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What It Takes To Be A Top Tier Entertainment Lawyer in 2026
Share I’ve recently run several popular posts breaking down data related to sought after legal jobs. General Counsel Big Law Appellate Attorney Here is another in this series. Two Lawyers, One Elite Market Entertainment law can sound like a single professional category. In practice, the lawyers who reach the top of the Hollywood market often look quite different from one another. Consider two attorneys from the 2025 top-entertainment-law universe. Lesley Freeman represents one route: the company-side entertainment lawyer. She is chief legal officer of AGBO, where she oversees company-wide business and legal affairs across film, television, video game and interactive experiences, and technological innovation, after senior legal roles at MGM, Amazon MGM Studios, HBO, and O’Melveny. Daniel Petrocelli represents another route: the outside-counsel trial lawyer. He is chair of O’Melveny’s trial practice and a vice chair of the firm, with a national litigation practice that includes entertainment, sports, and media disputes. Their careers differ by platform, role, practice area, and professional identity. One sits inside an entertainment company; the other practices from a major law firm. One is associated with corporate and governance work; the other with litigation. Yet both fall within the same publicly recognized top tier of Hollywood lawyers. That contrast points to the article’s central question. If there is no single mold for a top entertainment lawyer, are the paths simply idiosyncratic, or do they follow recurring patterns? The data suggest the latter. The attorneys recognized on The Hollywood Reporter and Variety’s 2025 top-attorney lists do not follow one career template, but their paths are not random. They cluster around several defined routes: entertainment-focused private practice, company-side or operator experience, corporate and finance conversion, litigation conversion, public-service-to-litigation pathways, and smaller specialized lanes in labor, employment, and celebrity family law. Across those routes, the recurring ingredients are platform strength, educational capital or Los Angeles market proximity, long career tenure, specialized practice identity, and entertainment-industry fluency. The article examines five dimensions of the top-attorney sample: route into entertainment law, firm or organizational platform, education pipeline, seniority, and practice specialization. Data and Methodology The dataset includes 103 attorneys drawn from The Hollywood Reporter and Variety’s 2025 lists of top entertainment or Hollywood attorneys. For each attorney, the dataset tracks current organization, law school, J.D. year where available, first-known bar admission year, practice area, prior roles, platform type, and route into entertainment law. The sample is best understood as a recognized-attorney dataset, not a census of all entertainment lawyers. It captures lawyers who reached public top-tier recognition in 2025, rather than every lawyer practicing in the entertainment sector. Multiple but Defined Routes Into Entertainment Law The first question is how these lawyers entered the entertainment-law market. Because every attorney in the dataset is entertainment-related by definition, the key distinction is not whether they practice entertainment law. It is how they got there. The largest group followed what might be called the entertainment private-practice route. These attorneys appear to have built their practices around entertainment, media, talent, music, rights, production, intellectual property, or adjacent industry work relatively early. That route accounts for 40 of the 103 attorneys in the sample, or 38.8%.
Elation Health acquires Aster as it ramps up agentic AI for primary care
Health tech company Elation Health acquired startup Aster to propel the company's development of an agentic AI operating system for primary care. | Health tech company Elation Health acquired startup Aster to propel the company's development of an agentic AI operating system for primary care.
Collaborative research by FSU physicists uncovers novel electronic properties in quantum material
Florida State University physicists are part of a team that has discovered unusual superconducting states in parts of graphene, with the potential to
Kustom Entertainment, Inc. Announces 2027 Country Stampede Kansas at Gilley’s Park City, Enhancing Festival Experience and Capacity
Country Stampede Kansas 2027 will be held June 25-27 at Gilley's Park City, expanding capacity and festival amenities.Quiver AI SummaryKustom Entertainment, Inc. announced a new partnership with Ruffin Properties, LLC to host the Country Stampede Kansas music festival at Gilley’s Park City in Overland Park, KS, starting in 2027, following the festival's 30th anniversary celebration in Bonner Springs in June 2026. This partnership will expand the
When a Creator Becomes a Business Owner, Everything Changes
As the creator economy matures, every creator needs contracts, intellectual property protection, and the right business structure.
California wants to cap business tax credits, alarming life sciences and tech industries
California's life sciences industry, and some lawmakers, urge state leaders to reject budget proposal to permanently limit R&D tax credits.
Maine's Electoral Debate Returns
A Nebraska proposal revives questions about Maine's unique presidential voting system.
Assessing Melco Resorts & Entertainment (NasdaqGS:MLCO) Valuation After Stronger Macau Revenue Growth And Market Share Gains
Melco Resorts & Entertainment (MLCO) is drawing fresh attention after its Macau properties delivered year on year and sequential growth in gross gaming revenue and EBITDA, alongside a 1.3 percentage point gain in market share. See our latest analysis for Melco Resorts & Entertainment. Despite the stronger Macau showing, the share price tells a mixed story, with a 6.15% 1 month share price return and a year to date share price decline of 24.10%, alongside a 1 year total shareholder return...
Manitowoc business news recap — what you missed in May
Here are the most-read Manitowoc stories from May, from church sale news to jobs, cranes and property transfers.
Businesses fear for economy if Swiss vote to cap population at 10 million
Switzerland goes to the polls on June 14 to vote on whether to cap its population at 10 million people in a referendum some have likened to a "Swiss Brexit", alarming many businesses who fear an economic blow should the proposal succeed.
Opinion: Proposed rule to politicize federal research grants threatens science
A retired NM professor warns a proposed regulation could put political appointees in charge of approving basic research grants.
Is Macau Outperformance And Community Investment Altering The Investment Case For Melco Resorts & Entertainment (MLCO)?
In the first quarter of 2026, Melco Resorts & Entertainment’s Macau properties generated 87% of group gross gaming revenue and 75% of EBITDA, with both metrics expanding year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter alongside a 1.3 percentage point gain in Macau gross gaming revenue market share. This outperformance in Macau, coupled with Melco’s ongoing support for inclusion-focused events such as the 2026 Inclusion Conference & Festival and the Macau Golf Masters, highlights how operational strength...
Valheim receives Nintendo Switch 2 release date, new trailer
Valheim now has its release date on Nintendo Switch 2. Today, it was announced that the title arrives on September 9, 2026. You may recall that Valheim was confirmed for Nintendo Switch 2 during a Nintendo Direct. When Valheim comes to Nintendo Switch 2, this will be a part of the game’s proper 1.0 launch. A slew of details can...
Alaska health officials advance over 400 projects for Rural Health Transformation funding
The projects were selected from nearly 1,800 proposals that came from more than 800 organizations and companies.
Moran named Chicago's chief technology officer
Kevin Moran, a City Hall veteran, has been promoted to chief technology officer.Mr. Moran replaces John Tolva, a former IBMer who left City Hall last fall and joined engineering and consulting firm PositivEnergy Practice.Mr. Moran has worked for the city's Department of Innovation and Technology for six years, most recently as director of IT. He previously worked for General Growth Properties, a Chicago-based real estate investment firm.
How The Investment Story For Primary Health Properties (LSE:PHP) Is Evolving Without A New Price Target
Primary Health Properties has seen no change in its current price target, providing investors with a steady reference point for how analysts are framing the stock. As the story around the company develops, you will see how to track fresh data and sentiment so you can keep up with the evolving analyst narrative over time. Stay updated as the Fair Value for Primary Health Properties shifts by adding it to your watchlist or portfolio. Alternatively, explore our Community to discover new...
University of Southern Miss to add new science research facility
HATTIESBURG, Miss. (WXXV)- The University of Southern Mississippi plans to add a new state of the art science research facility on the Hattiesburg campus. The Mississippi legislature appropriated $30 million to help make this transformative project possible. This investment will support research and discovery across the biological, biomedical, and environmental sciences while strengthening the university’s position as one of the...
This AI-Powered PDF Editor Gives Business Owners a Smarter Way to Work
Skip the subscription and get lifetime access to a full PDF suite for $50.
UCDC program connects students to US politics at Capitol
UCLA students interning in Washington, D.C., this year navigated anti-immigration enforcement protests, congressional budget negotiations during appropriations season and uncertainty surrounding federal funding. The UC Washington Program, created in 1997, sends at least 31 UCLA undergraduate students to the United States Capitol each quarter.
Myles Garrett delivers in his first L.A. appearance
As Dolphins quarterback Malik Willis learned last month, throwing out the first pitch at a Major League Baseball game is usually a no-win proposition.
Golden Knights regain Finals lead despite late flair for the dramatics
The only word that could properly describe the 2026 Stanley Cup Final so far would be unhinged and Game 3 was easily the craziest game of a classic series.
Netanyahu’s mafia politics risk degrading integrity of Israeli government
A coalition run like a mafia, based on fear, personal loyalty, and proof of allegiance, cannot properly serve the public interest because its first priority is protecting the leader, not the country.
Hollywood workers rally against Paramount-Skydance deal
As he spoke at a gathering on Saturday to protest Paramount Skydance's proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery , stand-up comedian Adam Conover framed the ongoing media consolidation as an existential threat to an industry that made the United States a cultural power.
CPS board to consider budget approval, safety, smoothies and Health Science High
The gap in the proposed budget for next year would be made up by drawing roughly $11.7 million from reserves.
CPS board: budget approval, safety, smoothies and Health Science High
The gap in the proposed budget for next year would be made up by drawing roughly $11.7 million from reserves.
Real can help REMAX agents triple their business, CEO says
Real CEO Tamir Poleg and REMAX CEO Erik Carlson explain why unifying the two companies will create an enhanced value proposition for their agents.
Trump’s proposed 250-foot ‘triumphal arch’ likely poses no risk to aviation, FAA says
The Federal Aviation Administration on Friday said President Donald Trump’s proposed 250-foot “triumphal arch” less than two miles from Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport would likely pose no risks to air travel but recommended red obstruction lights be added.
Nevada proposes pausing licensing for new hospice and home-health providers while it probes possible fraud
Nevada is proposing a months-long moratorium on new licenses for hospice and home-health providers as well as a pause of new enrollments into the state’s Medicaid program while the authoritie...
A tiny atomic shift gives scientists powerful control over metals
A team at the University of Minnesota discovered that changing a metal film's thickness by just a few nanometers can dramatically alter how it behaves electronically. The finding reveals a surprising new way to control metals and could help power future advances in electronics, catalysis, and quantum technology.
Polis signs final bills from 2026 session, including several business-focused laws
The laws impact workers laboring outside, software sales, transportation funding, homeowners' insurance costs and law-firm ownership.
Smart people weigh in on Anthropic's AI pause proposal
"We believe it would be good for the world to have the option to slow or temporarily pause," two leading Anthropic officials wrote.
7+ Florida Politics Now: discussing property taxes and more
On this episode, we’re discussing property taxes and more.
PENN Entertainment Bets On New Aurora Casino And Valuation Gap
PENN Entertainment (NasdaqGS:PENN) is opening the new US$360 million Hollywood Casino Aurora as its latest land-based flagship in Illinois. The long-running Hollywood Casino riverboat in Aurora is set to close after more than 30 years of operation as activity shifts to the new property. The new complex combines gaming, hotel rooms, dining, and entertainment offerings in a single, purpose-built facility. The move reflects PENN Entertainment's push to grow its brick and mortar footprint...
California High-Speed Rail board approves business plan that suggests moving downtown Merced station
A business plan that forecasts where Merced’s proposed bullet train station may ultimately end up has received unanimous approval from the California High-Speed Rail Authority’s board.
White House Plan to Take Over Federal Grantmaking Draws Criticism from Science Groups
Science advocacy groups are attempting to mobilize public comments on a proposed rule.
WakeMed-Atrium deal could lead to cost hikes for state workers, officials say. WakeMed pushes back
WakeMed says its proposed merger with Atrium Health would lower costs. North Carolina State Health Plan officials say premiums could increase if WakeMed charges Atrium prices.
Mayor O'Connell proposes moving top entertainment post under his office
Metro Council will consider dueling proposals over who should hire the city's top entertainment industry official.
Bills, Vikings Connected in Massive $140M Trade Rumor
A proposal has been made from one prominent NFL Analyst, who predicted a blockbuster Justin Jefferson trade rumor connecting the Bills, Vikings.
Biophysical Society Condemns OMB Proposed Rule to Politicize Science
BETHESDA, MD – The Biophysical Society condemns the Office of Management and Budgets (OMB) Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) on Federal Financial Assistance, released Friday, May 29th. The NPRM is a sweeping overhaul of federal rulemaking and oversight, removing individual oversight from federal agencies to promulgate rules and oversee how regulations are implemented and enforced internally.
AD PRO’s Grow Your Business Month
This July, AD PRO is gathering industry thought-leaders to discuss the best business practices propelling firms today
E-bike safety; lung cancer treatment and prevention; keeping CMA Festival attendees safe; plus other stories with Vanderbilt Health sources
WKRN News 2 interviewed Jeffrey Upperman, MD, FACS, Professor and Chair of the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief of Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt, about e-bike related injuries following the recent death of a Brentwood High student and a proposal to require safety training before students could ride a bike on a school campus in Williamson County. Fabien Maldonado, MD, MSc,Professor of Medicine and Thoracic Surgery, was on WTVF News Channel 5‘s live studio show, “Openline,” with host Ben Hall, to discuss lung cancer, treatment and prevention. WSMV’s “Today In Nashville” program hosted Vanderbilt LifeFlight paramedic/flight nurse practitioner Tony Smith to talk about safety for the CMA Festival. The New York Times reporter Carl Zimmer interviewed James Crowe, MD, Director of the Vanderbilt Center for Antibody Therapeutics, for a story about the race to find vaccines and treatments as Ebola spreads. The Vanderbilt Health News release about the pilot clinical trial conducted by Vanderbilt Health and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc., that confirms the safety of ifetroban and supports the further development of the drug to prevent cancer metastasis, was picked up by Reuters, Stock Titan,and others. Women We Admire has named Lee Ann Liska, President and Chief Operating Officer, to its list of top women leaders of Nashville for 2026. Radiology Business, Aunt Minnie, Bioengineer, and Imaging Technology News covered the study from Consuelo Wilkins, MD, MSCI, the Mildred Thornton Stahlman Professor in Rural Health and professor of Medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine, that found Black and Hispanic people, while known to be far more apt to have dementia, are significantly less apt than other racial and ethnic groups to show Alzheimer’s pathology on brain scans. STAT News interviewed Deva Sharma, MD, Transfusion Medicine & Hematology-Oncology, for a story about more patients requesting unvaccinated blood and what it means for the medical system at large. Yahoo! Health reporter Korin Miller interviewed Gitanjali Srivastava, MD, Director of Obesity Medicine, for a story about how semaglutide and tirzepatide compare. William Schaffner, MD, Professor of Preventive Medicine, was quoted by several news outlets about public health issues, including: NBC News (new COVID vaccinations); Medscape (pneumonia and sepsis); and CNN (protection from contagious viruses). Shelbyville Times-Gazette is repurposing Jessica Pasley’s July 2025 Vanderbilt Health News story on tick-borne illnesses as a front-page story.
Proposed Trump Rule Targets ‘Woke’ Federal Grants for Public Lands, Health, Science
Aimed at “responsible stewardship of taxpayer dollars,” the White House wants political appointees to have final say on grant review.
Trump administration’s proposed rule would limit some immigrants’ ability to legally work in the U.S.
The proposal would make it harder for several categories of immigrants -- notably those in the U.S. on humanitarian parole as well as DACA recipients -- to obtain or renew legal work authorization.
Hidden supermassive black hole pairs may finally have a visible signal
Scientists have proposed a new method for finding tightly bound supermassive black hole pairs by searching for stars that flash repeatedly as their light is magnified by the black holes’ gravity. The timing and brightness of these bursts could provide a unique fingerprint of black holes slowly spiraling toward a future collision.
Webster Town Board votes to remove Pride flag raised at town hall this week
The board says the American flag and the New York state flag will be the only ones displayed on properties owned by the town of Webster.
NC State Health Plan to propose benefit structure aimed at shifting care to 'preferred providers'
The new structure is necessary, plan administrators say, because costs are continue to outpace premiums. Those premiums are likely to increase next year.
FIA and Liberty push to find F1 2027 engine solution to be approved over Spanish GP
New fuel flow increase limits could salvage proposed tweaks to the 2027 engine formula following objections from Ferrari and Audi
Youth mental health system in NJ hurts kids, frustrates parents, study says
Lawmakers proposed fixes to NJ's child mental health system in response to a report saying it frustrates parents, leaves kids waiting for care
Trump plans pedestrian bridge between Lincoln Memorial and Potomac River
The president and Interior Secretary Doug Burgum cast the proposed “Trump promenade” as fulfilling an early-20th-century vision to connect the National Mall with the nearby waterfront.
Business briefs, June 5
Senators push CMS to reinstate nursing home ownership reporting requirements … New DOJ toolkit could turn EMTs, cops into nursing home watchdogs … Combatting racism in senior living and care requires ‘institutional courage’ to avoid status quo … CNA coverage declined, but few other staffing ramifications of COVID immunity … SNFs, aging Americans helping drive strong interest in healthcare property investment … Kendal launches comprehensive ‘brand evolution’
Summerville proposes outdoor entertainment district to boost local businesses
The Town of Summerville is proposing a new outdoor entertainment district that would allow people 21 and older to buy alcohol and walk around outside with it in a designated area.
Kevin Kiley basks in likely win as Dems fumble Prop. 50 district
Kiley received favorable results late Tuesday night.
Large indoor sports hub pitched for East Brainerd Road faces RPA pushback
A proposal for a new indoor sports and youth development center on East Brainerd Road is moving through the Hamilton County planning process, but the planning c
Why business owners have few options to fix continued flooding near KC
Property owners in Blue Summit, unincorporated land outside Kansas City, are desperate to find a fix for persistent flooding at their intersection.
WATCH: Capital Planning Commission seeks more info on proposed 'Trump arch' after public comment session
The vote came after nearly three hours of public comment from about 20 members of the public, some representing historic and architectural organizations, and most of whom expressed concerns about the arch that is one of several projects the Republican president is pursuing to leave his imprint on Washington.
Scientists probe how pigeons use magnetism to navigate
Homing pigeons rely on a variety of signals to navigate, including magnetism. But it hasn't been clear how they detect magnetic cues. Researchers propose the answer may be found in the birds' livers.
This Proposed Rule Could Change American Science Forever. We Read It so You Don’t Have To.
There is no question this is a Big Deal. If you are a university or research lab, or aspire to work in one, or are simply an enthusiast of federally-funded research, what’s next will matter.
Stand against the politicization of science
You can take meaningful action to counter a new proposed rule that would subject federal grant-making to political partisanship. Submit your comment to the Federal Register or call your congresspeople before July 13.
Kevin O'Leary's data center project just got a lot smaller
Kevin O'Leary agreed to scale back his proposed Utah data center after pressure from a top state lawmaker.
Broad new tariffs renew uncertainty for business, trading partners
The Trump administration is proposing new tariffs of at least 10% on dozens of trading partners in a renewed effort to rebuild the president’s tariff agenda.
Broad new tariffs renew uncertainty for business, trading partners
The Trump administration is proposing new tariffs of at least 10% on dozens of trading partners in a renewed effort to rebuild the president’s tariff agenda.
Partisan Politics Trumps Peer Review
On May 29, the Office of Management and Budget published a proposed rule that would fundamentally reshape how the federal government funds scientific research.
White House Plan to Vet Grants Puts Climate Science in Jeopardy
The Trump administration’s proposal to tighten political control over federal grants would hinder research, experts say.
Arch Announces Leadership Changes Across Insurance Business
Arch Capital Group and Arch Insurance North America announced a series of leadership changes this week, including executive promotions across its wholesale insurance platform, a planned CEO succession, and the retirement of a longtime property insurance leader.At the parent company level, Arch Capital previously announced that President and Chief Underwriting Officer Nicolas Papadopoulo will succeed Marc Grandisson as chief executive officer effective March 1, 2027. Grandisson will remain executive chairman following the transition.
Researchers say this new Trump rule could destroy American science as we know it. They’re fighting back
By Ella Nilsen, Andrew Freedman, CNN (CNN) — Scientists across multiple disciplines are sounding the alarm after the White House proposed taking
Researchers say this new Trump rule could destroy American science as we know it. They’re fighting back
By Ella Nilsen, Andrew Freedman, CNN (CNN) — Scientists across multiple disciplines are sounding the alarm after the White House proposed taking greater control over how scientific research gets funded and allowing political appointees to decide whether to approve scientific grants. Critics of the proposed rule say it would codify the administration’s attempts to destroy
Researchers say this new Trump rule could destroy American science as we know it. They’re fighting back
Scientists across multiple disciplines are raising the alarm after the White House proposed taking greater control over how scientific research gets funded and allowing political appointees to decide whether to approve scientific grants.
Grand Rapids-based construction firm plans new Kalamazoo office at WMU business park
Owen-Ames-Kimball Co. purchased the property for its new office last year.
Scientists find an elusive vibration — a Higgs mode
Argonne scientists discovered a Higgs mode — a rare, complex vibration and mathematical analog to the Higgs boson — that changed the symmetry of a semiconductor crystal. The results could help researchers control material properties using light.
When science answers to politics
The White House Office of Management and Budget has proposed new rules that would require political appointees, not scientists, to decide which research…
When science answers to politics
The White House Office of Management and Budget has proposed new rules that would require political appointees, not scientists, to decide which research…
Jackson vows regulation of data centers in Maine
In addition to requiring AI companies to pay their “fair share,” Jackson proposes safeguards to ensure AI doesn’t replace Maine workers, environmental oversight and transparency when AI is used by state government.
Trump Kicks His Dismantling of Veterans’ Health Care Into High Gear
His proposed new budget shrinks the VA’s ability to meet veterans’ needs.
Anthropic shares accepted for Brooklyn home's $5.99M price: photos
A Brooklyn home seller is seeking Anthropic shares or bitcoin for a $5.99M property, reflecting AI equity's rise in real estate transactions.
Trump took a hair-loss drug for years. It’s no longer on his medical records.
The president's past doctors said he used Propecia, a drug to stem hair loss. The White House has been pointedly silent on whether he is still taking it — a reflection of the gaps in Trump's recent health reports.
NC House Democrats propose 3 judicial constitutional amendments
Subscribe to Under the Dome to get North Carolina politics news in your inbox daily.
Former Adult Entertainment Venue in South Philly Sold for $2.3 Million, Will Be Repurposed
Show & Tel has closed and been sold. The new owner plans to repurpose the property as storage facility and office space.
Loma Linda University Health agrees to pay nearly $8 million settlement for improper disposal of hazardous waste, medical records
Loma Linda University Health officials agreed to pay a $8 million settlement over a lawsuit that was filed after a multi-year investigation by Riverside County and San Bernardino County officials found that medical records and hazardous medical waste were improperly disposed of.
Latest White House move to politicise science funding provokes ...
US research community mobilising to push back on proposed rule that would give apparatchiks control of which research gets funded
New York lawmakers could vote on data center moratorium this week
The proposal is a reworked version that now shortens a proposed moratorium on new data center construction from three years to one.
ISS and Glass Lewis Recommend FOR Board Declassification Proposal at PENN Entertainment
UNITE HERE today announced that Institutional Shareholder Services (“ISS”) and Glass Lewis & Co. (“Glass Lewis”) have both recommended that PENN Entertainmen...
Involuntary commitment bill targeting mental health, crime passes NC House
A bill that's part of the state legislature's efforts to ramp up the number of criminal suspects involuntarily committed to mental hospitals passed, despite criticism that it proposes few immediate solutions.
An outdoor entertainment district could be coming to Summerville
People could eventually be allowed to walk through parts of downtown Summerville with a beer or glass of wine in hand under a proposal now heading to Town Counc
Donald Trump’s proposed grant rules could destroy US science, researcher warns
Additional funding controls by Office of Management and Budget will make new discoveries less likely, say critics
Politics: What’s Life Like For The Government Employees Still Working?
More than 300,000 federal workers have left government service since the start of the second Trump administration.Some were laid off by the administration. Some took buyouts. Some walked out. The cuts hit every major agency — from the State Department to the Justice Department.That doesn’t mean things have been easy for those still working for the government. Last week, the Office of Personnel Management proposed requiring all federal employees to sign non-disclosure agreements that would prevent them from sharing internal government information.We sit down to talk about how those cuts are affecting the workers who remained.Find more of our programs online. Listen to 1A sponsor-free by signing up for 1A+ at plus.npr.org/the1a.
Wilton Simpson backs ‘principled conservative’ Liesa Priddy in HD 82
'Liesa understands what it takes to safeguard Florida’s family farms, defend private property rights, and preserve our rural communities.'
Lilly, BioNTech Warn German Health Reforms Could Hurt Investment
Eli Lilly & Co. and BioNTech SE joined a growing chorus of drugmakers warning that proposed healthcare reforms in Germany risk undermining investment the country.
Wu, a Collins foe, endorses his Senate challenger Latoya Gayle
Michelle Wu and Nick Collins have bitterly clashed the past two years over his vocal opposition to her property tax legislation.
The Trump Administration Has Launched Its Biggest Threat Yet to Scientific Research. We Can Stop Them.
Last week, the White House released draft regulations that—if enacted—will upend US science as we know it. Under the rule proposed by the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB), political appointees would have the final say over who gets billions of dollars of federal funding for res
Elections to top science bodies test Croatia’s gender equality in research
Croatia’s track-record on gender equality in science has been both questioned and lauded in recent months, following both bad and good news on the topic. On the one hand, a senior awards committee was announced without a single woman researcher included. On the other, the national science academy welcomed its first cohort of fellows with more women than men.Members of the committee, which gives national awards recognising scientific achievement, are proposed by the ministry of science and endorsed by the parliament. The current line-up does include a woman, but she is culture minister Nina Obuljen Koržinek rather than a researcher. Even then, she didn’t make it into the photograph released to announce the appointments on April 16. “The image speaks a thousand words,” says Tanja Rudež, a science journalist for Jutarnji List newspaper. “I am surprised that none of these men, all well-known scientists, saw a problem with the fact that there was not a single successful female scientist on the committee,” she told Science|Business.Ivan Đikić, a prominent Croatian biochemist based at Goethe University Medical School, commented on LinkedIn that the news illustrated a “sad truth” about the state of science in Croatia.“It [. . .] reveals a system where women, despite contributing a substantial share of high-quality, internationally competitive science, are systematically excluded from the very processes that determine recognition and influence,” he wrote. Some 60% of researchers in Croatia are women, according to the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, and they perform well in international competitions. For example, of the 12 European Research Council (ERC) grants awarded to Croatian researchers, seven went to women.“So how is it possible that decision-making bodies are still dominated by men over 60, while not a single female ERC laureate is involved in the selection process?” asked Đikić. “This is not a marginal oversight; it is a structural failure.” The ministry of science did not reply to a request for comment. The awards committee is not unusual. For example, a scientific advisory body announced by the ministry of demographics in April comprises 35 men and five women. The board of the Croatian Science Foundation, newly appointed by the parliament, is a little better, with five men and two women, but still unequal. “This is especially significant because such bodies do not merely distribute prestige. They shape research priorities, funding allocation and long-term scientific development,” Marija Lugarić, chair of the parliament’s committee on gender equality, told Science|Business. “Representation here matters not only symbolically, but materially.”Referring to the awards committee and the board of the science foundation, Lugarić says that while both bodies were appointed by parliament, neither met the minimum 40% gender balance threshold that Croatian law and EU guidelines expressly recommend for public bodies.Đikić wants to see EU institutions put pressure on the government to ensure basic standards of fairness, transparency and democratic governance in science policy are met. “Meaningful change will not come without pressure,” he wrote. “It must intensify both within Croatia and at the level of European institutions. Anything less undermines the credibility of Europe’s commitment to excellence and inclusion in science.”Rudež also underlined the importance of talking and writing about this topic, “because public opinion in Croatia does influence changes in the status and visibility of women in science.”The European Commission has not yet responded to a request for comment.Good news from the academyA more positive story came from the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts on 21 May, with the announcement of seven new women fellows and five men. This is the first time in the academy’s 165-year history that women have outnumbered men in a new intake.One of the new fellows, two-time ERC grantee Iva Tolić, credits the academy leadership with trying to be more modern and inclusive, representing the whole community better. “The academy is really aware that so far, before this election, there were very few women,” she told Science|Business. “So, they are actively trying to make this more equal.”Related articlesExplained: How the MSCA is close to achieving gender balanceCall for EU to leverage academic freedom in global talent raceRudež is more cautious, noting that despite the academy’s “breakthrough this year [. . .] it is still a predominantly male institution, with only 18% women.”This reflects a wider imbalance in Croatia’s research landscape. “The key levers of power in science are still in the hands of men,” she went on. “For example, all 14 rectors of private and public universities are men.”Similarly, Lugarić says a structural glass ceiling still exists in Croatian science, which is “most visible precisely where power is exercised.”She cites data from the Commission’s She Figures 2024 report, which shows that Croatia ranks second in the EU for gender equality in research and innovation overall, with an equality index of 79.6 out of 100. It is in the top five for women’s career advancement, participation in research; representation across all research sectors and for scientific publications.In stark contrast, it ranks second to last when it comes to women in decision-making positions in science. “This is not a coincidence,” Lugarić says. “It is a structural pattern.”Informal barriersThe persistent under-representation of women in the highest structures of Croatia’s academies, boards, award committees and leadership positions is not down to formal barriers, Lugarić says, but arises from more subtle obstacles such as “informal networks, persistent expectations regarding traditional gender roles and the unequal distribution of care responsibilities.”Tolić would like to see more support for young women in terms of affordable housing and child support, and higher salaries. Currently, she says, salaries in science stay low for the first 10-15 years, while housing and spaces in kindergarten are limited and expensive. “You have to work a lot, you get very little money, so it’s not great to have a family in this situation,” she says.But despite the challenges, Tolić is optimistic, saying that gender equality in research in Croatia is “definitely improving and going in the right direction.” The situation is particularly promising in biology, she adds, where most full professors, heads of department and deans of faculties are women. Lugarić, too, see the glass ceiling “very slowly, cracking,” and cites the academy election as an example that structural change is possible. Yet the situation in the national awards committee is a “stark reminder that without a conscious, systemic commitment to gender balance, progress will remain slow and uneven.”
The cult of objectivity has broken consciousness science
With 22 competing theories and no consensus in sight, the science of consciousness is lost. In this exclusive IAI interview, Berkeley psychedelics researcher and bestselling author of a new book on consciousness Michael Pollan insists that even though consciousness lies beyond traditional forms of scientific investigation, we should resist becoming dualists who see it as something radically different from ordinary stuff in the world. Instead, he makes the case for reimagining science itself: it must stop reaching for objective descriptions of physical reality, and instead embrace subjectivity as the indispensable core of all inquiry. Alasdair Craig: How did your experiences with psychedelics get you interested in consciousness?Michael Pollan: One of the things that happens on psychedelics is that they foreground consciousness. What formerly seemed perfectly transparent and ever present—and yet, non-existent, as water is to fish—suddenly you see it. The metaphor I use in the book is that psychedelics sponge the windscreen. Suddenly you realize: wow, there’s a windscreen, there is this phenomenon that’s mediating my relationship to reality. This is not an unusual realization on psychedelics. I think a lot of people are called to think about consciousness after psychedelic experiences. So that was the proximate inspiration for A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness (2026).And then there was a more specific way in which psychedelics influence the book. That was a particular experience I had on psilocybin. I had the sensation that the plants in my garden were conscious and returning my gaze, with their own point of view and agency, and I got curious as to how to evaluate an insight like that. I mean, what’s the truth quotient of insights you have on psychedelics? And I was reading William James—who, of course, wrote beautifully about mystical experience—and he said, we can’t judge the metaphysics here, but we should pay attention to two criteria: (1) How useful is it to think this is true? He was a pragmatist, of course. And (2) can we subject it to other ways of knowing to validate it? Because maybe we should treat these insights as hypotheses. And that’s kind of how I approach psychedelics, as a great generator of hypotheses, but they need to be tested against other ways of knowing. And so that led me down this long path exploring the science of plant intelligence and plant sentience.AC: I love your phrase, “smudging the windowpane of conscious experience.” So do you now start to think, actually, even when I’m not on psychedelics, I’m just seeing a screen all the time, which is not reality, but rather is my conscious experience, behind which reality is hidden?MP: Well, you know, not when I’m brushing my teeth and making breakfast! But yes, in meditation, certainly. I mean, one of the things you realize is that my experience happens to be this way now, but it could be another way. And many things can affect it. My morning coffee changes the screen in various ways, sharpens certain things.___The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness.___There’s this wonderful metaphor in Aldous Huxley’s book, The Doors of Perception, where he thinks we channel consciousness, and that what the brain does is edit it, and there’s a reducing valve. And psychedelics open the reducing valve wider. I don’t know that I’m ready to buy into the idea that consciousness exists outside brains, but I do love that metaphor because there are times when you are more conscious than others. I know I’ve switched from window pane to valve, but you know, a camera aperture can open wider or narrower. And I do have a sense of that. I have a sense of when I’m being less conscious, and when I’m being more conscious, by which I mean, you know, more present, taking in more sensory information. So when you start thinking about consciousness as a matter of degree, that changes things also.I think when we scroll on social media, obviously, we’re conscious. But minimally so, because we don’t have to generate our own thoughts. We’re basically taking these little hits from other people and thinking their thoughts.The process of writing this book made me kind of relativize everyday consciousness as just one type, which is exactly what William James said. Normal consciousness is one type, separated by the flimsiest of screens from the other types.AC: If we stick with the metaphor of the smudge on the window that you get when you take psychedelics, it seems like we’re saying that consciousness has become like an object that you’re looking at, right? You’re looking at the smudge and that just is consciousness. But sometimes we’ll talk about consciousness as a state that you’re in, rather than an object you can perceive. You’re either conscious or you’re not conscious. So it’s difficult to really know what sort of thing we’re talking about when we talk about consciousness, right?MP: Yeah. When you say that consciousness is an object, what’s the subject? Consciousness also? The only tool we have to understand consciousness is consciousness. So we’re in a closed loop and when we get a perspective on consciousness, we’re not achieving any distance from it. That’s one of the problems with studying consciousness. Science is predicated on an objective, God’s eye view of things, and you never get that. There’s no such thing. SUGGESTED VIEWING The brain filters consciousness With Àlex Gómez-Marín But, yeah, there is this sense, I think, that consciousness is something you can approach. Certainly, when you’re writing and trying to recreate a conscious experience, it’s a fiction, but you’re standing back from it, and looking at it. But there’s no real subject-object distinction.AC: That’s so interesting, because when philosophers start talking about consciousness, they often talk about what they call “qualia”, which is their word for the felt experience of, say, the color red. And I think that way of speaking often makes us think of the qualia as an object, which you can see out there: the redness of red. But, as you say, we also want to collapse the subject-object distinction when we talk about consciousness. So there’s something strange going on here…MP: Oh, yeah, there are many strange things going on! *AC: Let’s talk about the varieties of consciousness. Apart from perceptions, there are, pains, emotions, thoughts, and so on. What is it that holds all this diversity together so that they all count as instances of consciousness? What is it that they all have in common?MP: Yeah, that’s a really good question. I mean, there is sensory information, right? Which we perceive coming from the world outside ourselves. And then there’s internal information, which is what’s called interoception. And this is very important too. This is where feelings come from—what are sometimes called homeostatic feelings—that are intended to get the brain to keep us in these narrow ranges of temperature and glucose and so on. That’s a very important part of consciousness. And according to some researchers, who I think are probably right, this is where consciousness begins, with these very primal feelings, like hunger and thirst and warmth and itch, and things like that. And then there’s this third thing, which is our thinking about thinking.And what holds all this together is, I think, the sense of self. Consciousness generates a self: it is probably an organizing principle. All this stuff is happening to the self. It’s a construct, I think, but it is very useful. It can connect all these different streams of consciousness to a single being or a place, metaphorically speaking.* AC: The first half of your book is about the science of consciousness. Is consciousness just another thing, like black holes or the origin of life, which we don’t yet understand, but which we should have every hope that science will one day get to the bottom of, or is there something special about consciousness that makes this unlikely?MP: It depends how you define science. As we define science now, it’s going be very difficult. Science since Galileo has had a set of rules or assumptions, which is that the proper remit of science is to deal with the objective, quantifiable, third-person world. And the physical sciences have done amazing work under that set of limitations. Galileo—for tactical reasons, not for philosophical reasons—said science should not deal with the soul, which at the time was what consciousness was considered to be. So what is subjective, what is qualitative, what is first person, we’re going to leave to the church, he said. And this was a good agreement, and it probably kept many scientists from getting burned at the stake. But it leaves science in an awkward spot, now that it wants to venture into that territory of qualities, of first-person experience. And I don’t think it has the proper tools. I think it will have to add to its toolkit in some way, and find a way to bring in phenomenology, or lived experience and introspection, which science is usually dismissive of.The challenge—we alluded to it earlier—is that the only tool you have to study consciousness with is consciousness. And what I mean by that is, the whole scientific enterprise is a manifestation of consciousness. As much as scientists like to flatter themselves with this idea that they attain a godlike perspective on what they study, when it comes to consciousness, there’s no such thing. And it’s fine for all the things you can step outside of and study from that perspective. But two areas it won’t work are consciousness and cosmology.___It could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.___With cosmology, too, you have to study the universe from inside the universe. It’s not that cosmologists haven’t made progress. We know a lot about the age of the universe and expansion and things like that. But we can’t penetrate what happened before the Big Bang. We just don’t have the tools because we can’t stand outside.The fact that there are 22 full-scale theories of consciousness tells you all you need to know: we’re kind of lost. And I was surprised to find that we are more lost than I thought we were when I started this. I thought that there’d be leading theories, or that we had experiments that we could conduct that would nail some of this down. And the fact is, we don’t.So, I don’t know if science can solve it. But, of course, we can change the rules of science. A really influential book for me was a book called The Blind Spot, by two physicists, Marcello Gleiser and Adam Frank, and a philosopher, Evan Thompson. It’s a reminder that science is a social practice. It’s organized in a certain way and it can be organized in a different way. But it has this huge blind spot at the center of it, which is its failure to recognize that it is a form of consciousness itself, and it doesn’t have a good way of taking account of lived experience.AC: On the one hand, I think you want to resist traditional dualism, which would say that consciousness is something magical, something supernatural, right? But on the other hand, you’re accepting that there is this division in reality between the stuff that you can investigate objectively and measure, and so on—the stuff that science has been good at finding out about—and consciousness, which, for some reason, you can’t objectively measure. Some would take this to suggest that the dualism is actually right. Is there a way of reconciling these two strands of your thinking?MP: To call it magical is full of value judgement. I mean, you could just say immaterial. The interesting thing is, I think, that intuitively we’re all dualists. And I don’t know whether that’s because we’re children of Descartes and other cultures are less dualist than we are. Or it may be because that’s how consciousness feels. It feels different than the body. It feels separate from the body. But I don’t think we should trust that intuition.AC: So let’s think about ways that science might be changed to get at consciousness. I suppose the starting point would be the way that you begin the second half of your book. You have this nice line from William James, where he says, “We now begin our study of the mind from within.” Could you give us some sense of the ways of studying the mind from within? What does this involve?MP: I don’t know what that science looks like. But one of the points I’m making is that it depends on the humanities. I found that I learned as much, if not more, about consciousness, from reading novels and poetry. There is a sense of the fullness and complexity of consciousness that you don’t get in any scientific account. I interviewed this stream-of-consciousness writer and I approached her as an expert on consciousness, and she is. So I think that dialogue is really important.I’m reading Ben Lerner’s new novel, Transcription. Just read the first page of this novel: it’s a man falling asleep on a train, going to conduct an interview, and there is the experience of being in the train, facing backwards, there’s the view outside, but there’s a reflection of himself through which he’s seeing outside. There’s the memory of dropping his kids off at school. All this is going on in one moment of consciousness. Scientists aren’t going anywhere near that. But I think it’s useful for them to think about. That’s where we’re trying to go: like, how does such a layered experience happen? You know, it also makes you wonder, could a computer ever do this? And it gives you some doubt.*AC: Before we get to computers, perhaps we could talk briefly about plants. How did you come to feel that they are sentient?MP: Well, it was a psychedelic experience, and it’s not unusual on psychedelics. In fact, there’ve been studies about how people become animists during psychedelic experience. Their belief in animism arises after a single psychedelic experience.You know, most scientists would say this is all a myth. But we have only 400 years of the age of enlightenment and science. Before that, we were animists, and if you go around the world, most indigenous cultures are still animists, and children are animists, by and large, until they go to school. So it could be that we live in this anomaly of not believing nature is conscious. And maybe psychedelics are teaching us something we’ve forgotten.As I said, I wanted to test this idea, and see whether there was conventional scientific evidence for it. And there’s fascinating work going on in a field that calls itself—in a rather cheeky way—plant neurobiology. These are people who fully realize there are no neurons in plants, but they’re trolling conventional botanists! And they’re doing experiments that are demonstrating that plants can learn and remember, which is kind of amazing: how do you store a memory without neurons? They’re finding plants that can solve problems, that can hear and see. In fact, they have 20 senses to our five or six. For example, a bean plant looking for something to twine, and given a pole within eight inches or so of it, knows where that pole is and will aim its spiraling reach at that pole. What is that about? Is it bouncing signals off of it?One of the spookiest things is the fact that the same anesthetics that put us out put plants out. You might think that plants are already out, but they’re not. They’re just slow. If you take a plant with a fast behavior, like a Venus flytrap, and give it an anesthetic, it will stop reacting. So you have to ask yourself, what is lost when the plant is anaesthetized? Some state of alertness, of awareness, of its environment, of reactivity. I’m not prepared to call that consciousness, but maybe it’s sentience—which is a simpler form of consciousness, and involves the ability to sense what’s going on in your environment and assess what’s good and bad for you and act appropriately. That may be a universal quality of life.AC: Let’s turn from plants to AI. You point out that LLMs are trained on the internet rather than direct interactions with reality. You put this really nicely when you say the internet is not the world so much as a shadow cast by the world. So LLMs are living in this kind of shadow world, or in Plato’s cave, as you put it. What’s the significance of this for AI consciousness and moral consideration? And, to recall the beginning of our conversation, if we’re stuck behind a veil or screen of consciousness, are we also stuck in a kind of shadow world?MP: I don’t think they’re the same shadow worlds because our world includes nature and other people. And even if it’s mediated in some ways... There is a reality out there, and we are in relation to it, through consciousness. There’s friction with it. What’s missing from the LLMs is that friction with the real world. There’s more to the world than human representation, which is what they’re dealing with. And that means that so far, AI is a cultural technology for combining thoughts we’ve already had. SUGGESTED VIEWING Cracking the code for thought With Roger Penrose, Sabrina Gonzalez Pasterski, Max Tegmark, Güneş Taylor Genuine creativity is more than collage. A lot of what AI does now is tantamount to collage, putting this with that and you know, that’s part of art, certainly. But there are also genuinely new ideas that come into the world that don’t come in through manipulating the representations we already have. So it remains to be seen whether AIs can be truly creative in that more radical sense.But my arguments against AI becoming conscious have to do with the fact that the idea of AI consciousness is based on this faulty metaphor that the brain is a computer. There are dimensions in which the brain is like a computer—it certainly does its share of computation. But computers have this sharp distinction between hardware and software, and brains don’t. In a brain, hardware and software are identical. Every memory is a physical change to the brain. Brains are not interchangeable in the way computers are. So this idea that you could take the consciousness out and somehow run it on another substrate, a silicon substrate, seems foolhardy.Anyway, it’s a more extended argument, and I may be wrong. And when we move to computers that aren’t based on silicon—neuromorphic computers and things like that—all bets may be off.AC: Regarding your point about LLMs being stuck in the world of our representations—the internet or whatever—and not being able to interact with reality, are these representations, the world of the internet, themselves part of reality? We’ve created the internet, but it’s still a real thing that exists. And so while the LLMs may be trapped within that part of reality, they’re nevertheless within reality and interacting with it and so on. So it’s not obvious that there’s a barrier there to them becoming conscious and being creative.MP: Yeah, I mean, if our consciousness is built out of human culture, which is what we’re talking about with all those representations. But I tend to think consciousness comes a bit more out of nature and friction with the natural world, but...AC: So there’s a fundamental divide between the natural world and human artefacts?MP: And we lose track of that, and especially people in this computer world. You know, the people who are creating these AI systems, my guess is they’ve been into video games since the age of three, and they didn’t go outside a lot. And their own contact with nature is somewhat limited. I could be wrong, it’d be a very interesting thing to ask, all the wizards of AI, whether they like to go fishing and hiking and do things like that. Or were they on computers from a very early age? I interviewed Blake Lemoine, the Google engineer who came to believe that LaMDA, the Google LLM out at the time, was conscious and deserved personhood. It was very clear that he didn’t see a distinction between this bubble in which he lived and the real world. And I think we’ve all been distanced from the natural world, and this is taking us even further away. But it’s still there, you know, and we still have bodies, and we’re still mortal, and we don’t live in a simulation.AC: I think that’s a great place to finish. Michael Pollan, thank you very much!
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