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12TB Steam leak exposes old game builds from 2003 to 2013
A roughly 12TB archive from Steam's old Steam2 infrastructure reportedly contains thousands of game depots dating from 2003 to 2013. Portal 2, Left 4 Dead and early CS:GO builds are included.
Recent Steam Leak Reveals Major Details For Cancelled Valve Games
Portal, Left 4 Dead, Half-Life Episode 3, and More.
Dev Calls Steam Branding His Adventure Game Porn 'Humiliating'
Valve's decision to slap the PEGI 12-rated indie game Future? No Thanks! with an adults-only rating on Steam has led its developer to seek support from 'top German regulators'
Seoul National University of Science and Technology researchers develop AI framework for optimizing solid oxide electrolysis cells
As countries invest in green hydrogen to decarbonize heavy industry, transportation, and energy systems, researchers are seeking faster ways to accelerate the development of hydrogen technologies. Solid oxide electrolysis cells are among the most efficient systems for producing green hydrogen from steam, but identifying their optimal operating conditions requires thousands of computationally intensive simulations, slowing innovation and increasing development costs.
NO LAW launches in 2027
First-person, story rich, cyber-noire shooter NO LAW will launch for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC via Steam, Epic Games Store, and Microsoft Store in 2027, publisher KRAFTON and developer Neo…
Heroes of Might and Magic III Remake announced for PS5, Xbox Series, and PC
Ubisoft has announced Heroes of Might and Magic III Remake, a remake of the 1999-released turn-based strategy game. It will be available for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC via Steam and Ubisoft…
Tom Clancy’s Rainbow Six Tactics announced for PS5, Xbox Series, and PC
Ubisoft has announced Tom Clancy’s Rainbow Six Tactics, a turn-based tactical game set in the Rainbow Six universe. It will launch for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC via Steam, Epic Games Store…
Terranigma announced for PS5, Xbox Series, Switch 2, PS4, Switch, and PC
Clear River Games, in cooperation with Square Enix, has announced Terranigma, a revival of the 1995 action RPG, for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, Switch 2, PlayStation 4, Switch, and PC (Steam). It w…
CLUTCH to be published by Focus Entertainment
Focus Entertainment will publish Maverick Games’ open-world action driving game CLUTCH when it launches for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC via Steam and Epic Games Store in spring 2027, t…
Epic Games Store overhaul might be "too little, too late", says Newzoo analyst
Newzoo's Emmanuel Rosier has weighed in on Epic's planned launcher overhaul, arguing Steam's dominance may already be too entrenched.
5 Anker Finds For The Ultimate Steam Deck Starter Pack
Steam Deck is a powerful handheld on its own, but pairing it with Anker accessories like HDMI cables, chargers, and more can unlock its full potential.
Philadelphia Chinatown businesses battle extreme heat, water outages after hydrant break
A broken fire hydrant in Philadelphia's Chinatown caused extreme heat, steam line damage and a water outage affecting residents and businesses.
DEA joins Hayden Panettiere death investigation
The investigation of actress Hayden Panettiere's death gains steam, as the Drug Enforcement Administration reportedly joins the celebrity case.
Trails in the Sky 2nd Chapter demo now available, Season Pass and Digital Deluxe Edition announced
GungHo has launched a free Trails in the Sky 2nd Chapter demo on PS5, Steam, and Switch 1 with save data carrying over into the full game.
Zairoo Entertainment Positions Pan-African Steampunk Fantasy TTRPG as a Major Entertainment IP
Los Angeles, CA, Aug. 19, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Zairoo Entertainment today announced a major push to establish Zairoo — the first Pan-African...
New Metroparks ‘STEAM Day’ coming to Swan Creek Preserve on Saturday
Here’s something new for the kids to try: this Saturday, Aug. 22, the Toledo Metroparks will be hosting their first ever STEAM Day at Swan Creek Metropark. Meteorologist Derek Witt has a preview in this week’s Metroparks Meetup.
Zairoo Entertainment Positions Pan-African Steampunk Fantasy TTRPG as a Major Entertainment IP
The first tabletop RPG rooted in Pan-African mythology and steampunk fantasy sets its sights on anime, film, television, comics, and beyondLos Angeles, CA, Aug. 19, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Zairoo Entertainment today announced a major push to establish Zairoo — the first Pan-African steampunk fantasy tabletop roleplaying game — as a full-scale entertainment IP with the cultural reach and creative foundation to expand across anime, film, television, books, and comics. Having already surpassed $10
Watch Valve set up the Steam Frame in its own leaked videos
The Steam Frame launch might be around the corner.
Tumbles Reno offers STEAM program combining fitness and science
Classes blend movement with lessons on different areas of S.T.E.A.M.
The Blood of Dawnwalker final PC specs are much lower, but upscaling is now recommended
The Blood of Dawnwalker now lists an RTX 4070 Ti for 4K 60 FPS Ultra with upscaling. Its earlier native 4K requirements called for an RTX 5090.
Order of the Sinking Star launches October 8
Narrative puzzle adventure game Order of the Sinking Star will launch for PlayStation 5, Switch 2, and PC via Steam on October 8, publisher Arc Games and developer Thekla announced. A demo is avail…
A Top Marathoner Needs Science to Win Big. He Comes to Wake Forest for Testing
When John Korir hit the track at Wake Forest University’s Kentner Stadium on a recent steamy summer afternoon, he needed to know one thing: Could he somehow tailor his training to boost his performance by 1%?
Bethesda Warns Skyrim & Fallout 4 Players of Mod-breaking Update
Steam players on PC will be especially affected once Bethesda releases the patches for its RPGs on August 18.
Drago Entertainment To Release Roadhouse Simulator On Steam On September 21, 2026
Drago Entertainment SA GPW:DGE:
Insomniac Staff Pins Overnight Wolverine Hate On Twitter
The studio’s marketing director blows off some steam on the sudden surge of scrutiny, believing this kind of culture can’t possibly be good for anyone’s mental health
Saber Interactive finally adds an AI disclaimer to Rideshare Stimulator's Steam page
Saber Interactive has added an AI disclaimer to Rideshare Stimulator's Steam page, days after the game first went live without one.
Class ‘A’ amateur state title game set
MITCHELL, S.D. (KELO) — The Class ‘A’ amateur semifinal braved the rain after multiple hours of delays to see Harrisburg advance to meet Renner in the championship. Tea held off a late Brookings comeback push, 14-13, to move out of the losers bracket. The Steam faced Harrisburg in their second game of the day but […]
'Rideshare Stimulator' Developers Disclose AI Use Steam After Days Of Controversy
It appears the Rideshare Stimulator AI saga is finally over
‘Very outdated’: Trump’s directive to revert to steam catapults on new aircraft carrier baffles naval experts
President Donald Trump has directed the US Navy to scrap the modern electromagnetic launch system on an upcoming aircraft carrier and instead revert to an older, steam-powered catapult method — potentially adding billions to its price tag and delaying its deployment into the late 2030s.
NEO BERLIN 2087 launches in 2028
Action RPG NEO BERLIN 2087 will launch for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC via Steam in 2028, publisher ByteRockers’ Games and developer ELysium Game Studio announced.
Eureka! McConnell Science Museum seeks muralists
The EUREKA! McConnell Science Museum is hiring an experienced muralist to design and paint two STEAM-themed walls at its outdoor playground.
Gears of War: E-Day updates drop ahead of today's Open Beta launch
Gears of War: E-Day's hotly anticipated Open Beta starts today for all Xbox and Steam players, and it'll feature some improvements over last week's test run.
Business picking up steam at Fall River's new Mill & Roast Coffee Co.
Mill & Roast Coffee is quietly creating a buzz in Fall River, a new spot with handcrafted coffees and tasty treats.
Saber CEO Makes Rideshare's Undisclosed AI Mess Even Worse
Matt Karch said a missing Steam disclosure will be added eventually
Wonderscope Children’s Museum hosts NASCAR ‘Science of Speed’ event
The Regnier Family Wonderscope Children’s Museum of Kansas City hosted a “Science of Speed” event Tuesday in partnership with Kansas Speedway and NASCAR, offering families hands-on STEAM activities tied to motorsports.
Hospitals Say They Found a Tool To Help Reduce Childbirth Risks: Wristbands
North Carolina and other states have embraced “I Gave Birth” wristbands as a way to encourage women to seek help when they have postpartum complications. They’re gaining steam as the Trump administration’s cuts to Medicaid threaten postpartum care.
7 events in, near Lancaster County this weekend, from a massive art show to 2 car shows
From car shows to events that celebrate steam- and gas-powered machines, there's plenty to enjoy in Lancaster County this weekend.
Valve Is Expanding SteamOS Support to More Gaming Handhelds, Getting Us One Step Closer to Being Able to Ditch Windows 11 Altogether
Valve has added initial support for the Claw 8 EX AI+, along with some other ARM handhelds, and I hope it's just getting started.
Battlefield 6 Player With Over 400 Hours Gets Full Refund from Steam After Key Modes Were Removed
A Battlefield 6 player with hundreds of hours of playtime has scored a full refund of the game after Battlefield Studios removed key modes from the game's quick-play matchmaking.
Marvel Tōkon PC Patch Improves Struggling Steam Version
Arc System Works’ new Marvel tag fighter has been struggling on PC since beta
Saber's newest game trailer takes a shot at Gearbox's CEO, if you look closely
The first hint that something might be up with the recent debut trailer for Saber Interactive’s Rideshare Stimulator is an unusual choice of words—aside from that second one in the game’s title. “Don’t take your passengers too seriously,” the trailer’s narrator says, as he describes this upcoming game. It a car game about the gig work of driving eccentric people to their destinations, a riff on Crazy Taxi. And then, he says: “When I think I’ve met the randiest of passengers, someone even stranger gets in.” “Randiest”? That suggests “randy,” which usually means having strong sexual desire. Yet none of the oddball backseat occupants featured in the trailer seem particularly lustful. One is an old man who considers his grandson a failure, another shares the theory that birds might control traffic lights, another says he’s banned from an aquarium. A little later, there’s a license plate, shown 63 seconds into the trailer, on the front of an SUV: USB DRV It’s a Texas plate. The symbol between those letters is a cog wheel. If you know, you know. That’s a reference to Texas-based Borderlands game development studio Gearbox Software (their logo features a cog wheel). More specifically, it’s a reference to Gearbox’s CEO Randy Pitchford, who in 2018 found himself explaining the nature of video he’d saved on a USB drive that was found at a Medieval Times restaurant before being returned to the studio: “It was ‘barely legal’ porn. This girl’s handle was ‘Only 18.’” The “girl” in the video had committed a solo sex act that Pitchford, an avid practitioner of magic, found remarkable. “I realized, this is not a sex worker…This is a fucking magician.” Back then, the USB drive was central to competing lawsuits against Gearbox by the studio’s former lawyer and by Gearbox against him. A settlement in late 2019 “exonerated” Pitchford, per the Hollywood Reporter. The USB story has resurfaced at times, now in a trailer from a company that not long ago was corporate brethren with Gearbox. Saber vs. Gearbox The head of Saber told Game File that the reference is payback. “The dig is because Randy took shots at Embracer in Borderlands 4,” Saber CEO Matt Karch told me when I asked him about the license plate. “Without Embracer, Randy is performing magic tricks at birthday parties for a living.” Having interviewed Karch during a cross-country flight in late 2024, I can confirm that Karch was unimpressed with Pitchford during their time both working in the Embracer group. I’d approached him not out of surprise that there was animosity but that it was manifesting publicly now. Gearbox was founded in 1999, worked on a port of Halo early on, and developed hit series such as the loot-based sci-fi shooter Borderlands before it was purchased by The Embracer Group in early 2021 for $363 million (with a possible earn-out of over $1 billion, if certain targets were hit by 2027). Saber was founded in 2001, worked on a remaster of Halo early on, had a big hit with zombie shooter World War Z and was purchased by Embracer in early 2020 for $150 million, with a potential earn-out of up to $375 million. For a few years, the Embracer group was a voracious acquirer of game studios. Then, as investment dried up, it choked. In March 2024, Embracer sold Saber to an investment company controlled by Saber CEO Matt Karch, and it sold Gearbox in an all-stock deal to long-time Borderlands publisher Take Two Interactive. Other studios were shut down. Hundreds of developers were laid off. Gearbox didn’t say much about their Embracer experience, nothing too direct, at least. In the summer 2024, Pitchford told reporter and occasional Game File contributor Nicole Carpenter that Borderlands 4’s story was in some way thematically connected to Gearbox’s experience at Embracer: “There’s this cultural and emotional shift in me, personally, and at the studio. What does it mean to trade some autonomy for organization?” When Borderlands 4 came out, there was something stranger: the matter of “Embracer’s Bluff,” a location in the game featuring an AI-powered toilet and a large trash dump, according to a detailed Kotaku account of the place. Gearbox never commented on it; Take Two never got back to me about it when I asked them last year. By contrast, since Saber exited Embracer, Karch has been one of Embracer’s biggest defenders, casting their management as well-meaning and supportive despite the layoffs and studio closures that resulted from their excessive expansion. Like others, Saber’s Karch saw Embracer’s as a shot. With Rideshare Stimulator’s trailer, he’s returned fire. “It’s amazing to me how fast people forget those who went above and beyond for them,” Karch told Game File. A rep for Gearbox did not comment by press time. Game File is a reader-supported publication. Your backing makes my reporting—including any coverage of trailer-based beefs—possible. Good news! I’m currently running Game File’s first big sale of 2026. You can get a one-year subscription for 23% off. Click here to take advantage of the limited-time offer. And thank you for your support! Item 2: In brief… 🚫 Wal-Mart has laid off the staff of Restart, a games media outlet launched in 2024, Aftermath reports. 🟥 A GTA VI preview is on the way, at last, via an “extended look” that will premiere, unusually, on Netflix at 3pm ET on August 27, then officially go live elsewhere six hours later. Last week, Game File noted that Take Two label Rockstar Games is overdue for showing off GTA VI, based on the timing of the initial hands-off previews of GTA V and Red Dead Redemption 2. During a call with investors, Take Two CEO Strauss Zelnick said pre-orders for GTA VI were “unprecedented and astonishing,” but added the company can’t predict how many of those pre-orders represent bonus sales vs. sales that otherwise would have been made at launch. During the same call, Zelnick was noticeably bullish on the future of playing games over streaming cloud connections (predicting wider adoption in three or so years). He sounded unbothered by Sony’s plans to stop making discs for new games (he said the business is 90% digital already and predicted that there could still be limited edition physical editions of games “in the same way there’s still vinyl in the recorded music business.”) 👀 Take Two wrote off $43 million in their spring quarter after deciding “not to proceed with further development of an unannounced title in its pipeline from a third-party developer.” 🤔 Some rare age-demographics from a big publisher: Capcom recently told investors that “users in their 20s account for approximately half of the users of both Pragamata and Resident Evil Requiem.” Item 3: The week ahead Tuesday, August 11 Game releases: The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion Remastered (Switch 2; already out for PC, PS5, Xbox) continues the Bethesda strategy of putting Elder Scrolls games on everything; Royalty Free-For-All is a Smash Bros.-style fighting game featuring public domain characters such as Mother Goose brawling with Oliver Twist in a stage based on the original Little Shop of Horrors movie. Wednesday, August 12 Game release: Pro Jank Footy (PC, console) is an arcade-style Australian Rules Football game with increasingly ridiculous rules, the more you play (I enjoyed the Steam demo) Thursday, August 13 Game release: Super Mario Sunshine (Switch 2, originally released in 2002 on the GameCube) is released for Switch 2’s Nintendo Switch Online service. This game is the black sheep of 3D Mario games. It’s the successor to the breakthrough Super Mario 64 and the rare Mario game built around a single (vacation resort) theme. Mario’s got a water-spraying backpack, a Yoshi pal and a lot of blue coins to collect.
Valve confirms Steam hardware buyers' data exposed in CEVA Logistics cyberattack
Valve has begun notifying European customers who ordered Steam hardware that their personal information may have been e…
Valve slowly expands SteamOS support on non-Valve hardware
New update includes improvements for the Intel-based MSI Claw 8 EX AI+ among others.
A data breach at shipping giant Ceva Logistics is rippling across banks, retailers, Steam gamers, and beyond
Companies that rely on Ceva Logistics for shipping their physical goods to customers say their personal data was taken during a recent cyberattack.
Steam hardware shipper breach leaks customer data, including names and addresses
Valve says customer data was “likely compromised.”
PSA: Steam Machine and Steam Controller Customers in Europe Hit by Cyber Attack
"Expect fake messages that mention your hardware order and appear to come from Valve."
PATLABOR the Case Files launches September 17
PATLABOR the Case Files will launch for PlayStation 5 and PC via Steam on September 17, publisher Good Smile Company and developer Chime Corporation announced. It will support English, Japanese, Ko…
You can now stream PS Plus games to Steam Deck without owning a PS5 - and without buying a PS Portal
A new cloud-streaming app that lets players stream PlayStation games to their Steam Deck and Steam Machine without a PS5 has just opened a playtest.
Steam reportedly refunds Battlefield 6 player with 470 hours logged after EA quietly pulled Rush mode from Quickplay
A Battlefield 6 player "upset" at the removal of the popular Rush mode claims to have secured a full refund from Steam despite having clocked up 470 hours.
Steam Deck gets one of PS Portal's key features
Steam Deck and Steam Machine users can now test PlayStation cloud streaming through a third-party Steam app. Asobi also supports select purchased PS5 games without connecting to a console.
Oak Cliff nonprofit blends science and arts for back-to-school fest
2 Inspire Peace brought together engineering professors, local students, and Dallas artists for a STEAM festival on Saturday morning.
Modders gain full Windows desktop access on GeForce NOW
Modders have demonstrated access to the Windows desktop running behind GeForce NOW sessions. The Trove-based workaround uses an executable replacement inside Steam.
Eureka Science Museum seeks local artists for outdoor murals
Museum looks to bring STEAM subjects to life along playground walls
Eureka Science Museum seeks local artists for outdoor murals
Museum looks to bring STEAM subjects to life along playground walls
Bronzeville S.T.E.A.M. Fest offers hands-on science this Friday
The inaugural Bronzeville Youth Innovation and STEAM Fest is offering students aged 8 to 18 hands-on science and technology experiences at the South Side Sanctuary through Friday afternoon.
Steam :: Steam Hardware :: Getting the most out of your Steam Controller: Gyro
A guide for the motion controls with the Steam Controller
Veritas to acquire McLean tech company
Veritas Capital announced that it had entered an agreement to acquire McLean-based government technology consulting company Steampunk.
Tactical RPG Beaten Path launches in 2027 for PS5, Xbox Series, Switch, and PC
Kickstarter-funded turn-based strategy RPG Beaten Path will launch for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, Switch, and PC via Steam and Epic Games Store in 2027, publisher Wales Interactive and developer P…
Chartbook 464 The"China squeeze" - the politics of development counterfactuals.
There are three types of China shock discourse. Each has a distinct temporal register. China shock 1.0 was a phrase coined by US academics in the 2010s to retrospectively summarize the impact on particular US labour markets, which they identified through painstaking empirical investigation. China shock 2.0 on everyone’s lips in Europe in the mid 2020s is an alarm raised by trans-Atlantic policy thinkers warning of a coming disaster which they project onto Europe’s ailing car industry. The third type of China shock discourse - commonly known as the “China squeeze” launched most recently by Indian economists Shoumitro Chatterjee and Arvind Subramanian in the pages of Foreign Affairs - mobilizes a different, more speculative temporal register: the counterfactual realm of alternate history. The China squeeze argument asks not what has happened, or what is going to happen, but what might have been. Specifically, what options for economic development might have been open to Global South economies like India or the economies of sub-Saharan Africa, had it not been for China’s spectacular industrialization since the late 1990s and the persistent competitiveness of China’s manufacture in low-skilled segments. Chatterjee and Subramanian’s argument is that whilst China has built a powerful position in electrical machinery and other high-skill manufacturing, which is now delivering China Shock 2.0, it also continues to run a trade surplus in low-skill, labour-intensive manufacturing. This surplus is large and has remained largely unchanged in fifteen years. Indeed, in the 2010s, in trade with low-income countries, China’s surplus rapidly increased. On their reading, this squeezes low-income producers in low-skill sectors in which they “should” be able to compete. Source: “China’s Mercantilist Squeeze on Developing Countries” Shoumitro Chatterjee and Arvind Subramanian. Peterson Institute for International Economics 26-7 May 2026 Chatterjee and Subramanian’s wording is telling: (emphasis mine) The canonical trajectory of economic development in the post-World War II period is for countries to transition from agriculture to manufacturing, first in low-skilled manufacturing and then later on to high-skill manufacturing (Herrendorf, Rogerson, and Valentinyi 2013). At the global level, this implies that high-income countries (HICs) that once specialized in low-skilled activities cede manufacturing export space to poorer countries that come along to occupy that space. In 1965, advanced economies accounted for about 60 percent of global value-added exports in four key low-skilled manufacturing sectors, i.e., apparel, leather, textiles, and footwear. Over time this share declined and began to be occupied first by the East Asian tigers and, beginning in the late 1990s, by China. Today China accounts for about 50 percent of the global market. The question is whether China, with its rising prosperity, is continuing to behave like its richer counterparts and ceding export space to poorer followers or to behave unlike them and continuing to occupy space. In terms of the conceptual maneuvers it performs, of the three China shock discourses, the “China squeeze” argument is by far the most ambitious. After all, it bases its critique of China on a counterfactual imagining of the world. Like any counterfactual argument, to construct this alternative reality it must rely on a heuristic model. To make their argument Chatterjee and Subramanian mobilize two key claims. The first reference point is the actual history of rich-country industrialization, what they refer to as the “canonical path”. The idea is that countries transition from agriculture to light industry and low-skilled manufacturing and from there up the value chain. To make this useful as a standard of comparison and a means to construct a normative standard, they adjust sectoral export shares for two factors: 1. the underlying level of economic development of the exporting country, as measured by national income and 2. the degree to which the sector in question is internationalized. The idea being that for a high income country to have a high export share in low-skill sectors is anomalous and even more so if that particular product is highly internationalized and thus suitable for being “conceded” to lower-income competitors. Where should this process end? Here Chatterjee and Subramanian introduce their second benchmark. Their normative idea of a global development path is one in which, in due course, low-skill manufacturing exports are distributed in proportion to a country’s share in the global labour force. They imagine, in other words, a world of proportional, polycentric global development without much national specialization in low-skill manufacturing. A useful benchmark is that, in labor-intensive manufacturing sectors, a country’s share of world exports should be broadly commensurate with its share of the world’s low-skilled labor endowment. … In the Heckscher-Ohlin model, this would be true if value added per worker and export propensities, i.e., fraction of output that is exported, are the same across countries. It is this pleasant liberal vista of orderly global development, progressing towards a general distribution of low-skilled manufacturing against which they judge reality and conclude that the low-income countries are suffering a “China squeeze”. China is not exiting low-skill sectors fast enough Allowing for its gdp level and the degree of globalization, China’s share of low-skill manufacturing exports is far higher than it “should” be. Relative to population, its low-skill share of exports is far too high. That in turn yields the conclusion that huge numbers of jobs - the authors suggest tens of millions - are being hoarded by China. For the four sectors captured in figure 4, this excess in value-added exports is $110 billion in 2022. For all low-skilled sectors overall captured in appendix figure D.1, excess value-added exports amount to $365 billion. The crowding out of LMIC exports by China is therefore substantial. Both these claims have in common that they are strong structuralisms. The first is that development paths ought to resemble each other. The second is that broadly speaking as far as low-skilled manufacturing is concerned, all countries are alike. If the world currently diverges from the distribution of trade implied by these assumptions, if China is not following the advanced economy path and has huge exports, this must be the result of “policy”, which the authors then put in question as illegitimate or unfair. Thus the naturalistic construction of a canonical path leading to a “level” distribution of low-skilled manufacturing reveals itself to be a polemical tool. From the point of view of China shock polemics, this discourse is no doubt welcome. But as an account of economic history, it must surely be regarded as nothing short of bamboozling. Development paths do not follow a regular, natural sequence. As David Fishman put it aptly, “development is not a queue”. They are always and everywhere, through and through political. Development is not so much a process, as a project. Each such project is more or less well adjusted to its context. As Gerschenkron taught uneven and combined development implies differentiation rather than simple imitation on a single parth. It may be true that Europe and the US exited relatively early from low-skill work. But clearly technology has changed. As C&S themselves point out, China no longer enjoys a low wage environment. Do they really believe that such huge differences can be accounted for either by industrial policy, which as they admit does not operate powerfully in low-skill sectors, or by exchange rate manipulation? What is overwhelmingly dominant in explaining the persistence of “low-skill” manufacturing in China are surely the network effects of complex supply chains. Indeed the label of “low-skill” may miss the point. The degree of globalization which Chatterjee and Subramanian decide to conjure away in their model of the development path - to allow for the fact that Europe and American textiles exporters did not enjoy just-in-time logistics in the 1950s - obscures the point that the networks through which Chinese factories supply the world are themselves key parts of the low-skill industrialization project. China isn’t knocking out 1970s style “cheap”. It has redefined the entire product cycle. C&S’s casual reference to “T-shirts” is telling. In today’s “fast fashion”, there is weight on both terms. Fashion and fast. China’s success in delivering on both at unprecedentedly high speed and at unprecedentedly low cost, isn’t a low-skill operation at all. If we see development trajectories not as the serial repetition of the same, but as distinctive, crafted projects that cumulate in complex agglomerations of skill, technology and labor, then this explains why the assumption that low-skilled manufacturing should follow the distribution of population flies in the face of all experience. As countless cases attest, low-wage, low-income developed economies are not by themselves the makings of a competitive production base. As Leon Liao puts it quite fairly: “International trade has never been allocated according to population. A country’s population gives it no natural claim to an equivalent share of global exports." And the remarkable fact is that Subramanian alone and with co-authors has long been making this point, not to pillory China, as is the case of the tendentious _Foreign Affair_s and Peterson pieces, but to highlight the great counterpart to China’s industrial success, namely India’s relative failure. The much-quoted Foreign Affairs piece showed low-skill export shares only for China, not for India. If you put both countries in the picture as Chaterjee and Subramanian have done on other occasions, the picture looks like this. China is far above the line, but India, almost as large in terms of population, is no less anomalous, just in the opposite direction. As far as global populations are concerned, and the imagining of tens of millions of “squeezed” jobs, it is this Sino-Indian pair that account for a huge share of the action. What this graph reveals is not China’s cheating, but India’s “greatest development failure”, at least this is the argument made Arvind Subramanian, this time in co-authorship with Devesh Kapur, in their major book, A Sixth of Humanity. Independent India’s Development Odyssey which appeared with Oxford University Press earlier this year. In this highly critical work on India’s development, China is repeatedly evoked, not to criticize but as a benchmark against which to illuminate what India’s political economy has not delivered i.e. large-scale formal employment for hundreds of millions of citizens. Kapur and Subramanian leave no doubt, if you want to understand why China, not India was the main driver of manufacturing globalization from the 1980s, don’t look to slots opening up in the division of labour thanks to the liberal mindedness of advanced economies, look to the contrasting political economy of the Maoist PRC and India’s post-independence political economy. As Kapur and Subramian note: The great divergence between China and India did not begin in 1978 with the Deng reforms—it was well underway by then. In one of the great ironies of modern history, the conditions created by Maoism turned out to be a great launching pad for industrial globalization. As the comparison of India and China in 1980 makes clear, to imagine manufacturing would be equally distributed when populations are so differently endowed in terms of educational and nutritional is fanciful. Here is the data from Kapur and Subramanian, data which I explored back at the very beginning of Chartbook. As Kapur and Subramanian insist, the striking fact is that even as India’s growth accelerated from the 1980s, structural change has not. Formal employment in India lags woefully behind. Why? As Kapur and Subramanian note, the path-dependent impact of India’s poor early start was devastating. The list of factors they mention is long and weighty: We argue for a new five-fold explanation applicable at different stages of Indian history: in the initial stages, the legacy of two key pre-1980s policies, the neglect of agriculture and the strangling of the domestic private sector, were critical. The failure of broad-based agricultural growth militated against rural industrialization, which would have been devoted to satisfying local needs that would have necessarily been labour intensive. Then, when the boom came after 1980, the thicket of regulation and broader labour protections that were legislated prematurely in a nascent democracy, underpinned by a deep ideological aversion to private capital in general and big capital specifically, became a barrier to attaining the size that would be necessary to compete globally. Similarly, the reforms after 1991, while wide-ranging, did not quite encompass non-tradeable inputs critical to manufacturing, namely, land, logistics infrastructure and power. A combination of low investment (logistics infrastructure), regulation (land) and the continued monopoly supply by state governments (power), combined with residual socialism, kept costs at 75–100 per cent above efficient supply. These factors were compounded on the supply side by the government, which dominated the formal labour market and established exorbitantly high wages at the lower end of the skill spectrum. This made their employment in the labour-intensive sector by the private sector less attractive. Finally, when the services sector and its exports boomed, wages soared even further via a Dutch Disease effect: one successful tradeable sector killed and cannibalized another less-skilled tradable sector, namely, manufacturing. Thus, scarcity-inducing policies of the planning era, precocious democracy and a Gandhian aversion to size; inefficient, monopolistic supply of critical non-tradable inputs; the behemoth of government; and super-successful skill-intensive services successively undermined India’s unskilled labour employment opportunities. The employment failure seems to have been over-determined. … Less quantifiable but no less important are some of the sociological factors that have undermined manufacturing and factory jobs. Take the impact of the success of the IT sector—located in urban areas with better working conditions, such as air-conditioned offices, good schools for children and attractive entertainment options. It became a more attractive place for engineering and management graduates to flock to. … Consider manufacturing and female employment. Indian society makes it difficult for women to work, reflected in India’s unusually low female labour force participation (elaborated in Chapter XIII). Indian society, in particular the routine harassment of women in public spaces, makes it even more difficult for them to travel long distances to take up work.37 Combined with onerous regulations on creating hostels and dormitories for women—which, in turn, prevents multiple shifts of operation—factories need to be located in areas with a large female labour pool. While firms can take apparel plants to female labour or bring them to the plants by building large-scale dormitories, this raises costs. If there was a case for subsidies to encourage labour-intensive manufacturing, housing subsidies to build dormitories for women workers would be a good place to start. All of this meant, that when opportunities did open up, in part thanks to adjustments in China, India was in no position to take advantage. Here is the account of the 2020s from Kapur and Subramanian. It stands in dizzying contrast to the one-sided, “China squeeze” argument delivered in the Peterson and Foreign Affairs pieces: In 2022, for example, India’s share of global exports in clothing (the canonical labour-intensive sector) was 3.1 per cent compared to 32 per cent for China. This is extremely disappointing because China started vacating export space in this sector after the Global Financial Crisis as its wages started rising; it then vacated further space in the aftermath of geopolitical developments that led investors to seek alternative investment locations. Between its peak and today, China lost about 7.5 percentage points of global export share (worth about $43 billion in 2022); over this period, India’s export share remained stagnant at 3 per cent, while that of Vietnam and Bangladesh rose by 3.5 to 4 percentage points. China’s loss did not translate into any gain for India in terms of low-skill exports and employment. Put differently, when the conditions for dynamism and prosperity were established after 1991, and even more tantalizingly when the global export opportunities opened up, it was as if India was a high-wage economy and only skilled labour could benefit from the dynamism. It had converted its physically abundant unskilled workforce into an economically expensive resource, penalizing its use. It is not my mission here to argue for or against Kapur and Subramanian’s interpretation of India’s development trajectory. The point in this context is simply that the “China squeeze” such as it is can only be understood, in relation to the heavy burden of domestic constraints that Kapur and Subramanian so unsparingly enumerate. I am concentrating here on India because it is the great counterpart to China and the unspoken reference point of the “China squeeze” discourse. But the point is more general. Can anyone with a straight face suggest that the main problems afflicting the development of South Africa or Nigeria, the great centers of mass underemployment in sub-saharan Africa, are cheap competition from China driven by Beijing’s industrial policy and an undervalued RMB? Likewise, is the main problem of the American working-class the threat of Chinese competition or the manifest crisis of social reproduction in the United States itself? The point here, as in the discourse around China shock 2.0 in Europe, is to insist that we should not normalize the world and pathologize China, without actually investigating what is going on in America’s industrial wastelands, the German car industry, or India’s lopsided labour market. One-sided pathologization should be understood for what it is, a polemical gesture. Concepts like China shock and China squeeze are, what Reinhart Koselleck, following Carl Schmitt, would have described as “asymmetrische Kampfbegriffe”, or “asymmetrical counter-concepts” or “asymmetrical combat concepts”. If the function of arguments like the “China squeeze” is to alert elites in the rest of the world of the need to rejuvenate and energize their development projects, so be it. But let us see the resulting discourses as the mobilizing interventions that they are. Interestingly, a significant slice of China’s public sphere - the so-called industrial party - have been obsessed for the last twenty years with precisely these questions of counterfactual economic history. Since the mid 2000s, a massive online discourse developed around an alternative history in which Chinese techno-patriots were asked to imagine how they would proceed if they had the possibility of traveling back in time to transport modern technology into the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) thus averting the “great divergence” of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is a fantasy of course, but also a goad. The point was not directed at Westerners. The alternate history is dramatically nationalist, but few n the West had even heard of it until recently. The adherents of the industrial party are not liberal moralists. They don’t project natural ladders of international development and ask why others don’t cede space. They take the Realpolitik of global economic development for granted. Their pointe was directed against fellow Chinese. The rallying cry of the alternative narrative was this: Now that we are beginning to gain steam and push forward on our national development path, now that we are breaking out of the inferior position assigned to us even in the early years following WTO accession, do not lose yourself in humanistic imaginings about better futures. In the spirit of Deng, they called on China to embrace the hard truth of development. Perhaps one might of the Industrial Party as a cultural trend born out of desire for symbolic revenge against those who had inflicted the century of humiliation. In terms of the various temporalities of the “China shock” - retrospective, prospective and counterfactual - one might think of the Industrial Policy discourse as truly speculative, conjuring up the China shock that never was. Or perhaps one might better think of it as imagining a world in which a powerful China was no shock at all, but simply a defining fact of modern history. I love putting out Chartbook. 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