthcare in 2025 – the largest share in the past five years, according to a new report from the West Health-Gallup Center on Healthcare in America. Every year since 2022, fewer and fewer Americans are considered “cost secure” when it ...
iPhone Ultra final design shared by Apple’s nemesis
Despite the ongoing legal battle, leaker Jon Prosser has been active in sharing leaks and renders for upcoming iPhone models. His latest could very well be the final version of the iPhone Ultra.
House of the Dragon: Season 3
Harry Collet (left), as Jacaerys "Jace" Velaryon and Emma D'Arcy as Rhaenyra Targaryen in "House of the Dragon: Season 3."
House of the Dragon: Season 3
A scene from "House of the Dragon: Season 3."
Portugal vs DR Congo Highlights
Check out the full game highlights between Portugal and DR Congo in the 2026 FIFA World Cup™. Announced by Darren Fletcher and Owen Hargreaves.
SanDisk's New 8TB PS5 SSD Costs More Than Three Times As Much As The PS5 Pro
The highest capacity Optimus GX Pro 850P drive for the PS5 almost tops the $3,000 mark.
Elon Musk’s Next Move May Be a Mega-Merger of SpaceX and Tesla
Some shareholders might object, but there is little they could do, legal experts say.
Dorian TV Awards nominations: ‘Heated Rivalry,’ ‘Hacks,’ ‘Pluribus,’ ‘The Pitt’ lead the way for queer-themed shows
Now in its 17th year, the Dorian TV Awards are voted on by GALECA: The Society of LGBTQ Entertainment Critics.
The Next Big Score
Perched on the hills of Pacific Bluffs, the world-famous Kortz Center looms large over the Los Santos cultural scene. Priceless international works of art have adorned its hallways for years, and now the time has come to raid this prestigious gallery’s...
Samsung Galaxy XR Arrives in the UK
Available now for pre-order, Galaxy XR will launch from 8th July, marking the arrival of Samsung’s first extended reality device in the UK, powered by Android XR
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8 Ultra: The Foldable We’ve Been Waiting For
Recent FCC filings confirm the upcoming Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8 lineup, highlighting a new Wide model and more.
World Cup 2026: Why Cristiano Ronaldo may need the tournament of his life to lift Portugal
World Cup Day 7 What to Watch: Tournament favorites Portugal and England begin their campaigns
The Dell XPS 13 Laptop Is Available Starting Today
The Dell XPS 13 is now available, starting at $599.
The Milky Way’s black hole is eerily quiet. Scientists have now found evidence of its missing wind
Scientists have searched for wind coming from our galaxy’s supermassive black hole for 50 years. Now, researchers believe they have captured evidence of wind outflow.
France vs Senegal Highlights
Check out the full game highlights between France vs Senegal in the 2026 FIFA World Cup™. Announced by Ian Darke and Landon Donovan.
Merchants of Doubt and the attacks on Extreme Event Attribution science
Last week, I attended a meeting at Columbia University on attribution science and climate law, hosted by the Sabin Center. It was a fantastic event, bringing together scientists and legal experts working at the intersection of extreme event attribution and climate law. Subscribe For those unfamiliar with it, extreme event attribution attempts to quantify the contribution of climate change to an extreme event. For example, several groups analyzed the impact of climate change on Hurricane Harvey’s enormous rainfall totals over Houston, Texas and they found that climate change increased rainfall by 15 to 38%. One thing that came up again and again was how terrified fossil-fuel interests are of extreme event attribution science. They are acutely aware that this research could land them in court. And losing those cases would leave them legally liable for billions of dollars in climate damages. Because the legal stakes are so high, the blowback has turned ugly. I spoke with several scientists at the meeting who are facing ongoing harassment over their work. This blowback is a coordinated campaign to make the entire field look suspect. The goal is to create the impression that attribution science is too uncertain, too political, or too conflicted to be useful in court or in public policy. The strategy is not based on actual science or evidence of misconduct, but on the generation of doubt. The new Merchants of Doubt We’ve seen this before. In fact, not that long ago: We only have to go back a year to the Department of Energy (DOE) Climate Working Group (CWG) report to see an example of using doubt as the tool to push back against well-established science. This strategy is laid out in an email from a member of the CWG, Dr. Roy Spencer, that was released during litigation over the Climate Working Group process. The key quote is: About all I can hope is that what we write will provide sufficient “reasonable scientific doubt” regarding the science claims in the 2009 TSD [technical support document], based upon almost 2 decades of new science, to call into question the original reasoning for the EPA Administrator’s decision that CO2 presents a threat to human health and welfare. This statement is strong evidence that at least some members of the committee were working to support a particular policy outcome: revoking the Endangerment Finding. The email also explains how they planned to do it: by attempting to generate “reasonable doubt”. This is going to be hard, Spencer implies. Despite falsely claiming that “2 decades of new science” weakens the case, Spencer explicitly acknowledges that the actual peer-reviewed science of climate change overwhelmingly rejects his position: But if the science argument is decided upon by a vote, or by the number of published citations, we lose the science argument. We can go back even further: This CWG email shares unmistakable DNA with the infamous 1969 tobacco memo that declared: “Doubt is our product, since it is the best means of competing with the ‘body of fact’ that exists in the mind of the general public. It is also the means of establishing a controversy.” The tobacco memo also acknowledges the limit of this strategy: Like the CWG, they knew the science was not on their side. Share The new new Merchants of Doubt The people attacking the IPCC chapter on extreme event attribution are the newest iteration of the Merchants of Doubt. Their goal, like all Merchants before them, is to introduce doubt into the process. Because the report is not even out yet, they cannot attack its conclusions. So they are attacking the authors instead. Here is a press release from the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee: In the letter, the Chairmen express concerns about potential conflicts of interest involving members of the Attribution Committee, stating that “publicly available information suggests a troubling pattern” in which committee members are affiliated with nonprofits that support climate accountability lawsuits, “raising the appearance of impropriety and member bias.” To be clear, this is just innuendo. There is no actual evidence of bias. And given the robust process that these reports go through, including multiple lines of peer review, it seems very unlikely that significant bias can survive into the report. When the report comes out, critics will have the opportunity to make legitimate criticisms of the report — if any exist. If none do, however, they’ll still make criticisms, but they’ll be bogus, simply designed to generate doubt. We’ll see. A note to the press: Fix your frame To any journalists reading this: The public debate over extreme event attribution science is not going away. The science is simply too dangerous to fossil-fuel interests for them to stop fighting it. You very well might be assigned to write an article about this area of research in the future. When you do, do not automatically adopt the framing that climate misinformers want you to use. They want you to frame the story around questions like: Are climate scientists trying to put their thumb on the scale to achieve a predetermined, politically motivated result? Are climate scientists improperly letting their politics invade the science of the IPCC? That frame is a trap. Instead, you need to view this through the historical lens of the Merchants of Doubt. How does the ecosystem of doubt operate? Who funds it? What methods do they use to misrepresent science and slime researchers? What scientific results are they trying to keep people from understanding are legitimate? Ultimately, you instead need to focus your article on the generation of doubt as a way to maintain the fossil fuel industry’s social and legal license to keep burning oil, gas, and coal. If you treat the misinformers’ frame as a legitimate, good-faith scientific critique, you are helping them produce doubt. Don’t do it. Don’t be a Merchant of Doubt. Thanks for reading The Climate Brink! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work. Subscribe other stuff The Staying Curious Substack has an interesting post about the different flavors of climate sensitivity. This is crucial information if you want to understand how scientists think about how much warming the Earth will experience. I’d be grateful if you could hit the like button ❤️ below! It helps more people discover these ideas and lets me know what’s connecting with readers.
World Cup results, schedule, scores, live updates: France vs. Senegal kicks off star-studded day; Norway-Iraq up next
Photos: Derik Queen, Jeremiah Fears receive All-NBA Rookie Second Team trophies
New Orleans Pelicans rookies Derik Queen and Jeremiah Fears received their All-NBA Rookie Second Team trophies on June 16, 2026.
Former Trump aides plead not guilty to Wisconsin fake elector felony charges
Jim Troupis, a former judge who was Trump’s Wisconsin campaign attorney, Mike Roman, Trump’s director of Election Day operations in 2020, and Ken Chesebro, a former Trump legal adviser, all entered the pleas in Dane County Circuit Court on Tuesday.
‘Fireworks’ spotted in stellar explosion 15 million light-years away
Galaxy M83 is home to some unexpected pyrotechnics from the aftermath of a supernova.
5 New Apple Music Features Coming In iOS 27
iOS 27 isn't bringing any major changes to Apple Music, but as with the rest of the software, there are some improvements coming to make it feel snappier.
Nintendo Switch Update Makes The eShop Much More Responsive
The Nintendo eShop got a big makeover.
Xreal Officially Reveals Its Android XR Aura Glasses
The company is taking paid reservations for a launch later this year.
What a New DOJ Memo Means for Small Business Hiring Practices
A recent U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) legal opinion could significantly affect how federal discrimination law is applied to small businesses.
The secrets to keeping your brain sharp in old age
Neurologist Emily Rogalski studies "superagers" – people in their 80s or 90s with unusually keen memories, whose lifestyles suggest ways to slow cognitive decline
Insta360 Luna Ultra review: Let the gimbal camera wars begin
Insta360's first gimbal camera is a high-powered Osmo Pocket rival that you can actually buy.
Flutter Entertainment is called undervalued by Wedbush
Wedbush starts Flutter (FLUT) at Outperform, citing FanDuel’s U.S. strength and prediction market upside after a 50% drop.
Sony: The Market Is Mispricing Its Entertainment Transformation
Sony’s record FY2025 shows Music & image sensors driving profits.
Galaxy S27 buyers may have reason to rejoice as Samsung reconsiders a controversial move
Samsung may pull back from a display decision that could have impacted the overall experience.
Brendan Sorsby saga ends after Big 12's 'devastating' legal complaint in the middle of the night
Chicago City Council to vote on sweepstakes machine ban as bar owners warn of business closures
Chicago alders are divided over a debate on whether to ban or keep sweepstakes machines legal in the city.
Texas Tech QB Brendan Sorsby declares for NFL supplemental draft amid NCAA legal battle
The Red Raiders quarterback bypasses a massive eligibility battle and legal war with the Big 12 after admitting to wagering on his own team
Fells Point businesses raise concern over juveniles, open containers, illegal liquor sales
2027 Mercedes-AMG GLE63 S And GLS63 Get A New Mild-Hybrid V8 With 603 HP And A Flat-Plane Crank
The two SUVs also get styling tweaks and bigger grilles, adaptive suspension with active roll stabilization, and an exhaust that should be more characterful.
Google Earth's Flight Simulator Mode Is Now Available In Your Browser
Google Earth's flight simulator mode is now available in your browser as an experimental feature.
Lavish Roman villa discovered outside Rome's walls may have been frequented by Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius
The villa, which came to light because it was illegally excavated, was found in an area frequented two millennia ago by the emperors Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.
Samsung Expands Its Galaxy Book 6 Lineup With A Snapdragon X2 Elite-Powered Model
The Samsung Galaxy Book 6 Edge comes with 1TB of storage and 16GB of RAM, and it costs $2,100.
Not LG, Not Sennheiser: This Soundbar Gets Consumer Reports' Best Audio Rating
The HW-Q900F soundbar stands out for Dolby Atmos performance, dialogue clarity, and multi-speaker design in independent audio testing.
Hillsborough county attorney clarifies commissioners can't remove sports authority members
The legal opinion was requested by Commissioner Christine Miller after TSA voted to draft a letter to elected leaders seeking to prioritize Raymond James Stadium renovations over a new Rays ballpark.
More Galaxy Z Fold 8 ‘Ultra’ leaks confirm it looks just like a normal Samsung foldable
Previous reports indicated that Samsung has reassigned the standard naming scheme to a shorter, wider foldable. The latest leaks from...
NASA’s Chandra Finds Unexpected Fireworks in Aftermath of Stellar Explosions
Over a 14-year period from 2000 to 2014, astronomers pointed NASA’s X-ray observatory at the M83 galaxy. They discovered that about half of the X-ray sources
Samsung Galaxy Book 6 Edge with Snapdragon X2 Elite is $2,100, only 16GB of RAM
Samsung has just announced its first Galaxy Book laptop powered by Qualcomm’s Snapdragon X2 Elite and, while it looks great,...
Colorado Attorney General Democratic primary: Meet the candidates
One of the most closely watched contests on the June primary ballot is the four‑way Democratic race for Colorado attorney general. With Attorney General Phil Weiser term‑limited and running for governor, attention has shifted to the candidates vying to replace him and the qualifications they bring to the state’s top legal office. Running for attorney […]
The politics of intergenerational wealth inequality
Letters: Dr Rajiv Prabhakar assesses the best age at which grants should be provided to young people, while Jeremy Galtress argues against redistribution
James Uthmeier files lawsuit against TikTok for violating state law protecting kids
It's the latest move by Uthmeier in a string of legal challenges against large-scale technology firms.
Xbox Game Studios Chief Reportedly Steps Down As Layoffs Loom
Things continue to look grim for Xbox as layoffs loom and Craig Duncan steps down.
Samsung is finally fixing the Galaxy Fold's biggest flaw
The Galaxy Z Fold Wide could bring significant improvements to the crease.
Big 12 pursues legal action against Texas Tech, Texas Attorney General in Brendan Sorsby case
The Big 12 seeks clarity in its authority to enforce bylaws after a previous judge granted the Texas Tech QB an injunction to play in 2026 despite gambling on his team's games
Galaxy Z Fold 8 ‘Wide’ reportedly has a stronger inner display than the ‘Ultra’
A new report reveals that the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 8, the wide one, will have a stronger inner display than the Ultra thanks to its glass.
Big 12 pursuing legal action against Texas Tech, Texas attorney general over Brendan Sorsby
Science, Natural Resources Committee Democrats Demand Trump Administration Cease Illegal and Expensive Scheme to Dismantle NSF Ocean Observation System
The House Committee on Science, Space and Technology
The Batture sparks legal fight between childhood friends who became business partners
The longtime friends and business partners are splitting up over a disagreement about how Jacobson is running the Batture, a 10-acre park on the Uptown riverfront.
The Batture sparks legal fight between childhood friends that became business partners
The longtime friends and business partners are splitting up over a disagreement about how Jacobson is running the Batture, a 10-acre park on the Uptown riverfront.
The quiet, galactic ambitions of Cursor CEO Michael Truell
How the hottest AI coding company navigated its situationship with Anthropic and hitched its fate to Elon Musk's chaotic rocket.
How Long Do Owners Say iPhones Usually Last?
Buying a new iPhone every year might be a thing of the past. Before you decide to upgrade to a new phone, find out how long owners say their IPhones last.
French Quarter businesses discuss legal action against Sewerage and Water Board
Business owners say a lack of foot traffic is negatively impacting their profits.
Beneath our feet lies a fungal superhighway stretching 68 quadrillion miles
Beneath our feet lies a vast hidden fungal superhighway that helps sustain much of life on Earth—and scientists have now mapped it for the first time. Researchers estimate that these underground networks stretch an astonishing 110 quadrillion kilometers, move about 4 billion tons of carbon dioxide into soils each year, and play a major role in supporting plants and regulating the climate.
Samsung's iPhone Ultra rival reportedly more crease-free than the Galaxy Z Fold8 Ultra thanks to thicker UTG
An industry report from South Korea suggests a significant difference between the more compact and wider Galaxy Z Fold 8 on the one hand, and the "Ultra" version of the classic foldable form factor on the other. According to the report, the wider iPhone Ultra competitor from South Korea appears to be significantly less prone to creases than the Galaxy Z Fold 8 Ultra.
1993 GMC Typhoon Making 682 HP At The Wheels Says 'Durango Hellcat, Who?'
With the help of a little nitrous, this Typhoon now reportedly makes 682 horsepower.
South Carolina's Oldest Mall Is A Century-Old Hub Of Shops, Boutiques, And Entertainment
Explore Columbia’s historic Arcade Building, South Carolina’s oldest indoor mall, with unique shops, art galleries, restaurants and Main Street attractions.
Samsung’s Galaxy S26 Ultra Bonus Just Got Better In The U.S.
A new Galaxy S26 Ultra promotion pushes the phone below $950 and suggests Samsung is saving its biggest discounts for holidays.
A creator turned her frugal Walmart habits into a seven-figure income
A woman transformed her Walmart shopping habit into a lucrative business, earning money through affiliate sales and social media.
Anbernic Now Has A Store Page Where You Can Buy Replacement Parts For Its Handhelds
Customers can order new joysticks, batteries, screens and more.
Samsung Galaxy S27 and Xiaomi 18 spotted: Major Leica camera lineup changes expected
Months before launch, early traces of two of next year's likely most important camera flagship rivals have appeared in databases. Model numbers have been discovered for both the Samsung Galaxy S27 and an initial Xiaomi 18 model, with major changes to the lineup becoming apparent for the latter in particular.
I updated to One UI 8.5 and immediately changed 5 settings
One UI 8.5 is bigger than One UI 8.0.
The ‘Galaxy Z Fold 8 Ultra’ has the potential to be a cruel joke
There are actual reasons to get excited about Samsung’s upcoming foldables but, the more I think about it, the more...
Your Kindle could unlock thousands of free books: These are the best places to find them
Our self-proclaimed Scroogian (cheapskate) book-loving writer has put together a guide on finding free books for your Kindle.
Rep. James Gallagher on Iran, President Trump and his priorities in Congress
California’s newest Congressman, James Gallagher, described his first few days in Washington as "overwhelming” and filled with emotions as he steps into his new role representing California's U.S. House District 1.
iPhone Fold, touchscreen MacBook evidence mounts in iOS 27, macOS 27
As is often the case, Apple has leaked its own hardware. Here are the signs that the folding iPhone and MacBook Pro with touchscreen are coming, and where they are.
Galaxy S27 Ultra Could Finally Address Endless Customer Complaints Of Older Flagships As Samsung Plans Three Upgrades Next Year
The Galaxy S27 Ultra may finally rectify the mistakes of older flagships as Samsung is rumored to introduce three upgrades in 2027
Why I’m voting Democrat
It makes no sense to be a Republican in Colorado. Or a Democrat for that matter. On the day I turned 18, even before I bought my first legal 3.2 beer (remember 3.2 beer?), I went to the courthouse and registered to vote (remember registering to vote?). I joined the Republican Party. Even at 18, […]
What Makes International Google Pixels Different From American Ones?
The U.S. version of the Pixel 10 lacks a SIM card slot, allowing Google to implement mmWave 5G since most users in the country already utilize eSIMs.
📸 Portugal’s lovely gesture for Diogo Jota
Portugal’s national team is already on World Cup soil, and this Saturday they enjoyed their first training session in Palm Beach with a special touch. All of the Portuguese players are wearing a b...
Side-by-side size comparison of Samsung's upcoming foldable lineup leaked
A new leak reveals alleged screen protectors for Samsung’s Galaxy Z Flip 8, Z Fold 8 and Z Fold 8 Ultra, suggesting a wider, shorter Fold 8 design and clearer differentiation across the foldable lineup. While expectations are high that the Fold models will bring some significant changes, the same cannot be said for the Flip.
New barber shop opens up in Berks County
They cut the ribbon at Da Gallery and welcomed the community in to see the place.
Anna Faris credits podcast with helping her through Chris Pratt divorce
Anna Faris credited a surprising project with helping her through her 2017 divorce from Chris Pratt.
Bengals’ Myles Murphy understood tough business decision
A tough Bengals contract decision gets a reaction from a key player.
Bengals’ Myles Murphy understood tough business decision
A tough Bengals contract decision gets a reaction from a key player.
Bengals’ Myles Murphy understood tough business decision
A tough Bengals contract decision gets a reaction from a key player.
Why your cardiologist might tell you to skip AirPods
The magnetic fields emitted by your headphones will need to be used a safe distance away from your CIDs.
Every Major Streaming Device Brand Ranked Worst To Best
Nvidia, Apple, and Roku lead our ranking of the best streaming device brands, while Google, Amazon, and Onn offer distinct strengths.
MacBook Pro Or MacBook Air: Which Apple Laptop Lasts Longer?
The MacBook Pro and MacBook Air generally last the same amount of time, but it depends on how well the owner takes care of them, plus the silicon matters.
Old Town Alexandria businesses celebrate Croatia’s World Cup stay with themed sales event
With the Croatian national men’s soccer team setting up its World Cup home base in Alexandria, Virginia, a group of business owners is setting up a special sales event to mark the occasion.
PEJ: Leisure And Entertainment Portfolio Unlikely To Outperform IVV, A Hold
Invesco Leisure and Entertainment ETF offers exposure to a concentrated portfolio of U.S. leisure and entertainment stocks. Read more on PEJ here.
Samsung’s Galaxy S26 Ultra Bonus Just Got Better In The U.S.
Samsung's new pricing strategy is clearer with a new promotion that bundles a free pair of Galaxy Buds Pro 4 with Galaxy S26 Ultra purchases, alongside a major discount.
A plan to get lifesaving food to malnourished kids was working -- until it wasn't
Through an innovative program, parents in Senegal had easy access to a therapeutic food that's a boon for malnourished kids. Now there are shortages. Health specialists say U.S. aid cuts are to blame.
In Retrospect: Poland, Russia, Europe
In April I spent a few days with Zryw, a Polish non-profit organization that recruits young people to enter politics and public life. Their aim is to build a new generation of civic leaders in Poland. I’ve followed their evolution from the beginning; my son is one of the founders. (“Zryw” means “impulse” or “burst of speed” in Polish). Julie Chmielewska, one of Zryw’s leaders, interviewed me at the event. Here is the conversation, lightly edited for grammar and context: Julia Chmielewska: Assuming that culture shapes institutions, could we conclude that some cultures are more prone to authoritarianism? Anne Applebaum: I don’t think so. Every culture, every nation, and every country has the potential for change. When we look at history, we can see that nations do change. Poland has changed, for example, from the 1980s to today. There’s a completely different mentality here than the one I encountered when I first visited, in 1988. The current generation sees the world through a different frame. So no, I don’t believe that certain nations are doomed to authoritarianism, or to anything. Of course, there are political and cultural traditions, but they can always be challenged. JC: So do you think there’s something intrinsic in human nature that pushes people to democracy, freedom? AA: I think there is something in human nature, a deep instinct, that pushes people towards freedom, yes. People who live in authoritarian countries – and I’ve heard this from them over and over again – sooner or later find themselves angered by a feeling of helplessness. They can see the unfairness of crooked courts, irrational political decisions. They naturally dislike the fact that somebody has all the power while they have none. In those circumstances, people who have no political background at all sometimes are politicized just by that frustration. I’m thinking of Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, for example, who was a Belarusian housewife, until the circumstances of her husband’s arrest forced her to become a politician. I met a woman who is a Uyghur from China, and who had come to live in Turkey. After several of her family members were arrested, she too was propelled into a political role. These kinds of experiences make people interested in democracy or political reform, even if they thought they didn’t care. I also think that the opposite is true: some people instinctively prefer homogeneity, order, hierarchy. They don’t like the confrontation of opinions or the noise of debate, and they lean towards a single leader or a unified regime. I think that most of modern history is shaped by the clash between those two different sides of human nature. JC: Which force do you find more powerful today? AA: I think they both have a lot of power and there’s no way of predicting who wins. Even in countries that seem very shut off or stuck in an authoritarian system can change. We’ve seen that happen. And vice versa, I think democracies can also begin to fail and slide into authoritarianism. So it’s very important not to be complacent in either direction. JC: I want to go into your history and your experiences. You’ve lived in Russia during a time of incredible change in the late 80s, and then you came back to do research in post-Soviet Russia. AA: I was a student in Russia just before the collapse of the Soviet Union. I then traveled and worked there extensively in the 1990s, and I met people who really were full of hope. They hoped that Russia could become a democracy, or at least a place that guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of the press. These weren’t ideas that came from Washington. Although now the narrative in the Kremlin is different, I met many people who were working towards exactly that kind of transformation. A friend of mine ran a series of seminars – once a year, and then later several times a year, in cities all over Russia – designed to get people to discuss politics in new ways. She invited young politicians and journalists, as well as foreigners. I went to many of them, in Moscow as well as Volgograd and Novosibirsk. Over two decades, hundreds of people came to these seminars, and all of them wanted Russia to be different. I remain convinced that many Russians still want Russia to be different. It’s just that the old system, in the form of Putin, a representative of that system, returned. The KGB reimposed their power. And this wasn’t because of something to do with culture, this was to do with money and politics, and who was in charge. JC: You’ve partially answered my question... I wanted to ask whether that excitement of the 1990s was an exception from the Russian historical norm which has been rather authoritarian? AA: Of course, if you look at the history of Russia since the 18th century, there have always been liberal groups, reformers and revolutionaries. There were the Decembrists, in the early 19th century, and the rural populists later on, who tried to organize the peasantry. A significant group of liberal Russians appeared at the turn of the 20th century, people like the father of the writer Vladimir Nabokov, who was a Russian politician before the revolution. These groups were small in number, but sometimes had a broader significance. The Russian dissident movement in the 1950s and 1960s actually invented the modern human rights movement. It was their idea to hold the leaders of the Soviet Union accountable for the language they used, to remind them of the treaties they had signed and the promised they had made. They created the Helsinki group, for example, that held Soviet leadership to the language of the Helsinki Treaty, which formally ended the Second World War and which contained guarantees of human rights, at least on paper. That idea spread to Eastern Europe, and similar tactics were used here in Poland. (Benjamin Nathans recently wrote a great book about the Soviet dissidents, To the Success of Our Hopeless Cause) JC: But seemingly, even if they do ever get power, they could never hold on to it. AA: We don’t know, because they have never really had power. But in any case, we also don’t know what will happen in the future. There is no reason to assume that Russia will forever be condemned to totalitarianism. Even during the first fifteen years of Putin’s regime there was some form of democratic politics. Only when the full-scale war began did he bring everything to an end: he shut down all remaining independent organizations and killed his most important opponent, Alexi Navalny. But does that mean he is popular, that he enjoys legitimacy? Even now, we don’t really know what Russians think about him, or about the war. There is no way of doing real polling in Russia because nobody will answer an independent pollster over the phone. JC: Do you think that the flock of young people, especially young men, who fled Russia after the start of the war represent a continuation of liberal movements that refuse to partake in the authoritarian state, or do you think they are moving for the sake of self-preservation – “I don’t want to go to the army, so I leave”? AA: I’m sure it’s both. I actually know many people who left Russia for political reasons either in the very last years before the war, or else just after the war began. JC: And do you see a change in the young generation versus the old one that have fled? AA: It’s hard for me to say because the people who I know were mostly already politicized. I do know some younger people who left, but most of them were already either active in the opposition, or working as journalists. Many of them very self-consciously think of themselves as maintaining Russian culture abroad, just as in the 20th century the Soviet dissidents or the anti-communist White Russians once thought of themselves as people who maintained the true Russian culture, outside of Bolshevik Russia. JC: Let’s move on to Poland. One of your first experiences with Poland was reporting on Margaret Thatcher’s first state visit, in the autumn of 1988. You followed her around the farmers’ market. AA: She was making a symbolic gesture. She wanted to welcome free markets, but the only one she could really visit was the farmers’ market at Hala Mirowska. JC: And I want to talk about this area because today you can look out of any window in that district, Mirów, and see rows and rows of skyscrapers. How does it feel to see a country built from the ground in such a short time, both politically and economically? AA: You know, when you’re living in a period of dramatic change, it’s always hard to know whether the change is positive or negative. The transformation in Poland created winners and losers, as well as new classes of people, new political movements of different kinds. At the time, it sometimes just felt like turbulence. Now, we can look back at the 1990s and early 2000s in Poland and see in retrospect that the country was headed in towards prosperity and European integration. In around 2009 or 2010, I remember speaking to a woman who worked cleaning government offices, and who asked me if her daughter should study in Amsterdam or in London. This seemed to me to be a real transformation, and it happened very fast: within a few years, Poles stopped feeling like second-class Europeans, and a generation of younger Poles appeared who had no qualms about crossing borders. JC: We again live in turbulent times. Do you think we’re heading towards positive outcomes? AA: I can’t make predictions, because everything that happens tomorrow depends on what people do today. Also, history doesn’t have a trajectory. It doesn’t move in a particular direction. You only think it does afterwards. As I said, you can look afterwards at Poland in the 1990s and you could say this was a period of great progress. But not everybody at the time saw that. Sometimes people are very wrong about a given country’s trajectory. I remember people writing about Ukraine in the 1990s, about how dangerous it was that Ukraine was independent, that this was going to be an anti-semitic state, that Ukrainian nationalism was going to come back... and although you can say many bad things about Ukraine, the country made many bad choices, actually it became a pretty tolerant state which now has a Jewish president and until recently a Muslim defense minister. JC: In the 1990s Poland’s and Ukraine’s GDP were roughly similar. Ukraine was even a bit richer. So the starting point was similar for both of these countries, but they’ve turned out very, very differently. Even if we stop in 2014. Why do you think Ukraine “chose East”? Was it external influence? AA: No, I think Ukraine was in a different position. First of all, central and eastern Ukraine had been part of the Soviet Union since the 1920s, and had therefore experienced a longer period of occupation, repression, Sovietization and even Russification. Ukraine did not have, as Poland did, an alternative elite: a large cadre of economists and politicians, who already had some experience in opposition politics and in independent thinking. In Poland, the transformative finance minister, Leszek Balcerowicz, had already thought about how an economy might be decentralized before he took office. We can argue about how successful he was, but at least he was prepared to try something new. In Ukraine, people weren’t prepared. For one, there hadn’t been much space even for an illegal opposition in the previous couple of decades. Ukraine was also in many ways still emerging from colonial occupation. For the previous couple of centuries, many of the most capable Ukrainians had moved to Russia, and the first generation of leaders in independent Ukraine tended to be former Soviet apparatchiks. They didn’t immediately seek to become closer to western Europe. Instead, they looked for some kind of economic and political “third way” and an accomodation with Russia. Ukraine became stuck in this position, half-in, half-out and became pretty profoundly corrupt. JC: The Polish alternative elite had a vision of where they wanted the country to go. I think the general perception now is that this vision ends with the next election, right? Is this a natural process of gaining power? AA: Their vision, and it was shared by the time by politicians who now call themselves both left and right, was that Poland should join the EU and NATO, as fast as possible. My husband (Radek Sikorski) was in the very first government that said it wanted to join NATO. At the time this was taken very badly in Washington: the demand for NATO membership absolutely came from Poland, not from the US. But even then, in the early 1990s, many Poles already understood that the Russian sphere of influence would grow once again, that it was important to become part of the transatlantic alliance and an integrated Europe as fast as possible: NATO, the EU, the Council of Europe, all of the trading and security alliances. That consensus lasted through several different governments and over many years, even governments containing former communists. For twenty years, right, left and center disagreed about many things, but they all agreed on the direction that the country should go. In retrospect, that consensus created the basis for prosperity in Poland. JC: And regarding the Polish-Ukrainian relations. We know that antagonisms, e.g. the myth of Wołyń [a massacre of Poles that took place in what is now Western Ukraine, in 1943] are increasingly used in Polish political discourse today. In Ukraine, nationalist historians make heroes out of UPA, the Ukrainian revolutionary army, which is held responsible for this tragedy. Where do you see a start for burying the hatchet? Is the reconciliation of our nations possible? AA: So here’s a strange thing: For more than a decade after they both gained independence, Poland and Ukraine participated in a number of projects that were designed to solve exactly these kinds of Polish-Ukrainian differences. Books were published that were jointly written by Polish and Ukrainian historians, monuments were built. These projects were successful: If you’d asked me this question in 2010, I would have said that there are no real historical issues between Poland and Ukraine, that the two countries had mostly reconciled. For a number of reasons, this began to shift. In Poland, children and grandchildren of victims of the Wołyń massacre felt their tragedy hadn’t been fully recognized. In Ukraine, nationalist groups wanted the UPA partisans who had fought against the Soviet Union recognized for their heroism, despite the fact that some in this broad and not well-defined group were also linked to Wołyń. In both eastern Poland and western Ukraine, the memory of the ethnic cleansing that took place there in the late 1940s - Poles were moved West, Ukrainians East - to accomodate new borders has left feelings of displacement and bitterness. The wave of Ukrainian immigration, which started before the war, may have provoked some of this. But don’t underestimate the role played by Russia, which has always wanted to create discord between Poland and Ukraine, and pumps out propaganda to that effect in both countries. Vandalism on both sides of the border, damage done to cemeteries and monuments, is sometimes carried out by provacateurs working for Russia, just to create bad feelings. The Polish-Ukrainian conflict also hides a different reality: although there are real grievances and bad memories, the truth is that the biggest tragedies both nations experienced in the twentieth century were inflicted by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. That should unite these two countries, not divide them. JC: This week (19.04.2026 – Ed.) in Hungary we saw that using historical narratives to create grievance has no longer worked. Are you optimistic about the direction after Orban’s loss? AA: The Hungarian election was really important because it shows that people can actually resist powerful, dominant propaganda. The ruling party Fidesz controlled all of the TV, 90% of the newspapers, the constitutional court, the bureaucracy... and yet people had the nerve to vote against it and resist it. It’s also an important election because Hungary created a huge network of well-funded think tanks and foundations that were funding other far right groups and projects. So that loss is going to have a knock-on effect in other places too, maybe even in Poland. JC: What you’ve said about resisting propaganda reminds me of one of the interviews you did about talking to Russians in the post-Soviet era who claimed that people knew that the system was lying. Why do people choose to believe in these regimes anyway? AA: Because it’s useful. Stephen Kotkin, an American historian, once described how people would learn how to “speak Bolshevik”: It was just a language that you needed to use in order to get by in society. If you didn’t talk the way the regime wanted you to talk, then you might have problems, or lose your job, or your kids would not get into university. It was a way of getting along. Communist Poland was similar, at least in the early years. When I was writing a book about the Sovietization of Eastern Europe after World War II, I met a lot of people who wanted to talk a lot about the war, when many of them had done really heroic things. But almost nobody wanted to talk about the decade afterwards, between 1945 and 1956. This was when you had the short period of terror, violence and Polish Stalinism. To stay safe, people felt the need to just go along with what others were saying, or stay out of politics, or use communist jargon without necessarily believing it. I don’t judge them for it, and I wouldn’t describe all of those people as collaborators. It’s easy to feel moral certainty in retrospect, because we know that communism ended. But if you were living in 1949, it might not have been clear to you that communism was going to end. In very repressive societies, maybe about 10% of people who are really evil – collaborators, torturers. Maybe 10% of people are really brave and who find ways to resist. And then around 80% of people have kids, they have parents, they have to have jobs and they’ve had to get through it somehow. Strange though it may sound, I’ve found that the work I did on that book is now very useful in explaining some of what’s going on in the United States today. There are plenty of members of the Republican Party in Congress who know perfectly well that Donald Trump says many things that aren’t true. But they avoid criticizing him because it’s inconvenient, because they would get in trouble, because someone would attack them on the internet. So actually you don’t even need mass terror to get people to conform. JC: Is Gen Z reinventing agency? AA: We’ll see. In any generation you can find groups of people who want agency. If you live in a society that’s unfair, for example where a tiny number of people have captured most of the wealth, then at a certain point people rebel. This is always easier for younger people, who have you have less to lose. The question now is how the internet will affect the relationships between citizens and the state, and how it will change organizations. The “Twitter revolutions” people spoke about as early as 2008-9, mass protests organized online, have often proved to be very superficial. Although you can easily join something just by clicking, the work of creating a real movement requires physical participation. Successful mass movements of the past, for example the Civil Rights movement in the United States, were built by people who had spent many years together. They had participated in non-violent workshops together. They practiced and prepared. Just using the you can get everybody to show up at a certain moment, but then when the protest is broken up, nothing happens. It’s also true that the repressive regimes have more recently learned how to use the internet to undermine leaders and movements. Most of all, they now understand how to make people cynical. The form of propaganda that most modern authoritarians use - and I think the Russians really pioneered this - deploys sneering cynicism. Instead of praising the rulers, the regime propagandists mock the opposition movement leadership for being supposedly corrupt or sexually degenerate, with the goal of undermining any kind of idealism. JC: MAGA grew on the internet? AA: MAGA is a real grassroots movement. They had symbols, red hats, they showed up at rallies. But you’re right that the cynicism, the sarcasm and the distrust that the movement embodies came originally from the internet, and this is different. Fifty years ago, most European political parties had a social base in real organizations, in trade unions for Social Democrats, in church groups for Christian Democrats. As people stopped going to church and as the trade unions became smaller, the social base of these parties disappeared. Now people who wouldn’t have known one another in the past meet on the internet and create new movements, many of which don’t last. JC: Is history ending? Going in stale circles? AA: History never ends. In truth, human beings want contradictory things at the same time: order and freedom, stability and change. These things are never resolved, and when a society swings too far in one direction, people always push it the other way. But each time that happens, the result is different. Certainly it is true that we are now in a period when old philosophers and ideas from the 1930s are undergoing a revival. Carl Schmitt, who was a philosopher who was very influential on the Nazis, is back as an influence on both the far left and the far right, once again inspiring people to think that all politics has to be existential, that all politics is about defining and defeating enemies. In the US, some are also bringing back dominionism, the idea that we need a Christian and not a secular state. It’s also true that we are living through a more fundamental shift. The old left-right divide, which was mostly about the size of the state, is much less important now. Instead, we are arguing about more fundamental things: what are our rights, what protects our freedom. Or how much power do we want to give small elites, versus how much power to give ordinary people. In America a small group of very wealthy people now control information, because they control the social media platforms and AI, which means they determine what people will read and learn. Finding a way to preserve preserve zones of autonomy and independent thinking, this is going to be the main task for the next generation. JC: What is the one book that a person interested in Central Europe should read? AA: You could read my book “Iron Curtain: the Crushing of Eastern Europe” which tells the story of how the Soviet Union imposed its culture on the region. Or read Tim Snyder’s history of the region, “The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus 1569-1999.” And everyone should read “The Captive Mind” by Czesław Miłosz, which describes exactly the phenomenon we were talking about: why do people collaborate? I joined Scott Galloway and the brilliant Fiona Hill in a discussion about the wars in Ukraine and Iran, the future of global power, and what these conflicts reveal about America's role in the world. Scott told us that this was the 400th edition of his podcast, which is quite a number: My friend Francesco Chiamulera runs a brilliant series of literary events, Una Colline di Libri, A Hill of Books, in the Prosecco Hills, a region of vineyards and elegant hill towns in the Veneto, north of Venice. We did an event in Vittorio Veneto and also drove and biked around the countryside. Buy Autocracy Inc Buy Iron Curtain Open Letters, from Anne Applebaum is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber. Subscribe
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