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Your Photos Are Probably Giving Away Your Location. Here’s How to Stop That
All your snaps come with metadata containing more information than you might realize.
Like ‘driving to San Francisco and back, every week’: In rural America, cancer patients face tall hurdles to get care
As cancer care becomes both more advanced and more specialized, options in rural areas have shrunk.
California farmers were already struggling. Then came the Iran war
The war's disruption of exports and rise in fertilizer prices are hurting California farmers.
GM says AI helps visualize concept cars — and speeds how they're built
General Motors says its car designs begin with a human holding a pencil and paper. AI is making the other processes faster.
Can walking help you lose weight? What the research shows
Walking requires no gym membership, expensive equipment or specialized training. How much walking does it take to actually lose weight?
Becker's Hospital Review lists 22 strong health systems, St. Elizabeth is only Kentucky hospital included
Staff report Becker’s Hospital Review has listed 22 health systems with strong operational metrics and solid financial positions, according to reports from credit rating agencies, Fitch Ratings and Moody’s Investors Service released in 2026. Included in the list is St. Elizabeth Medical Center in Edgewood which has an “AA” rating and stable outlook with Fitch....
Demetrious Johnson joins 2026 UFC Hall of Fame
Demetrious Johnson will be immortalized in the UFC Hall of Fame as part of the 2026 class.
New cholesterol guidelines could change when you get tested
A major new U.S. cholesterol guideline is shifting the focus toward earlier, more personalized prevention of heart disease. It urges people to start screening sooner—sometimes even in childhood—and highlights the importance of tracking not just LDL (“bad”) cholesterol but also genetic risk factors like lipoprotein(a). A new, more advanced risk calculator now uses broader health data to better predict heart attack and stroke risk over decades.
‘No Kings Day’ protests against Trump administration expected in NYC
Organizers said it’s part of a mobilization to defend democracy and fight against authoritarianism.
New Chattanooga business specializes in gun safety
Ginger Chandler stood at a panel of windows overlooking a vast production floor, where a small team of workers meticulously soldered together electrical components and assembled handguns.
Kash Patel’s push against Democratic lawmaker raises concerns within FBI
FBI Director Kash Patel is pushing to post documents related to a Democratic lawmaker who has not been accused of wrongdoing, raising alarms within the Bureau.
US lawmakers say they'll visit Taiwan before Trump's summit with China's Xi
A bipartisan group of senators has plans to visit Taiwan, Japan and South Korea
How the Homeland Security deal unraveled and split Republican leaders in Congress
There seemed to be a deal
This new carbon material could make carbon capture far more affordable
Scientists have created a new kind of carbon material that could make carbon capture much cheaper and more efficient. By carefully controlling how nitrogen atoms are arranged, they found certain structures capture CO2 better and release it using far less heat. One version works at temperatures below 60 °C, meaning it could run on waste heat instead of costly energy. The discovery offers a powerful new blueprint for next-generation climate technology.
Science in Sport (SiS) Partners with Fuel Goods to Expand Athlete Access to Endurance Fueling Products
Fuel Goods, an online platform helping athletes discover and personalize fueling strategies, today announced that Science in Sport (SiS) products are now available at FuelGoods.com.
Canadian business stalls over US trade deal jitters
STORY: The Canadian manufacturing hub of Windsor is home to thousands of small and specialized part makers and caters primarily to car companies and equipment manufacturers. The city thrives on close integration with Detroit, America's automotive capital, just across the river.That means it's also on the frontline of tariff and trade uncertainty with Canada's largest trading partner. JACKIE RAYMOND: "Even if we don't directly work with the automotive industry, we indirectly do."Jackie Raymond is co-owner of FASTSIGNS, a Canadian company that designs and installs custom business signs and graphics.The company is coming off its toughest year since the pandemic. Orders from its core automotive clients dried up.And while a new project brought some relief, the company says customers are placing smaller orders, demanding longer payment terms, and bargaining harder on prices.:: FileIt all points to uncertainty tied to the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, which is up for review this year. It's a deal U.S. President Donald Trump has repeatedly said he could scrap.:: Washington, D.C. / December 2, 2025TRUMP: "...and we'll either let it expire or we'll maybe work out another deal with Mexico and Canada...":: FileThe agreement - known as CUSMA north of the border - exempts most Canadian goods from U.S. levies.While Mexico has started formal negotiations with the U.S. over the deal's renewal, Canada has so far only held informal talks.RAYMOND: "I think the CUSMA is very, very important because it trickles down to every little business right down to your barber shop and your nail shop, which will affect all of our customers."The situation in Windsor reflects a broader unease facing Canada's economy, which contracted 0.6% in the fourth quarter. About 90% of the city's exports cross the border, often multiple times during production.Manufacturing accounts for nearly a quarter of employment in the Windsor-Essex region.Its chamber of commerce, which represents about 750 businesses, says companies paused investments, delayed production, and cut jobs at the height of the tariff uncertainty last year. :: FileWindsor partly regained its footing as Trump exempted USMCA-compliant exports from Canada from tariffs in March last year.But uncertainty still drags on business confidence and Windsor's unemployment level remains one of the highest among major cities in Canada.Local shops complain of lower traffic and restaurants report thinner crowds.And builders say the housing market – often among the first sectors to show strain from the knock-on effects of tariff uncertainties – is near a standstill.Brent Klundert of BK Cornerstone, a local real estate builder, said he laid off 13 of his 21 staff as sales and prices slumped last year. "And you know, when people are going to make the biggest investment of their life, they really want confidence in their job, in the longevity of their job in the economy itself. And people lost that due to the tariffs.” // “If we can get through CUSMA, if we can get through our trade agreements with the US, I think that that will add a lot of confidence into the marketplace that we've been lacking.”Since January Klundert has rehired 10 of his employees, hoping homebuyers would start coming back.So far, only a few have.
A nutrition scientist shared 3 food swaps for heart-healthy meals
Professor Sarah Berry, a nutrition scientist who specializes in cardiovascular disease, said getting the basics right can go a long way toward supporting our heart health.
Dumped by insurance plans, millions of seniors scramble for health coverage
Elderly people are forced to hunt for options when Medicare Advantage plans withdraw from unprofitable markets.
Scientists discover why your appetite suddenly disappears when you’re sick
Scientists have uncovered how your body actually tells your brain to stop eating when you’re sick. In a new study, researchers found that specialized cells in the gut detect parasites and send signals that ultimately trigger the brain to suppress appetite. This process builds over time, explaining why you may feel fine at first but then suddenly lose interest in food as an infection takes hold.
Apple to Launch These 15+ New Products Later This Year
March has been an incredibly busy month for Apple, with the company unveiling more than 10 new products and accessories. We said hello to the MacBook Neo at the start of the month, and we bid farewell to the Mac Pro at the end of it. Beyond the usual annual updates to iPhones and Apple Watches, Apple's all-new smart home hub is finally expected to launch later this year, once the more personalized version of Siri arrives.
NMSU public health professor to receive national health equity award
The Society for Public Health Education will bestow its 2026 Dorothy Nyswander Health Equity Award to Elizabeth England-Kennedy of New Mexico State University’s Department of Public Health...
We run small businesses. This is what Trump’s tariffs did to us.
Layoffs, refunds, Graham Platner and the gold Trump coin, in readers’ eyes.
'Culture is downstream from entertainment' — An Interview with Rob Schneider
'You have a left that is totalitarian in the sense that they’re not for free speech. They don’t really have the best interests of the culture in mind. They’re not open for debate. They’re open for demonization. They want to demean you, they want to demoralize you, they want to prevent you from speaking, and they want to take away your ability to make a living.'
13 surprising ways GLP-1s may benefit the body, according to science
A condition-by-condition guide to GLP-1 drugs breaks down what’s proven, promising and still untested.
As Trump feels pressure to end war, allies fear what Iran may do next
Iran has demonstrated it can inflict significant damage on the world’s economy, even while outgunned. That creates a dilemma for President Trump.
Older and younger conservatives at CPAC are split over Trump's war in Iran
A sharp generational split over the Iran war is opening up at this year’s Conservative Political Action Conference
Scientists stunned as Mars dust storms blast water into space
Mars may look like a frozen desert today, but new evidence suggests its watery past didn’t simply fade away quietly—it may have been blasted into space by powerful dust storms. Scientists have discovered that even relatively small, localized storms can hurl water vapor high into the atmosphere, where it breaks apart and escapes.
Chaos erupts at Minneapolis council during debate over global politics
While debating whether to normalize relations with Cuba and urge Europe to stop doing business with Homeland Security, acrimony broke out among council members.
Trump says he wants to send federalized troops to L.A., San Francisco
Trump called on the mayors and governors of several blue cities and states to allow troops to 'come in and stop the crime,' and specifically called out Los Angeles and San Francisco.
On Opening Day, some Cubs fans lean into sports betting boom while others remain wary
Sports betting has exploded in Illinois since it was legalized in 2020. Fans heading into Wrigley Field on Thursday could gamble on their phones or at a sportsbook at the ballpark.
As Trump skips CPAC, MAGA’s rifts over Iran war are on display
At the annual gathering of conservative activists, many express reservations about the war, amid support for Trump.
I quit corporate law to build a business after my side hustle took off
I started an LSAT course while in law school. When it made $10,000 in a month, I realized I could build a business.
As sports betting booms in North Carolina, so do gambling problems
Two years after North Carolina legalized mobile sports betting, counselors say they are seeing the fallout: drained bank accounts, strained relationships and young people — especially young men — spiraling into anxiety and depression after losing more than they can afford.
Justice Department secures denaturalization of convicted gun trafficker and health care fraudster
The DOJ announced it secured the denaturalization of two criminals “who obtained U.S. citizenship through fraud" and sued to revoke the citizenship of a third.
Return of ‘No Kings’: Here’s what to know about third Seattle protest
Seattle organizers hope to mobilize more than 100,000 people this time around, which would make it perhaps the largest protest in the city's history.
House Democrat accused of misspending covid-19 money could be expelled
The family health care company Rep. Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick worked for was sent FEMA money it shouldn’t have received. She’s accused of using the money on a run for office.
Politicians are trying to make life cheaper. Economists are appalled.
Both Republicans and Democrats are pitching ideas intended to address affordability, but experts warn the proposals could cause other problems.
Samsung Reportedly Drops Plans To Design Its Exynos 2800 On A Sub-2nm Process, Preferring Healthy Yields And Optimizations Over Cutting-Edge Lithography
Rather than raise unnecessary production costs, the Exynos 2800 will utilize Samsung’s new 2nm process to achieve better yields and optimizations
'This is our fight': Suburbanites embrace anti-Trump resistance ahead of No Kings protests
A growing faction of concerned citizens across America’s suburbs are positioned on the front lines of the anti-Trump resistance
Trump envoy credits colorful rhetoric and vodka shots in helping him build bond with Belarus leader
President Donald Trump’s special envoy to Belarus recently revealed how he used vulgarity and vodka shots to help ingratiate himself with the country’s autocratic leader
Trump Draws Bipartisan Backlash for Easing Oil Sanctions on Russia and Iran
Republicans and Democrats alike have criticized the Trump administration’s moves, taken to stabilize oil markets rocked by the war with Iran, warning that it is benefiting two U.S. adversaries.
Lana Condor talks ‘Pretty Lethal,’ Pacific Northwest-set ‘Whodunnit’
Lana Condor gets to utilize her dance skills in the action thriller "Pretty Lethal," which is now streaming on Prime Video.
Crimson Desert studio Pearl Abyss's share prices stabilize as sales top 3 million
Crimson Desert developer Pearl Abyss has seen its share price stabilize after confirming the new action-adventure game …
Brenmiller Energy Issues Business Update Highlighting Commercial Breakthrough, First TES Revenue and BNRG360 Growth Strategy
Delivered flagship Tempo project, Brenmiller's first commercial-scale boiler replacement deployment, marking a major operational milestone in the Company's transition toward commercializationRecognized first revenue from a TES system sale, validating Brenmiller's ability to convert project execution into reported revenueEntering 2026 with previously disclosed projected 2026 revenue of approximately $1.7 million tied to Tempo execution milestones, which management believes reflects the beginning.
Michigan measles outbreak: Confirmed cases grow to seven, including child under 5
The Washtenaw County outbreak has seven confirmed cases and one hospitalization. Officials are asking that anyone unvaccinated or not already immune to measles stay away from others for a full 21 days after exposure.
Corus Entertainment Secures Court Approval For $363 Million Debt Plan
A fall in linear TV advertising and hefty borrowings led the major Canadian buyer of U.S. series like 'Survivor' and 'NCIS' to launch a recapitalization transaction to cut annual interest charges via a new parent, NewCo.
Essentia Health-Duluth Clinic welcomes Mariah O’Connell to practice family medicine
Mariah O’Connell, an advanced practice registered nurse and certified nurse practitioner specializing in family medicine, is thrilled to join the Essentia Health-Duluth Clinic.
Essentia Health-Duluth Clinic welcomes Marijah Harney-Tolo to practice dermatology
Marijah Harney-Tolo, an advanced practice registered nurse and certified nurse practitioner specializing in dermatology, is thrilled to join the Essentia Health-Duluth Clinic.
The politics of California’s surging gas prices
Gas prices continue to spike amid oil market disruptions caused by the war in Iran — and both Republicans and Democrats are working to capitalize on the issue.
About 40 'No Kings' protests planned across Tennessee. See when and where
In total, organizers estimate about 3,000 events nationwide, surpassing previous 'No Kings' mobilizations since the movement gained traction on President Trump’s birthday in June 2025.
Sports Betting Is Everywhere, Especially on Credit Reports
A look at sports betting and its effects on consumer financial health in states where it has been legalized and across state lines.
Day in the life of Liz Plosser; former Women's Health editor-in-chief
Liz Plosser, the former editor-in-chief of Women's Health, starts her day with a precise alarm and has a tinned fish wrap for lunch every afternoon.
Partisan brawl in Virginia muddles Spanberger’s message of moderation
The congressional redistricting fight is tainting the governor’s image, one Democrat said: “This should be a flashing red light for Democrats everywhere.”
Caldara overlooked facts in slamming utilities
Normally, I appreciate the variety of perspectives published on Colorado Politics. But regarding Jon Caldara’s recent column on Xcel, he irresponsibly neglects key facts to the point of annihilating credibility (“Are our overlords normalizing power outages?” March 15). He neglects any discussion regarding the nuance of safety (or fiduciary responsibility) versus inconvenience, for example: Is […]
Lawsuit alleging Fanatics, leagues monopolizing sports card industry dismissed
The lawsuit came in the wake of Panini's claims against Fanatics.
Democrat flips seat in special election for Florida district that includes Trump’s Mar-a-Lago resort
Democrat Emily Gregory has won a special election for a Florida state House seat, flipping a district that is home to President Donald Trump’s estate, Mar-a-Lago
Rural health care providers can now apply for $50M to stabilize access - New round of health care funding builds on record $146M investment - Office of the Governor
SANTA FE – New Mexico’s rural health care providers can now apply for a share of $50 million in health care funding as part of the State of New Mexico’s three-year, $146 million investment that has helped recruit more than 800 health care workers to underserved communities. The funding comes from New Mexico’s Rural Health […]
Democrats’ long-shot bid to flip Alaska’s Senate seat
Democrats are hoping for an upset in Alaska’s Senate race. U.S. Rep. Mary Peltola, a Democrat, is trying to unseat Republican incumbent Sen. Dan Sullivan. We discuss the major issues at play, plus why Republicans are backing an effort to repeal Alaska’s ranked-choice voting system.This episode: voting correspondent Miles Parks, senior political editor and correspondent Domenico Montanaro, and Alaska Public Media Washington correspondent Liz Ruskin.This podcast was produced by Casey Morell and Bria Suggs, and edited by Rachel Baye.Our executive producer is Muthoni Muturi.Listen to every episode of the NPR Politics Podcast sponsor-free, unlock access to bonus episodes with more from the NPR Politics team, and support public media when you sign up for The NPR Politics Podcast+ at plus.npr.org/politics.
Brazil’s former president Bolsonaro allowed to serve 27-year sentence at home due to poor health
The decision follows Bolsonaro’s hospitalization for pneumonia, one of several health problems he has faced since he was stabbed by a man in 2018 before he was elected president.
Bolsonaro allowed to serve 27-year sentence at home due to ill health
The decision by Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes follows Bolsonaro’s hospitalization since March 13 for pneumonia.
Candle-Making Business Is the Latest Pop-Up to Join Downtown Revitalization Effort
Visitors on Saturday, March 28 can receive a free gift.
Melania Trump hosts world counterparts and tech reps to discuss children, education and technology
Melania Trump is calling on nations to work together to improve access to education and technology for children
Rubio plans travel to France to sell Iran war to skeptical G7 allies
Secretary of State Marco Rubio will travel to France this week to try to sell America’s skeptical Group of Seven allies on the Iran war that has sent global fuel prices soaring
Trump casts Florida mail ballot as he pushes Congress to severely limit that voting option
President Donald Trump has cast another mail ballot in Florida as he continues to publicly bash the voting method as a source of fraud and push Congress to curtail the practice
ENvue Medical Expands Presence within a Major Michigan Health System and Grows U.S. Hospital Footprint to 39
Premier 714-bed teaching hospital and Level I Trauma Center purchases ENvue™ Navigation Platform system and feeding tubesTYLER, Texas, March 24, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- ENvue Medical, Inc. (NASDAQ: FEED) (“ENvue,” “ENvue Medical” or the “Company”), a medical technology company specializing in the advancement of intelligent, non-invasive solutions for enteral care across clinical and home care settings, today announced a purchase of the ENvue™ Navigation Platform and feeding tubes by a premier t
US democracy has settled into diminished state, experts find
Bright Line Watch researchers see stabilization in democratic health but at lower levels after sharp decline
Blount: Online sports betting proposal has little support in Senate, would cost casino industry
Sen. David Blount, chairman of the Gaming Committee in the Senate, says a proposal to legalize online sports betting lacks support in the Senate, and could harm the state's casino tourism industry, which provides thousands of jobs and millions in state revenue. Blount also discusses proposed, and recently enacted, changes to the Public Employee Retirement System, and proposals to increase tax credits for private schools.
Florida Democrats hope in special election to flip a state legislative district that includes Mar-a-Lago
Democrats in Florida are hoping to capitalize on the party’s recent special election overperformances and come out on top Tuesday in a special state House election for a Palm Beach district that includes President Donald Trump’s Mar-a-Lago residence.
Colorado’s Tamale Act may decide whether home cooks can build a business
An eclectic coalition, including the MAHA call for “food freedom,” gave the law a second chance as backers push for immigrant assistance and entrepreneurship.
Pete Crow-Armstrong, Chicago Cubs finalizing contract extension
CuSTEMized: Personalized Storybooks Inspire the Next Generation of Female Scientists
Custom books feature girls as STEM heroes, aiming to build their confidence and encourage them to pursue their scientific ambitions through storytelling and pictures.
Segment: Financing Action on Extreme Heat and Maternal and Newborn Health: The Way Forward
The segment “Financing Action on Extreme Heat and Maternal and Newborn Health: The Way Forward” will examine how innovative and better-aligned financing approaches can respond to these growing risks. Discussions will highlight country experiences in mobilizing domestic resources, opportunities to unlock and scale climate finance, and the role of heat-smart innovations in building resilient health systems. Particular attention will be given to low- and middle-income countries, where exposure and vulnerability remain highest, and where integrated solutions can deliver the greatest impact.
Former political rivals take on Trump’s push to nationalize voting
GOP lawyer Ben Ginsberg and former Obama White House counsel Bob Bauer aim to present a united front against the Trump administration’s efforts to oversee election administration
The Best Restaurants to Book in Hong Kong Right Now
Highlights include a value restaurant specializing in premium Hanwoo beef and a new yakitori counter atop a skyscraper.
Formulating a Future: Finding a Calling in Pharmaceutical Science | Oberlin College and Conservatory
Chemistry major Alex Xie ’26 utilizes CELA’s research fellowships and scholarship advising to transition from campus labs to a future in pharmaceutical research.
Microsoft Realizes It’s Epically Screwed Up Windows 11 as Users Rage at Copilot AI Crammed Everywhere
Windows VP Pavan Davuluri effectively admitted outright that the company went too far to shove AI down users' throats at all costs.
Building a Culture of Health: BJACH Opens Armed Forces Wellness Center at Fort Polk
FORT POLK, La. — Bayne-Jones Army Community Hospital marked a significant step forward in supporting warfighter readiness and community well-being with the grand opening of its new Armed Forces Wellness Center on March 23. The center, located on the first floor inside BJACH, provides Soldiers, Families, civilian employees and beneficiaries with access to personalized health assessments, education and coaching designed to improve overall health and performance.
Stealth BioTherapeutics Announces MRC Business Engagement Fund Grant to Advance Mitochondrial Disease Research
/PRNewswire/ -- Stealth BioTherapeutics (the "Company"), a commercial-stage biotechnology company focused on the discovery, development, and commercialization...
2026 NFL mock draft: Surprises in top 10 of latest first-round projection
The 2026 NFL Draft is just a month away, and our latest mock draft features a few surprises materializing in the top 10 picks.
Rahm Emanuel proposes banning all federal employees from betting on prediction markets
Rahm Emanuel is proposing a far-reaching measure to crack down on betting in predictive markets in Washington as part of an effort to call attention to what he sees as a culture of corruption gripping the nation’s politics
Fertilizer prices bring more pain for American farmers amid war in Iran
The war in Iran is pushing up prices for already-strained farmers, with higher costs for fertilizer and energy on top of last year’s tariffs. And the increasing pressure on American agriculture could lead to even bigger price tags at the grocery store.
Dr Liz O'Riordan: Women's health must be taken more seriously
Dr Liz O'Riordan says it is important women seek help from professionals not "Google and Chat GPT".
Precision Nutrition: Tufts University Expert Q&A On How Personalized Diet Science May Transform Health - Where The Food Comes From
Tufts expert José Ordovás explains precision nutrition and how personalized diet science could transform health and prevent disease.
Man who bought $75 worth of Apple products from a stranger in a car park realizes he might be sitting on a small fortune
A tech enthusiast who bought a bunch of used Apple products off a stranger in a car park was left pleasantly surprised by the haul
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
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