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Trump Jr. blames left for political violence during U of Iowa visit
Donald Trump Jr. and Ben Shapiro rallied University of Iowa students to vote in the upcoming midterm elections.
Orioles’ cuts to business operations staff raises questions around baseball operations
This week’s layoffs across the Baltimore Orioles’ business operations, which affected more than a dozen employees, has become another self-inflicted headache for the organization.
Democratic Senate candidate responds to anti-trans attacks pushed by Republicans
Dr Annie Andrews voices opposition to ‘biological men ... in women’s sports’ in response to Republican attacks
YouTuber Gets Banned For Hellraiser: Revival Censored Gameplay Video That Still Violated 'Sex And Nudity Policy'
This is why the Cenobites could never be content creators
Ohio Representative Landsman introduces legislation against sexual violence
On Friday, bipartisan legislation to improve how colleges and universities handle reports of sexual violence and ensure greater transparency and support was reintroduced in Congress.
My 2014 Talk at the University of Chicago
After it had been announced on campus, Jerry Coyne, a prominent Darwinian biologist at the University of Chicago, tried to talk Leo into disinviting me.
Youth Programs Ignite Student’s Passion for Plant Biology and Global Food Security
Summer outreach programs and a youth institute inspired a high schooler to explore plant biology and take part in an international agricultural research internship, before enrolling at NC State, where he’s helping address agricultural challenges and world hunger.
Orioles news: Another wave of top 100 prospects
Hey, what happened the last time the Orioles had so many top 100 guys?
How Oregon Beat College Football’s ‘Impossible’ Backup QB Market
Dylan Raiola will get the first start of his Oregon career on Saturday.
Commentary: Corrections isn’t a political sideshow. Michigan’s next governor must make it a priority.
As Michigan Advance’s Katherine Dailey reported Tuesday, the next governor will inherit a department facing severe staffing shortages, violence, concerns about conditions inside its facilities and bipartisan calls for new leadership.
Josh Tolentino: Orioles’ missteps testing limits of fan support
BALTIMORE — Bryan Baker closed out a playoff sweep of the New York Yankees for the Tampa Bay Rays on Wednesday night, all while his former organization made national headlines
Anthropic's Claude Science creates the first complete ultraviolet map of the sky
Astrophysicist Brice Ménard of Johns Hopkins University used Anthropic's Claude Science to map the entire sky in ultraviolet light for the first time. AI agents downloaded data from multiple space missions, calibrated it, and filled in gaps using inpainting. Predictions averaged about ten percent deviation from actual measurements. Ménard sees the project as an example of research that simply wouldn't have gotten done without AI.
Seminole Tribe of Florida sues DraftKings over sports betting
The lawsuit alleges DraftKings operates a sports book in violation of the gaming compact between the Tribe and the state inked in 2021, which provides the Tribe a monopoly on sports betting in Florida.
Proposed U.S. census changes could be catastrophic for public health
“Erasing data does not erase need or harm,” writes social epidemiologist Nancy Krieger.
Health and wellness company begins selling mammography AI directly to consumers for $249
Austin, Texas-based Everlywell recently announced the nationwide rollout and commercial availability of Clairity Breast to its users.
Riley Children's Health announces launch of Hospital-Linked Violence Intervention Program
Public health report: September inspection season turns up minor violations at 20% of businesses
The Waltham Health Department had a busy September, inspecting 90 business establishments between Sept. 1 and Oct. 2. It found minor health violations at
Public health report: September inspection season turns up minor violations at 20% of businesses
The Waltham Health Department had a busy September, inspecting 90 business establishments between Sept. 1 and Oct. 2. It found minor health violations at
Seminole Tribe Sues DraftKings for Running Illegal Sports Betting in Florida - WRUF 98.1 FM | 850 AM
The battle over sports betting rights in Florida is heading to court with the Seminole Tribe defending its exclusive rights to sports gambling in the state. The Seminole Tribe is suing DraftKings and CEO Jason Robins, claiming the company violated Florida’s 2021 Gaming Compact and is operating an illegal sports betting business. Through the 2021
Epidemiological modeling in the age of artificial intelligence
Nature Computational Science - Artificial intelligence is enabling epidemic models to learn across outbreaks. The next challenge is ensuring that these models learn and transfer not mere...
Physician Organizations Oppose Legislation That Gives Health Insurers Unilateral Control Over Out-of-Network Payments
The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) and American College of Radiology (ACR) today expressed strong opposition to the Lower Premiums, Faster Payments Act, legislation introduced by Rep. Frank Pallone (D-NJ) that would eliminate the independent dispute resolution (IDR) process established under the No Surprises Act (NSA) and replace it with payment rates calculated by health insurance companies.
It's time to face the truth: Youth violence is a public health epidemic in Delaware
Across the state, young men are dying before they’ve had a chance to really live. From Sussex to New Castle County, families are weeping, and communities are reeling, as an ongoing wave of youth violence turns communities into crime scenes. Young people involved in gun violence are unlikely to be deterred by tougher laws or […]
Data Science Initiative Talk: Dr. Thea Kristensen- Community Observations of Massachusetts Black Bears | Events & Calendars | Data Science Initiative Talk: Dr. Thea Kristensen- Community Observations of Massachusetts Black Bears
As part of the Data Science Initiative Speaker Series, Prof. Thea Kristensen (Biology) presents "Using Community Observations to Ask Questions about Massachusetts Black Bears”.
Renowned Mote Marine Science and Education Center Opens New Aquarium in Sarasota Using Penetron Technology
Situated on a 12-acre site within Nathan Benderson Park in Sarasota, the Mote SEA campus features state-of-the-art STEM teaching labs for biomedical science, microbiology and immunology; marine and coastal ecology; and ocean engineering, AI technology, robotics, and sensor development. These labs provide hands-on learning opportunities for more than 70,000 K–12 students each year from Sarasota and Manatee County schools, as well as schools in nearby counties.
'Bridgerton' spinoff series about young Lady Violet headed to Netflix
Ruth Gemmell as Lady Violet Bridgerton and Phoebe Dyvenor as Daphne Basset in episode 6 of 'Bridgerton' season 2. (Liam Daniel/Netflix)
Would you trust AI to calculate your true 'biological age'?
Scientists have developed various AI tools to measure people's biological ages. Would you use one?
Coalition Challenges Unlawful Use of Public Money for Trump Political Ads
Blatant Violation of Decades of Law Should Be Stopped, Watchdog Group, Unions and Candidate Say
Scientists Can Now Watch Auroras in Broad Daylight From Space and It's As Stunning As It Sounds
SMILE can see auroras hidden by sunlight and watch entire magnetic storms develop.
Orioles’ Luis De León made a strong first impression
De León was lackluster in the minors, but finished strong in the majors
The Nobel boys club (again)
All six Nobel awardees in physiology or medicine, physics, and chemistry this year were men. Women make up 4% of laureates since the award’s inception.
Orioles news: General manager rumors, layoff fallout
The Orioles seem serious about trying to hire a subordinate general manager this time around.
Life Is Asymmetric. The Scientists Who Figured Out Why Won the 2026 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Henri Kagan and Kensō Soai designed chemical reactions producing only one of the two mirror-image forms of a molecule—an important finding for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other biological substances.
The Math Singularity Is Here, and Science May Be Next
OpenAI has released an extraordinary body of mathematical work produced by an unreleased frontier model: 722 manuscripts spanning 372 research families across fields including number theory, complexity theory, and mathematical physics. Each result required, on average, the equivalent of roughly three hours of ChatGPT Pro reasoning. A New Era of Discovery We may be witnessing the beginnings of a “math singularity”: a point at which machine-generated discovery accelerates beyond humanity’s ability to independently reproduce, verify, or fully absorb it. If frontier models can generate hundreds of meaningful results in the time it takes a human researcher to investigate one, the constraint will no longer be producing new mathematics. It will be our capacity to validate, interpret, and integrate it. This does not make mathematicians obsolete. It changes their role. They may increasingly serve as guides, critics, and meaning-makers. Increasingly, they will decide which questions matter, determining which results can be trusted, and explaining why they are important. Mathematical insight may become abundant, while human judgment becomes more valuable than ever. Mathematics May Be Only the Beginning Every scientific discipline could eventually experience a similar acceleration. AI systems could generate and test hypotheses, connect findings across specialized fields, and explore possibilities at a scale no human research community could match. In medicine, imagine models identifying overlooked disease mechanisms, designing drugs and clinical trials, personalizing treatments, or discovering cures in months rather than decades. In materials science, AI could help create better batteries and cleaner industrial processes. In climate science, it could accelerate advances in energy, forecasting, and carbon removal. In biology, it could uncover relationships hidden across enormous genomic and molecular datasets. The result would not simply be faster research. It could expand the frontier of what is scientifically possible. The New Bottleneck Scientific discovery, however, is not the same as scientific progress. A medical breakthrough must still survive laboratory testing, clinical trials, regulatory scrutiny, manufacturing constraints, and real-world deployment. As machine-generated ideas multiply, the bottleneck may shift from producing breakthroughs to validating them safely and translating them into practice. We may soon have more hypotheses than laboratories can test, more drugs than clinical trials can evaluate, and more mathematical results than experts can review. That imbalance will require better systems for automated verification, reproducible research, prioritization, peer review, and collaboration between AI and domain experts. The importance of OpenAI’s work is not merely the number of manuscripts produced. It offers a glimpse of a world in which intelligence can explore thousands of intellectual paths in parallel. If ideas cease to be scarce, humanity’s defining challenge will be deciding which are true, which matter, and how to turn them into progress. The math singularity is not the end of human inquiry. It is the beginning of a new kind—one in which machines expand the frontier of knowledge and humans decide where it should lead. Subscribe Share Leave a comment
The California colleges where popular majors deliver top pay
These are the five most popular majors at California colleges: business administration, psychology, sociology, communications and registered nursing. And where you go to college to pursue those majors can make
Mbappé Exit Talk Grows as Real Madrid Criticism Intensifies
Criticism of Kylian Mbappé’s conduct and situation at Real Madrid is intensifying in France, with MARCA reporting on 8 October that L’Équipe and RMC Sport journalist Daniel Riolo have raised con...
UK alum brings exercise science to thoroughbred racing
A Kentucky Derby broadcast sparked Carly Schuerger’s passion for horse racing. Now, the UK graduate is combining exercise physiology with hands-on racing experience as one of just 12 people selected for Godolphin Flying Start, a two-year international program preparing future industry leaders.
Scientists report world’s first working nuclear clocks
In two papers in Nature, scientists from Europe and China have now reported the world’s first working nuclear clocks. While teams from Beijing and Shanghai embedded thorium-229 nuclei in calcium fluoride crystals and fired an ultraviolet laser at them, the effort from Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany realised a similar nuclear clock and used it to look for dark matter.
Oregon QB Dante Moore out for No. 13 Ducks against No. 21 UCLA after head injury; Dylan Raiola to start
Cat-powered 'Therapod' visits Westwood, sharing mental health benefits of felines
In between classes, third-year sociology student Veronica Rodriguez spent her Tuesday afternoon petting a Maine Coon cat inside a carpet-lined box. Purina, a pet care company, held the Cat Chow Cats As Therapy Project event at Wilson Plaza on Tuesday and Broxton Plaza on Wednesday to highlight the mental health benefits of cats.
DNC sues Trump administration, alleging taxpayer-funded ads violate propaganda law
The Democratic National Committee has sued the Trump administration over recent TV ads promoting the president | Newsradio 1140 WRVA
DNC sues Trump administration, alleging taxpayer-funded ads violate propaganda law
The Democratic National Committee has sued the Trump administration over recent TV ads promoting the president. Its lawsuit filed Wednesday claims the ads are government-sponsored propaganda that runs afoul of
Science on Target: Q3 Research We Fund
$2.4 million Invested in Biomarker Innovation ALS is a heterogeneous disease with distinct subpopulations of cases clustering together based on common underlying biology and with distinct differences in the clinical time course and manifestation of disease. Biomarkers are therefore critical for enabling precision medicine to deliver the right therapy to the right individual at the […]
Disney World guests banned after jumping into Epcot boat ride water
Disney World guests were banned after jumping into the Gran Fiesta Tour boat ride’s water at Epcot. ‘This behavior was unsafe and a clear violation of our park rules,’ a Disney World rep tells EW.
Biohub launches $1.8 billion AI biology initiative in major science push
Biohub, Google, Meta and the U.S. government are investing $1.8 billion to build AI-ready biological data for disease research.
We need stronger sexual health education — the ‘Cornell 7’ case shows why
Allegations of sexual assault at Cornell University, and the public response to them, reveal persistent misunderstandings about consent, bystander responsibility and sexual violence.
Professor Mahasin S. Mujahid receives Abraham Lilienfeld Award
Mujahid was celebrated for her transformational contributions to the field of social epidemiology and received the award at the ACE annual meeting.
The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology Went to a Technique That Lets Scientists Control the Brain With Light
Neuroscientific advances follow a pattern of visualizing the brain, measuring its function and then controlling it. Optogenetics may lead to a new era of medical treatment.
Mikel Arteta pens new Arsenal contract until 2030
Arsenal have announced that manager Mikel Arteta has signed a new deal with the club until 2030.Arteta first joined the Gunners midway through the 2019/20 season after having served as Pep Guardiola'...
Art and science blend at Murie Ranch Art Festival
During his years as a wildlife biologist in Canada, Alaska and Wyoming, Olaus Murie generated volumes of notes and sketches of the creatures he encountered and the specimens he collected
Redoing Daubert: Are judges letting bad science back into the court room?
Daubert was meant to keep unreliable science out of the courtroom by making judges gatekeepers who ensure the reliability and relevance of expert testimony and the underlying research. A recent Second Circuit decision raises a harder question: how deeply may a judge examine the science when evaluating an expert’s methodology before determining the scientific dispute itself? The answer could reshape how courts translate epidemiological evidence into legal proof.
Oregon's Dan Lanning Has High Praise for Dylan Raiola's Preparation
With star Dante Moore sidelined, Oregon needs Dylan Raiola.
Multiple juveniles arrested after assaults on nurses, Chandler officers at behavioral health facility
Multiple patients at a Chandler behavioral health facility were arrested following back-to-back violent incidents where nurses and officers were assaulted.
Ben Shapiro Issues Statement On 'Pawn Shop' Production Shutdown
Ben Shapiro has issued a statement on the shutdown of production on his Daily Wire movie 'Pawn Shop,' decrying it as a first amendment violation.
McDonald's sued over AI tool that recommends prices to US franchisees
McDonald’s is facing a federal lawsuit that alleges its AI-enhanced pricing tool violates antitrust laws because it shares nonpublic data with competing franchisees. The lawsuit was filed on Friday in
SUN: Orioles make layoffs within business ops ahead of expected MLB lockout
The Orioles laid off multiple employees from their business operations department Tuesday, according to an internal memo obtained by The Baltimore Sun that pres
Orioles make layoffs within business ops ahead of expected MLB lockout
The Orioles made cuts to their business operations staff Tuesday, just over a week after their 2026 season ended.
Atrium promises state workers lower copays beyond its State Health Plan deal
Treasurer Brad Briner said the program will raise members’ costs in the long run and “violates the spirit of who gets to run” the plan.
Orioles laying off members of business operations
The exact number of employees affected wasn’t immediately clear.
McDonald’s faces antitrust suit over AI-driven pricing
The lawsuit alleges the company violated antitrust law by working with independent franchisees to fix prices using algorithms.
What Nathan Gallagher said in final 'Below Deck' episode before arrest
"Below Deck Mediterranean" cast member Nathan Gallagher talked about his young family's future and overcoming challenges in his final episode before he was arrested and convicted on domestic violence-
Biological aging offers clues to long-term health after Fontan surgery
Our birthdays tell us how long we have lived, but not necessarily how our bodies are aging. Biological age reflects the condition and function of our cells and tissues, shaped by genetics, lifestyle, ...
Scientists discover 57 new marine species lurking in the depths of the South Atlantic
A group of scientists in Argentina discovered dozens of new species in the South Atlantic Ocean, shedding new light on one of the world’s most biologically dynamic regions.
Scientists discover 57 new marine species lurking in the depths of the South Atlantic
A group of scientists in Argentina discovered dozens of new species in the South Atlantic Ocean, shedding new light on one of the world’s most biologically dynamic regions.
Scientists discover 57 new marine species lurking in the depths of the South Atlantic
A group of scientists in Argentina discovered dozens of new species in the South Atlantic Ocean, shedding new light on one of the world’s most biologically dynamic regions.
Scientists discover 57 new marine species lurking in the depths of the South Atlantic
A group of scientists in Argentina discovered dozens of new species in the South Atlantic Ocean, shedding new light on one of the world’s most biologically dynamic regions.
Scientists discover 57 new marine species lurking in the depths of the South Atlantic
A group of scientists in Argentina discovered dozens of new species in the South Atlantic Ocean, shedding new light on one of the world’s most biologically dynamic regions.
Scientists discover 57 new marine species lurking in the depths of the South Atlantic
A group of scientists in Argentina discovered dozens of new species in the South Atlantic Ocean, shedding new light on one of the world’s most biologically dynamic regions.
The Maternal Health Crisis of Firearms
Better protections for pregnant people require understanding and treating firearm policy, intimate partner violence prevention, reproductive care, and economic security as maternal health interventions.
FBI investigated anti-ICE protesters after Trump demanded probe over TikTok video, whistleblower alleges
The FBI opened preliminary investigations targeting anti-Immigration and Customs Enforcement protesters in Southern California, a former FBI intelligence official alleged in a whistleblower complaint, adding that she believed the move violated the law and agency policy.
Could the future “afterlife” be digital rather than spiritual? Science fiction is starting to look plausible
For most of human history, the idea of continuing after death belonged mainly to religion, philosophy and personal belief. Technology is now creating a very different possibility: a version of you that continues speaking, answering questions and interacting with family long after your biological life has ended. This would not be an afterlife in the spiritual sense. Today’s systems cannot preserve consciousness or prove that a person’s mind survives death. What they can increasingly preserve is d
What if death from aging becomes preventable? The science is no longer purely theoretical
Most medicine waits for aging to produce a recognizable disease and then tries to treat that disease. A growing field of researchers is pursuing a more ambitious idea: intervene earlier in the biologi...
23 violations at 1 restaurant: What Ingham County health inspectors found
Health inspectors found serious violations at about 20 restaurants, hotels and other places in Ingham County in early September.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Arts District business pushes for safe space for teens after 15-year-old’s shooting death at First F
Experts say the shooting death of a teenager in the Arts District is shining a light on the growing issue of youth violence.
Grading the Orioles Starting Rotation from 2026
When the season got underway in March, it was the Baltimore Orioles' starting rotation that was supposed to be the main reason for a possible underachievement. The bats were young and up-and-coming, and new hitters had been added to the fold, which certainly was a main focus in the offseason, while the bullpen looked good …
Trump says he will stop using US taxpayer funds for ads
The ads, which tout Trump and his policies, could have violated US laws barring public government funds being spent on political advertising.
DEEP DIVE: How Politics Is, and Is Not, Addressing Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
In a conversation with U.S Senate candidate Peggy Flanagan last week with members of our young Future Forward editorial board, we talked about how powerful it is for four Minnesota women to be running for the two highest offices in the state — including Governor. We also talked about
Doctors, insurers sue Newsom over health insurance premium increases
Doctors and health insurers have filed suit alleging Gov. Gavin Newsom and the California Legislature violated the law when they approved a healthcare tax that could substantially increase insurance premiums.
Doctors, insurers sue Newsom over health insurance premium increases
Doctors and health insurers have filed suit alleging Gov. Gavin Newsom and the California Legislature violated the law when they approved a healthcare tax that could substantially increase insurance premiums.
Doctors, insurers sue Newsom over health insurance premium increases
Doctors and health insurers have filed suit alleging Gov. Gavin Newsom and the California Legislature violated the law when they approved a healthcare tax that could substantially increase insurance premiums
Should California hotels be sued for using fragrances in their lobbies?
Take a deep breath in Hollywood's Kimpton Everly Hotel and you may catch a whiff of sandalwood, leather, fennel, cardamom, violet and cedar. And if you sniff the lobby of
Supreme Court rejects Michigan woman's appeal over school's ban on 'Let's Go Brandon' sweatshirts
The mother of two boys says their First Amendment rights were violated when they were told to take off the sweatshirts she bought them for Christmas in 2022.
Politics on Stage. Wonderful Life on Broadway. Jeremy O Harris to Mamdani: Call me. Stageworthy News of the Week.
On stage during the first week of October: Plays about the Epstein Files. Gun violence. Black women silenced. Complicity. Sexism. Homophobia. This seems an unusual burst of political theater even f…
Opportunities to advance precision kidney medicine for women: Vanderbilt Health-led scientific statement
The statement suggests improving women’s kidney care by recognizing how women’s unique biology and social factors affect kidney health.
3 scientists share Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for work in optogenetics
The Nobel Foundation awarded its prize in physiology and medicine Monday to three scientists who researched how nerve cells affect the brain.
German and US scientists win Nobel medicine prize for work on light and brain
The physiology or medicine prize traditionally opens the annual Nobel announcements.
George L․ Kumar: Six Biology Breakthroughs Stockholm Missed
George L․ Kumar: Six Biology Breakthroughs Stockholm Missed / Ben Barres, cancer, Colin MacLeod, Ernest McCulloch, George L. Kumar, James Till, Kavli Prize,
Collaborating with Canadian Scientists on Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal Research
I first met Dr. Helen Gurney-Smith in fall 2024, when Dr. Shannon Meseck and I drove just beyond the U.S.-Canada border to the St. Andrews Biological Station in New Brunswick. We went there to study larval sea scallop respiration when exposed to near-future temperature and pH. This past winter, Dr.
Research Shows These 10 Diets Are Linked to Healthier Aging
A new study found that many different diets can slow biological aging.
Caden Hunter pitched like a Top 100 prospect in 2026
Orioles prospect Caden Hunter pitched his way into MLB Pipeline’s Top 100 with a dominant 2026 season.
Stanford Professor One Of Three Scientists Awarded The Nobel Prize In Medicine
Stanford professor Karl Deisseroth joins Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel as winners of the 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on optogenetics.
Orioles news: How will the O’s solve their infield logjam?
With Jordan Westburg returning next year, how will the O’s make room in the infield for him?
Yale School of Medicine On the Science of Childhood Anxiety, Say, Anxiety Disorders Are the Most Common Mental Health Challenges In Youth
Credit: Matt Bradbury October 5, 2026 - By Isabella Backman - Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health challenges in youth. Left untreated, they can disrupt the lives of both children and their families. The good news is that with intervention, most children will overcome these conditions. Across Yale School of Medicine, scientists are working to understand anxiety at every level, from common anxious behaviors to molecular biomarkers in the brain. They are using their findings to develop and disseminate new evidence-based treatments for childhood anxiety. Today, the go-to treatment for childhood anxiety disorders is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This is a form of psychotherapy that teaches children skills for confronting anxious thoughts and helps them practice managing situations that cause anxiety. While it is the gold-standard treatment backed by considerable scientific evidence, up to 50% of children will not see sufficient benefit from CBT alone. Wendy Silverman, PhD, Alfred A. Messer Professor in the Child Study Center, co-directs the Anxiety and Mood Disorders Program alongside Eli Lebowitz, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center. One of their main interests is learning how to improve outcomes beyond CBT. “We’re developing cutting-edge, research-based knowledge that can reduce the suffering that anxiety causes children and their families,” says Silverman. Changing parent behavior YSM experts are investigating how to improve CBT outcomes for children by involving the parents. Silverman’s research has uncovered two main components of parent intervention that improve childhood anxiety: not enabling children to completely avoid the things that make them anxious and taking steps to enhance their autonomy. Parents may unintentionally reinforce their child’s anxiety by allowing them to avoid what makes them anxious. They also may unintentionally limit the children’s sense of autonomy by being overly intrusive. “One of the things that we take pride in is that we’ve focused on trying to understand what parents need to do, and to test our ideas and see if changing the parents’ behaviors is enhancing the effects of CBT,” Silverman says. “Our findings thus far suggest that they do." As much as CBT can be helpful, it can also be challenging to get one’s child to do the necessary steps for CBT to work. This is one important reason why Lebowitz created a novel intervention program for parents named Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE). Existing intervention programs often teach parents to act as therapists for their child, such as training them on how to practice breathing exercises. “It makes sense, but this doesn’t work very well in practice,” says Lebowitz. “And part of the reason, I think, is that it’s not easy to get your kid to do things, especially if they’re not excited about doing it.” SPACE is unique because it focuses entirely on parent involvement and changing parental behavior—children are not involved in the sessions. For example, parents learn how to use supportive messages that convey confidence that their child can tolerate and manage distress. “It might sound like a parent saying to a child, ‘I get that this is really hard for you, but I know that you can handle it,’” Lebowitz says. The program also works with parents to identify the ways in which they are accommodating anxious behaviors. “We’ll pick one thing that parents are doing that is an accommodation and help them make a detailed plan for how they’re going to change that,” Lebowitz explains. Treating Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Much of the existing research on SPACE has focused on parents of children under age 14. Ongoing studies are now exploring its use with parents of older teens. “Both anxiety and accommodation can interfere with normative developmental shifts during the teen years, including increased autonomy and individuation from parents,” says Rebecca Etkin, PhD, associate research scientist in the Child Study Center. “In this sense, SPACE may be particularly well-suited for anxious teens and their parents. We want to see whether it is effective during this distinct developmental window.” Unfortunately, many families in need of CBT face barriers, including limited availability of services and geographic constraints. One way to improve access is digital interventions. Silverman and her team are developing an evidence-based digitized intervention program for parents that they can access directly from their computer or smart phone. “The work we’re doing will be one of the very few parent interventions that is digitized and importantly tested for effectiveness,” she says. Creating interventions for anxiety-related challenges Silverman and Lebowitz recently received a generous gift to develop and test other interventions that help parents reduce other child anxiety-related behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as restrictive eating and unexplained somatic symptoms. One of these projects in particular focuses on understanding the risks of social media and its potential benefits, including offering a sense of connection. “A lot of research has focused on the idea that social media is harmful and the less of it the better,” says Lebowitz. “But we actually see is that this is not quite right—there are negatives, but there are also positives. So, we’re trying to get a little bit more nuanced of a picture.” The team is working with teens with social anxiety and their parents over an extended period to better understand their social media habits and how their anxiety levels affect engagement with different platforms. The teens will answer questions sent to an app on their phones about mood and social media usage in an effort to capture emotional responses as they unfold. “We hope to develop interventions that can help make the best of social media while protecting against the more problematic effects,” Lebowitz says. The brain’s role in anxiety Researchers are also testing therapies to address anxiety at the neurological and molecular levels. In collaboration with Dylan Gee, PhD, professor of psychology in Yale's Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and Hilary Blumberg, MD, John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience at Yale School of Medicine, Lebowitz and Silverman are using brain imaging to identify changes in a child’s brain before and after parents enroll in SPACE. In one study, children viewed anxiety-inducing images while undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the researchers conducted scans with and without the children’s parents nearby. Before SPACE, children’s brains were better able to activate the regulatory circuitry needed to turn off an anxious response when their parents were nearby. But after SPACE, children could activate this circuitry even without the parent around. “As parents work on gradually reducing some of their accommodations, you can see a child get better at regulating their own fear system in the brain,” Lebowitz says. “It’s remarkable.” Research into the molecular underpinnings of anxiety can also inform new childhood anxiety treatments. In a recent study, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Flora Vaccarino, MD, Harris Professor in the Child Study Center, discovered that a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) could be protective from the toxic effects of stress. FGF2 levels in children and their parents were linked to the children’s risk of developing anxiety and depression, the study showed. The findings could help explain why some children who are exposed to early life trauma such as poverty or abuse are more prone to developing mental health disorders. And FGF2 could be a target for treatment. “This is very novel because it starts to give a clue to what is the molecular chain that connects those lived experiences to the actual psychological outcomes,” Lebowitz says. New ways to study and treat childhood anxiety Michael Crowley, PhD, associate professor in the Child Study Center, collaborates with Silverman and Lebowitz to study the role that attention plays in development and maintenance of childhood anxiety. There is a large body of research that shows that anxious children, like anxious adults, are prone to focus on threatening stimuli such as angry faces compared with neutral faces. This has led to innovative interventions that involve attention retraining. The idea is that if experts train children to look away from threatening stimuli, it may reduce their anxiety—especially children with social anxiety who are most prone to attend to threats. The researchers have just completed a clinical trial for attention retraining with 10- to 14-year-olds with social anxiety disorders and are currently analyzing the findings. Besides this innovative attention retraining research, as Crowly notes, “I like to design tasks that are engaging to kids,” Crowley says. “My goal is to assess something without the kids knowing what we are assessing.” With this goal in mind, Crowley has created a virtual game, named Boom, to study threat processing in children with anxiety disorders. The game is similar to that of hot potato—the child and three digital players take turns virtually passing a ball to each other’s gloves. At some point, the ball turns into a bomb, and as the bomb lands in each player’s glove, the outline of the glove turns yellow. The goal is to avoid having the bomb go off in your glove. What isn’t obvious is that the game is designed to measure different types of threatening stimuli, both ambiguous and direct. In the game, the direct threat occurs as the bomb is traveling towards your glove. The ambiguous threat is the yellow outlined glove as it is unknown where the bomb will travel next. While children play the game, Crowley’s team measures their brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). The researchers have discovered that in kids with anxiety, the brain reacts more strongly to ambiguous threats than it does in their peers, but less strongly to direct threats. They believe that the initial abnormally large brain response to not knowing where the bomb is going impairs the brain's ability to properly respond when the threat is actually traveling the child’s way. “The brains of children with anxiety are unable to differentiate between threats you need to do something about and those that are not your problem.” Michael Crowley, PhD, develops innovative games for studying anxiety in children and adolescents.Credit: Matt Bradbury Based on these insights, Crowley hopes to study whether interventions like attention training could restore appropriate threat processing. Crowley’s team is also working on a test called the Balloon Risk Avoidance Task, which evaluates risk-taking and avoidance behaviors. It features a digital balloon that is full of air and about to burst. Kids have six seconds to let air out of the balloon. The more air they let out, the less risk they face that the balloon will pop. But at the same time, the balloon becomes less valuable as it deflates. “The more air you keep in the balloon, the more points you get,” Crowley explains. So far, the researchers have found that when the balloons pop unexpectedly, teens with social anxiety show distinct brain responses. Studying these responses can help psychologists understand the underlying pathways driving the various manifestations of anxiety. The genetics of anxiety When Thomas Fernandez, MD, associate professor in the Child Study Center and of psychiatry, was still in training, there was a lot of excitement about understanding the genetics associated with autism spectrum disorder. Since then, scientists have identified around 250 genes associated with autism. The genetic contribution to anxiety disorders, on the other hand, has historically received less attention. Anxiety is less heritable than autism, but the genetic contribution for anxiety disorders that emerge in childhood may be higher than for anxiety disorders overall. While scientists estimate the heritability of anxiety disorders in general to be around 30% to 50%, some studies suggest higher heritability for certain childhood-onset anxiety presentations. “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism,” Fernandez says. “So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” “I saw firsthand how researchers in the field went about finding vulnerability genes for autism. So, we’re using a very similar playbook for childhood anxiety.” Thomas Fernandez, MD Associate Professor In the Child Study Center and in Psychiatry Now, Fernandez and Emily Olfson, MD, PhD, assistant professor in the Child Study Center, are studying children and their parents to identify genetic changes that are present in the child but not the parents, known as “de novo mutations.” “All of us have some de novo mutations—maybe about 50 to 100 sprinkled throughout the genome,” Olfson says. “But when they occur within the coding regions of genes, they can be really disruptive.” Previous research shows that people with autism have higher rates of damaging de novo mutations than the general population. In 2022, Olfson, Lebowitz, Silverman, and Fernandez published a study on 68 children and their families that found that children with anxiety had similarly high levels of these mutations. Studying de novo mutations can help point the researchers to where they should be looking for genes associated with anxiety. “The end game is using the genes to steer us toward the right part of biology that we can then target to come up with better treatments,” Fernandez says. Building on those findings, the team is now studying more families to better understand how these de novo mutations, along with other genetic and environmental factors, shape pediatric anxiety disorders. They recently received a National Institutes of Health grant to enroll 750 new families over the next five years. Olfson is the principal investigator, with co-investigators Lebowitz, Fernandez, Silverman, and Shuangge Steven Ma, PhD, department chair and professor of biostatistics at Yale School of Public Health. Neurodevelopment, Risk Genes, and Mental Health Conditions - The Olfson Lab Joel Gelernter, MD, Foundations Fund Professor of Psychiatry, is interested in how different anxiety disorders differ genomically. “We are studying social phobia, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, working to understand why people differ in their risk to these specific anxiety disorders and evaluating various risk factors,” he says. Gelernter was recently involved in one of the largest studies to date of the genomics underlying anxiety disorder. The study included around 122,000 people with anxiety disorders and around 730,000 without. It found that some genetic differences associated with anxiety were linked to signaling that helps reduce overactivity in the nervous system. Many anxiety medications available today work by targeting this process. “It’s nice when the biology that you get out of a large genome-wide study ratifies things that we already know because that can help increase confidence in further findings from the study,” Gelernter says. Uncovering the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Professor of Translational Research and chair of the Department of Psychiatry, is interested in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of which anxiety is a major symptom. In the late 1980s, Krystal’s team discovered that the drug yohimbine activated symptoms in patients with PTSD. “This was the first time we could link a specific biological mechanism to the symptoms of PTSD,” Krystal says. At the time, he adds, this finding was highly controversial. “A lot of people felt that PTSD was a purely psychological syndrome that didn’t have an underlying biology.” Since then, Krystal has dived deep into understanding the neurobiology of PTSD to learn how to better treat it. His team is evaluating the use of ketamine and psychedelics. These would be among the first treatments to be developed specifically for PTSD. They may also be applicable for other disorders including anxiety disorders, Krystal adds. An important gap in PTSD treatment is the absence of biological tests that inform how to best help patients manage their PTSD symptoms. A doctor doesn’t diagnose cancer based on how they feel. Rather, they use tests of the biology of the cancer to determine the best course of treatment. “And we can’t do that in any psychiatric disorder other than Alzheimer’s disease,” Krystal says. “But now we are building a foundation for this approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders for the first time.” Source: Yale School of Medicine
15 Wallingford restaurants, two stores cited for serious violations during August health inspections
USDA food code violations fall into three categories, including the most serious, which must be fixed within 72 hours.