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Microsoft Copilot+ Branding Disappears from Latest Surface PCs
Microsoft's recent Snapdragon-powered Surface Laptop and Surface Pro launch was surprisingly absent the usual Copilot+ branding, aside from as a callout to the inclusion of the actual AI assistant on the devices. Apparently, this was an intentional branding change, according to Surface Corporate...
George Kittle weighs in on 49ers’ surprising early success
San Francisco 49ers tight end George Kittle weighs in on the team's early success.It’s only been about three weeks into the NFL season, and no team might be hotter than...
Patrick Mahomes makes surprising admission after controversial Colts fumble reversal
Patrick Mahomes joked he was glad Laquon Treadwell’s overtime fumble was overturned because he did not want to see Twitter’s reaction.
ESPN evaluates surprising early-season Lions trend
ESPN thinks Jameson Williams' early-season trend with the Lions is a mirage.
Distant time crystals can somehow fall into the same rhythm
Researchers have shown that multiple time crystals inside a semiconductor can synchronize their oscillations, much like pendulum clocks gradually falling into the same rhythm. The coupling is carried by spin-polarized electrons, allowing time crystals separated by up to 40 micrometers to lock to a common frequency. The discovery reveals surprisingly long-range connections between these exotic spin systems and could help researchers develop future spin-based devices.
Aaron Boone Gives Surprising Yankees Wild Card Rotation Update
The New York Yankees have a huge Wild Card series coming up against the Boston Red Sox for a chance to compete for the World Series. Aaron Boone has lucked out with a tremendous MLB pitching staff of superstars giving NY a viable chance in every series. However, a new quote from Boone claims that […] The post Aaron Boone Gives Surprising Yankees Wild Card Rotation Update appeared first on HEAVY.
Vikings Land Surprising New Weapon in 2027 Mock Draft
It’s never too early for a mock NFL draft, and a recent one from Sports Illustrated has the Minnesota Vikings selecting a running back. Gilberto Manzano has the Vikings selecting SEC star Kewan Lacy with the 29th overall selection. Age And Depth Hurting Vikings Running Back Room Depth at the position is important, and as […] The post Vikings Land Surprising New Weapon in 2027 Mock Draft appeared first on HEAVY.
Meta's New Holographic Avatars Are Here And They're Surprisingly Real
They're a notable improvement over the company's earlier attempts at digital likeness.
Giants' John Harbaugh shares surprisingly good Jaxson Dart injury news
Even though Jaxson Dart is out for the season, New York Giants head coach John Harbaugh has shared some positive news about Dart's future, and we're not even talking next season.
Hoda Kotb shares surprising way she disciplined her daughter after she ran off on her own
The former “Today” host is mother to Haley, 9, and Hope, 7.
Ravens Insider Delivers Final Verdict on Surprising Lamar Jackson Trend
The Baltimore Ravens are off to a mixed start to the 2026 season, but their starting quarterback, Lamar Jackson, has done plenty of good.Jackson has been throwing the ball more than the Ravens have seen from him in the past, and it seems to be working. When the running game struggled in their Week 2 […] The post Ravens Insider Delivers Final Verdict on Surprising Lamar Jackson Trend appeared first on HEAVY.
Alien sunsets, stone spiderwebs and mysterious doors: Curiosity's top 10 photos after 5,000 days on Mars
Curiosity has been photographing Mars in its search for evidence of water and life for over 5,000 Martian days. Here are 10 of the most surprising and weird photos the rover has sent back to Earth.
PFF Report Cards: LSU vs Ole Miss
PFF grades are out for LSU vs Ole Miss and some of the grades are pretty surprising
Letters: Disney isn’t only corporate offender | Donalds’ hollow tax claim | Data centers will harm society
Disney is making donations to political candidates who support Disney interests. Why is that surprising? This is what all corporations do.
Maple Leafs Could Have Not-So-Surprising Forward Hit Waivers
The Toronto Maple Leafs could find that the will have a pretty obvious name hitting the waiver wire this season. The post Maple Leafs Could Have Not-So-Surprising Forward Hit Waivers appeared first on HEAVY.
Tarik Skubal makes surprising appearance at Rams-Giants game
Tarik Skubal was on the sideline during a Rams game the day after he went on the bereavement list.
How Goodwipes Made a Splash In the Bathroom Business
From butt puns to surprising partnerships, the flushable wipes brand has gained attention for its disruptive marketing strategy.
Florida HC Jon Sumrall Shuts Down Ole Miss Hype Quickly
Despite a surprising betting line favoring the Gators, coach Jon Sumrall rejects the underdog narrative, demanding disciplined play to upset the playoff-tested Rebels in Gainesville this Saturday.
This new Apple Watch Series 12 and Ultra 4 feature is surprisingly motivating
Apple Watch Series 12 and Ultra 4 include a new fitness-tracking feature: live step tracking on the watch face. Alongside...
Chocolate leads to better workouts, says science — and you don't even have to eat it
A new study found that something surprising happens in your brain around chocolate, giving you more energy. Here's what's going on.
A new process turns plastic waste into gasoline and diesel fuel
Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed a surprisingly simple way to turn polyethylene, the common plastic used in shopping bags and cutting boards, into gasoline and diesel-like fuels. The process uses inexpensive aluminum-based molten salts to break long plastic molecules into smaller hydrocarbons, producing about 60% gasoline under relatively mild conditions.
15 People Share Which Beloved Celebrities Randomly Give Them the ‘Ick’
Celebrities can become so familiar that audiences develop surprisingly strong reactions to them, even without any obvious reason. A recent Reddit thread asked people which beloved stars give them an i...
A New York City marsh was disappearing for decades; scientists added 20 inches of sand and watched what happened next
By Muskan Singh & ET Science Desk, Global Desk For decades, salt marshes across New York City’s Jamaica Bay had been disappearing. At Big Egg Marsh, scientists decided to try something that could reveal whether one damaged piece of marsh could be given a better chance to survive. The solution was surprisingly simple, to raise... Read More
1970 One-Hit Wonder Was Written in Nantucket
Mountain's "Mississippi Queen" has a surprising Nantucket connection that helped shape the band's biggest hit.
Who is Arsenal’s fastest player?
The figures also produced one particularly surprising name near the top of Arsenal’s match-day speed rankings at the Amex.Photo by Mike Hewitt/Getty ImagesAgainst Brighton & Hove Albion on Saturday,...
Man City win surprising thriller but Sunderland expose growing problem
Man City 5-3 Sunderland: Brian Brobbey ran City’s defence ragged and scored a hat-trick, leaving Enzo Maresca plenty to ponder – even in victory
Eagles make surprising offensive line change ahead of Titans game
The Eagles make switch on o-line.
Scientists tested whether pets really make us happier: the answer is surprising - Futura-Sciences
Pets are often described as good for both mental and physical health, helping ease loneliness and support emotional well-being. But a new study suggests the picture is more complicated than simply owning a dog, cat, or another companion animal. Researchers at the University of Basel in Switzerland found little evidence...
Snails Carry a Surprising Record of Extreme Weather on Their Backs
A cyclone in a snail shell.
The surprising John Beaton statistics
Surprising Beaton stats, but who’s in charge shouldn’t be an excuse, Celtic need to win, it’s all about how we adapt ourselves…14th January 2026; Falkirk Stadium, Falkirk, Scotland; Scottish P...
This Simple Snack Could Have Surprising Brain Health Benefits, New Study Says
Here’s what the researchers found.
The Surprising Mental Health Benefit of Coffee That Has Nothing to Do With Caffeine
In a small study, 20 students reported improvements in mood after smelling freshly brewed coffee for five minutes without drinking it.
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
This Simple Snack Could Have Surprising Brain Health Benefits, New Study Says
A new study suggests eating nuts may support brain health and cognition, especially in less active people or those with lower diet quality. Learn the science.
As Fans Flood the World of Warcraft: Forever Beta, Dev Says It's Putting Up 'The Craziest Numbers I've Seen in 17 Years Working at Blizzard'
World of Warcraft: Forever looks like it could be a smash hit after the launch of the beta was overrun with eager fans, surprising even Blizzard itself.
Mind Your Manners: Kindness counts — and might provide surprising health benefits
Because I work closely with the medical community, I receive a weekly digest featuring the latest medical updates, developments, studies and hot topics from around the world. One recent article,
Scientists find that “perfect” systems may be surprisingly fragile
Complex systems may work better when their parts are not perfectly alike. Northwestern physicists found that carefully balanced variation, or “disorder,” can make networks such as power grids, ecosystems, neurons, and materials more stable. Even random differences sometimes improved stability compared with completely uniform systems. The discovery could help researchers design more resilient technologies and explain why natural systems are so rarely perfectly uniform.
Heavy caffeine users and deeper sleep; wonders of microscopic life; preparing for life after an Alzheimer’s diagnosis; plus other stories with Vanderbilt Health sources
Beth Malow, MD, Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics in the Vanderbilt Sleep Division, was quoted in Women’s Health about a surprising study from the Journal of Psychopharmacology indicating that heavy caffeine users get deeper non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, even while sleeping less time. The New York Times quoted Dylan Burnette, PhD, Associate Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology, in a story (with videos) about the wonders of the microscopic life all around us. William Schaffner, MD, Professor of Preventive Medicine, was quoted by several news outlets about public health issues, including: Prevention (rabies vaccinations); Healthline (update on the Cyclospora outbreak); Prevention again (hundreds now sickened in measles outbreak); and AARP (“How do we know vaccines are safe?” video interview and transcript). Science posted a story about a new NIH research center on vaccine harms. The piece quotes Kathryn Edwards, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Emerita. Lealani Mae Acosta, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Neurology, was quoted in an Everyday Health story about how a person, after a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, can enrich their life and prepare for the future. Amalia Peterson, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, was quoted by Everyday Health in a piece about common medications linked to lower dementia risk.
Jeremy Irvine reacts to that surprising twist in “Blood of My Blood”’s season 2 premiere
“We’re definitely starting from rock bottom and then series two is trying to claw things back,” the actor tells EW.
Stukes Is Showing Out Without Big-Time College Credentials
The Las Vegas Raiders took safety Treydan Stukes in the second round, and he showed a surprising skillset on Sunday.
Engrams Embedding Entendre: Codesign for Efficient DRAM/SSD Offloading
Engram extends standard token embeddings with learned multi-token lookups. Recurring local patterns retrieve vectors directly, reducing the need to reconstruct them through attention and feed-forward layers. With Engram model architecture optimization, it allows for lower HBM capacity to be needed for models at the same quality. This does not mean there won’t be an insane demand for HBM but it just means that model architecture will continue to innovate around constraints. This model architecture design is naturally codesigned for parameter offloading: each token accesses a few embedding rows whose addresses depend on token IDs, not hidden states. The runtime can prefetch those rows from host DRAM while earlier layers compute, keeping the table outside HBM without transferring entire weight matrices. Our Memory model contains our latest estimates of quarter by quarter HBM, DRAM, & NAND supply and demand. Offloading frees HBM for model weights and KV cache, potentially supporting larger batches or more concurrent sessions. When DRAM becomes the next constraint, NVMe offers another tier. Recommendation systems already cache frequently or recently accessed embedding rows in faster memory while backing colder rows with SSDs. After NVIDIA roadmap had to change due to massively despec’ing Rubin Ultra from 1024GB to now ~200GB of HBM per chip, model architecture optimizations like emgram maybe helpful. Our DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash configuration uses roughly 189 GiB of memory for Engram. We replace it with a memory-mapped (mmap) file and measure serving performance with offload to SSD. Later on in our report, we will show our Engram offloading experiments along with the official InferenceX agentic inference serving results on Engram models like DeepSeekv4.1 Flash across all 6 NVIDIA GPU SKUs along with MI355X. Unsurprisingly, the CUDA Moat is still mogging MI355X on the ultra popular DeepSeekV4.1 Flash model. We also show how even on high capacity HBM SKUs, offloading emgrams to DRAM could result in even better performance for most of the pareto than keeping the emgram in HBM. Our benchmark has been widely reproduced, validated and/or supported by almost every major buyer of compute from Google Cloud to Microsoft Azure to Oracle, to Meta and many more. Furthermore, it has the support of the ML community including from vLLM, LMCache, SGLang, PyTorch, Huggingface and the support of major labs like OpenAI, MiniMax, ZAI, Qwen, Moonshot Kimi, etc. Star the InferenceX GitHub repository if you find the open-source benchmark and data useful!. InferenceX is the only inference benchmark in the world to have TPUv7, Jalapeño, Nvidia Rubin NVL72, AMD, and soon, SambaNova and Trainium. Due to how realistic AgentX scenario is to real world agentic inference workloads, AMD has committed to collaborating on MI455X UALoE72 too. DeepSeek did not release the original paper’s two trained Engram models. We replicated its setup on fineweb-edu using the released code and training hyperparameters, at an estimated 6E18 FLOPs per run. We observed the same U-shape scaling: Engram improved performance over pure MoE baselines. We also reproduced DeepSeek’s results, where earlier-layer representations with Engram resembled those of later layers. Like the original Engram paper, it is possible to probe Engram’s gate scores to see what n-grams DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash makes the most use of. Our gate scan finds names, code fragments, relational phrasing, and boilerplate. These examples prioritize interesting-ness over gate strength. One unexpected result was Wright : Ace Attorney. These examples suggest learned memory optimizes the training objective, not a judgment of which facts deserve storage. Licenses, bibliography fragments, API scaffolding, and website furniture can provide prediction shortcuts, so the value of additional Engram capacity may depend on what survives data preparation. This does not show that table capacity is “wasted”: the evaluation-corpus scan establishes neither training exposure nor the capacity occupied by each category. For offloading, strong gates do not identify cache-hot rows. Low gates do not automatically save reads either: computing the gate requires the retrieved key and undoes the performance gain of a fused kernel. Skipping reads would require a separate usefulness predictor before retrieval. In the original paper’s inference-time ablation, factual-knowledge benchmarks retained just 29–44% of their original performance, while reading comprehension retained 81–93%. This is due to the training–inference mismatch. The resulting degradation therefore measures this trained model’s dependence on Engram, not the performance difference between models trained with and without it. In our ablations, suppressing Engram worsens token likelihood across all evaluated domains, especially encyclopedia text and several code corpora. Surprisingly, GSM8K accuracy stays within measured run-to-run variation and removing Engram has no effect. Engram is not a detachable dictionary beside an unchanged MoE. Removing it changes downstream features and expert selection. We tested whether rerouting hurts or compensates by holding tokens fixed in a teacher-forced experiment on CRUXEval, a code-reasoning benchmark of small Python functions where the model predicts a function’s output from its code and an input, and scoring the reference answer. Removing Engram raised answer loss from 0.2848 to 0.3093 bits/token. Forcing the ablated model to use the original Engram-on expert choices made it worse still, at 0.3375 bits/token. Rerouting partially compensates for the missing memory. Memory features and expert selection work together, rather than following a clean “memory stores facts; experts reason” division. On the same CRUXeval, removing Engram during either phase reduced accuracy and increased generated tokens; removing it throughout produced the largest changes. Keeping Engram for prefill leads to more correct answers than keeping for decode likely due to semantically richer KV cache transferred to decode workers, allowing it to mitigate some of the performance loss. Engram’s table is large, but each lookup is small. DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash requests 24 rows at each of two Engram layers, about 12.4 KiB per processed token position across the model, or 3.1 KiB per GPU when split across four GPUs. Currently as of Day 7 since Model Release, MI355X is still 2-4x worse performance per dollar compared to B200 even when normalized by Mi355X’s lower TCO. Our full total cost of ownership breakdown comes from our AI Cloud TCO Model along with monthly market surveys of over 100+ gpu clouds & gpu cloud customers. On the Day 0 release of DeepSeekv4.1 Flash, NVIDIA vLLM works out of the box with zero issues across all 6 SKUs: H100, H200, B200, B300, GB200, GB300! This was thanks to the amazing work by the NVIDIA & Interact teams! In comparison, AMD vLLM did not work on day 0 for DeepSeekv4.1 Flash.Source: SemiAnalysis InferenceX AMD’s vLLM documentation points to using vllm/vllm-openai-rocm:deepseekv41-flash-0909, but from hour 0 of the model release to hour 23, AMD has not publicly released the image. AMD claims, “SPEED IS THE MOAT,” yet it has still not released it by the 23rd hour. We wish that, going forward, the AMD team has a better process for hour 0 model releases. Eventually when they did publicly release for “day 0” image support, performance-wise, it is currently up to 14.8x worse perf per dollar than H200 and up to 42x worse perf per dollar than B200/B300. The power of the CUDA MOAT is NVIDIA’s collaboration with its massive 6 million-developer community ecosystem including most of the vLLM & SGLang & Tokenspeed maintainers which means that CUDA is optimized on day 0. Overall, AMD did make significant improvements but the performance per dollar is still currently 2-4x worse than B200. AgentX Engram DRAM Offloading Improving Performance The HBM and DRAM offload use the same GPU kernel to select and dequantize rows. With HBM, it reads GPU memory; with Unified Virtual Addressing (UVA), it reads pinned host memory directly. Both support full decode graphs. Moving the table into HBM accelerates only the sparse lookup, leaving decoder computation and communication unchanged, resulting in little overall benefit while consuming memory otherwise available to KV cache. Another benefit of Engram offloaded to DRAM which means you can reduce the communication overhead by using less HBM GPUs per replica. For example, when enabling Engram offloading on B300, we are able to switch from TP4 to now TP2 which improves the pareto curve by up to 1.6x. When iso-model quality, less HBM is required as the engrams could be offloaded to host DRAM. Thus HBM bandwidth matters way more than HBM capacity. For inference workloads where memory bandwidth matters the most, 4-hi HBM provides the best $/bandwidth and therefore lowest cost per token. If China continues to make more and more revolutionary model architecture innovations, soon it could potentially 0Hi HBM stacks. [ ](https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/long-live-the-short-king-why-4-hi) [ Long Live the Short King: Why 4-hi HBM Wins ](https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/long-live-the-short-king-why-4-hi) Myron Xie, Bryan Shan, and 3 others · Sep 13 [ Read full story ](https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/long-live-the-short-king-why-4-hi) Moreover, on B300 and week-0 stack, moving the Engram table back to HBM did not improve results and stay within run-to-run variance. This is a result of the work optimizing DRAM offload, such as async, and overlap. SSD Offloading On B200, we created a unoptimized vLLM fork and stored the Engram tables in memory-mapped files on local SSDs. File backing lets the OS reclaim table pages when other applications need RAM. Pages already cached in memory can be served without reading the SSD again. Furthermore, note that we were unable to turn on GDS The unoptimized SSD implementation changes how rows reach the GPU. It copies row IDs to the CPU, deduplicates them, gathers the requested rows into pinned buffers, copies those rows back to the GPU and dequantizes them. This work runs between segments of the GPU execution graph. Native UVA performs row selection and dequantization directly on the GPU, avoiding the CPU round trip. A warm filesystem cache removes physical SSD reads, but leaves the coordination, row gathering and transfers. This is why a file already cached in RAM can still perform worse than a pinned DRAM table. The comparison measures the whole serving path; it does not separate the time spent on each of these operations. B200 DRAM dominates both measured SSD serving curves in total tokens per dollar and P90 interactivity. Near 125 tokens/s/user, DRAM delivers 121 million total tokens per dollar versus 52 million for SSD. For production serving, SSD offloading is likely not worth the tradeoff. On the B200 configurations we measured, SSD offloading loses on both measures: every observed SSD point has a DRAM alternative that delivers higher P90 interactivity and more total tokens per dollar. The only points where Cheaper storage does not automatically produce a cheaper inference service. Moving Engram to SSD leaves the same four expensive GPUs and the rest of the server in place. Reclaiming RAM only creates an economic benefit if it enables a cheaper server configuration or additional useful capacity. The current unoptimized path provides neither benefit, and the filesystem cache still consumes RAM when table pages are resident. Next we will look at the mechanisms and specific implementation of ngrams from DeepSeekv4.1 Flash, LongCat, Qwen3.8 Flash Next.
For a better workout, new science says to... sniff chocolate?
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Jessica Alba’s daughter gives a peek into her surprisingly normal dorm room at Yale
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Closer Look At OKC's Young Players: Aday Mara
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I Went on Two Dates With a Guy. Then He Sent Me a Surprising Message About Where He Wants to Go From Here.
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Dog brains act surprisingly human when told 'no'
Self-control is a serious survival skill.
Bye, protein powder — for a better workout, new science says to... sniff chocolate?
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Oregon defensive line is dramatically underachieving before USC game
Oregon's defensive line was supposed to be elite, but the Ducks have been surprisingly impotent up front. USC hopes that continues
A (brief) history of American Public Health
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Judging St. Louis Cardinals Walk-Up Songs
I went to the game on Monday – and I am grateful I went to the one win of the series if you’re wondering – and for some reason a few of the players walk-up songs stood out to me. Just some surprising picks that threw me off briefly. I instantly wanted to write this […]
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Blue Jays Hint At Spencer Miles’ Future After Breakout Season
Toronto Blue Jays skipper John Schneider offered a big clue on the rookie’s future after a surprising surge.
Giants QB Jaxson Dart Earns Surprising Praise From NFC Superstar
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The Surprising Health Benefits of Reading a Book
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Matthias Jaissle Gives Concerning Newcastle Injury Update After Leeds Massacre
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‘Not surprising’ to see Ilhan Omar supporting Macklemore, political commentator says
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Fantasy Football Kicker Rankings: Week 2
Kickers rarely command the same attention as quarterbacks, running backs or wide receivers. However, fantasy football managers know how valuable they can be when the margins are tight. Week 1 of the 2026 NFL season delivered a mixture of strong performances, missed opportunities and surprising results. That means several familiar names will look to […] The post Fantasy Football Kicker Rankings: Week 2 appeared first on ClutchPoints.
“Dancing With the Stars” season 35 premiere night 1 recap: A surprising frontrunner emerges and the first celeb goes home
“Grey’s Anatomy” star Harry Shum Jr., “Bachelor” alum Tyler Cameron, baseballer Jackson Olson, and more vied for an early lead on a jam-packed season opener.
This blue state is the midterms’ surprising new Senate battleground
The nonpartisan Cook Political Report changed its rating of New Hampshire’s Senate race from ‘Lean Democratic’ to ‘Toss Up.’
Tiny krill are turning up in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Scientists want to know why
Antarctic krill serve as a crucial food source for penguins, seals, and whales. They recycle nutrients used by algae. Now researchers say they've found krill in a surprising place: hydrothermal vents.
Scientists create 'super ice' that is ten times stronger and far harder to shatter
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‘Doesn’t Look Good’: Newcastle Fears Serious Anthony Elanga Injury
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Scientists stunned as volcano cloud starts destroying methane
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iPhone 18 Pro demand continues to be surprisingly low
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Vikings Coach Has Surprising Take on Kyler Murray’s Brutal Hit
Minnesota Vikings head coach Kevin O’Connell took an interesting stance regarding the hit that knocked quarterback Kyler Murray out of the game. He spoke to the media on Monday afternoon, and gave his opinion on the playMurray was knocked out of the first quarter of Sunday’s win over the Green Bay Packers. He suffered a […] The post Vikings Coach Has Surprising Take on Kyler Murray’s Brutal Hit appeared first on HEAVY.
Hospital lobbyist thanks Collins while Mainers pay the price for expensive health care
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Braves cut ties with 10.38 ERA former Phillies starting pitcher
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A Strange Chain Reaction Is Causing Antarctica to Grow. The Scary Part Is What Happens When It Stops.
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Apple's Siri AI Can Be Swapped Out for Claude, ChatGPT, Code Shows
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The rising power of American Muslims
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Shocking detail emerges from Steelers' Week 1 win over Falcons
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Josh Allen makes surprising admission about game-winning TD pass
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Physicists can’t agree on how the Universe works
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This Democrat’s comeback saga began long before his primary upset
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Parker Washington has Surprising Competition For Jaguars’ Punt Returner Job
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Commanders Make Surprising Roster Move Before Facing Eagles
Ahead of the Philadelphia Eagles’ Week 1 matchup, the Washington Commanders have made a roster move that adds more question marks to their current offensive struggles. The veteran offensive tackle DJ Humphries has been released. “This is interesting – the Commanders just released veteran tackle DJ Humphries. Im curious what the corresponding move will be,” […] The post Commanders Make Surprising Roster Move Before Facing Eagles appeared first on HEAVY.
The surprising reason one of science’s most famous creations was named after Dolly Parton
scientific history
The surprising reason one of science’s most famous creations was named after Dolly Parton
The unusual connection created an enduring link between two very different Dollys
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PS5 Heist Shooter Fairgames Makes Surprising Return Under New Name
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