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Is AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) Fairly Valued As It Reshapes Debt And Governance?
AMC Entertainment Holdings (AMC) just pushed through a cluster of corporate moves, including board declassification, new debt financing and an equity shelf registration tied to employee stock plans, giving investors fresh governance and capital-structure information to assess. Recent price action suggests traders are reassessing AMC Entertainment Holdings after these capital moves. The 90-day share price return of 46.56% and year-to-date share price return of 72.05% came despite a 1-year...
Free Narcan training at Bismarck-Burleigh Public Health
Narcan is a medication that temporarily restores breathing during an overdose caused by fentanyl or other opioids.
Illinois catering business ordered to shut down after high school football team got sick before homecoming
The unlicensed caterer served a taco bar with fajita chicken, seasoned taco beef, cheese, flour taco shells, cheesy pepper beans, cilantro corn rice and pico de gallo or salsa
Nebraska vs Maryland – Game Thread of Winning Fun!
Time: 3:00pm CST Location: Memorial Stadium, Lincoln, NE Surface: Hellas Turf (Blessed by the Bobfather himself in Husker Valhalla) Wagering Info: Huskers -14 1⁄2 . O/U – 52 1⁄2. Moneyline: Nebraska +116, Maryland +666 ($100 wager) (FanDuel) Series Record: Nebraska is 3-1 vs. Maryland all-time with all 4 games being played after the Huskers joined the Big 10. The last two games […]
Eugene A. Woods: Advocate Health Ranks First in the Country in Nursing Excellence Designations
Eugene A. Woods: Advocate Health Ranks First in the Country in Nursing Excellence Designations / advocate health, American Nurses Credentialing Center, Betty
South Texas Health System (@stxhealthsystem)
1 likes, 1 comments - stxhealthsystem on October 3, 2026: "A Gathering of Compassion, Commitment & Community: The Texas Association of Healthcare Volunteers (TAHV), a statewide organization dedicated to supporting, training and connecting healthcare volunteers, recently held its District 3 Meeting at South Texas Health System Edinburg. Volunteers from across South Texas and the Coastal Bend gathered to learn, share ideas and strengthen the vital role they play in supporting patients, families and healthcare teams throughout their communities. The Auxiliary to STHS (@auxiliarytosths) is made up of more than 350 student and adult volunteers who help enhance the patient experience across the health system. To help make this year's event a success, auxiliary members from hospitals throughout the Rio Grande Valley came together to plan, coordinate and host the annual meeting. We extend our heartfelt thanks to everyone who attended and contributed to this inspiring event. Your dedication, compassion and service make a lasting impact in hospitals across the Rio Grande Valley and beyond.".
Times' 2026 Community Choice Awards honor Rogue Valley's best
More than 25,500 nominations and nearly 64,000 votes led to 492 winners and finalists across 162 categories The Rogue Valley came together Thursday evening, Oct. 1, to celebrate excellence in […]
WIDR FM student radio station hosts Spin-a-Thon
Western Michigan University students gathered at 89.1 WIDR FM, WMU’s student-run, noncommercial educational station, to share physical media live on-air during the station's second annual Spin-a-Thon event Sept. 29.
School IB business management class: European carmakers warn EU-UK tariffs could be ‘catastrophic’
Growth and evolution
Exhibition celebrates importance of art education
What are art teachers made of?
How to watch the Texas A&M vs Arkansas game tonight
A pair of 2-2 teams that could desperately use a victory will meet tonight. Here's TV info, time, location and more for Texas A&M vs. Arkansas football Saturday
‘A complicated map’: Henderson candidates push Boulder Highway updates
Henderson Councilwoman Carrie Cox and mayoral candidate Hollie Chadwick are sharing Boulder Highway construction and traffic updates on social media as the $184 million project continues.
ABS-CBN News
1Z Entertainment is holding its first music festival, One Zone Fest, bringing together the agency’s roster of artists for a two-day event on October 24-25, 2026. More details in the comments section.
The surprising real cause of prediabetes (and how to reverse it)
You can reverse the slide towards type 2 diabetes if you catch it early enough and make the right lifestyle changes
Rain or shine, Out 4 Business’s picnic goes with the flow
Many students of all identities gathered for a picnic Wednesday, Sept. 30 set up by Out 4 Business (O4B), a Registered Student Organization (RSO) at Western Michigan University dedicated to
Sanders helps open Arkansas Forest Health Research Center
MONTICELLO — Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders, U.S. Rep. Bruce Westerman and other state leaders helped the University of Arkansas at Monticello open the Arkansas Forest Health Research Center on Friday (Oct. 2). The center is located next to the Fine Arts Center at the school, which is home to the state’s only college of forestry. […]
Week in Politics: Inflation pressure; war in Iran and effect on midterm elections
We look at how some concerning economic indicators as well as the ongoing war in Iran might affect the midterm elections.
How European Entrepreneurs Are Building U.S. Business Infrastructure Without Moving to America
ORLANDO, FL / ACCESS Newswire / October 3, 2026 / For many European entrepreneurs, entering the U. market has traditionally been associated with establishing a physical presence, opening an office or eventually relocating to the United States.
Florida Blue Foundation now accepting grant applications for maternal health initiatives
Getting your Trinity Audio player ready... The Florida Blue Foundation, the philanthropic affiliate of Florida Blue and part of the GuideWell portfolio of companies, now is accepting grant applications from nonprofits focused on improving maternal health outcomes in Florida. The foundation seeks to fund Florida-based nonprofits with innovative and actionable solutions designed to improve maternal […]
Islanders Gameday News: New lines, new arena experiences
The New York Islanders have their 54th home opener tonight, and some of you remember all 54 which means some of you (g’morning, Rick!) are really freaking old. (I myself am a spring chicken, so I categorically deny pining for the days when there were rectangular goal creases and no ads on the boards, much […]
Business roundup: Restaurants and Halloween attractions coming to Columbia
The Missouri Nightmare Haunted Attraction, Sava — Modern Mediterranean, and a third Culver's location will land in Columbia soon.
Penn State's top players in brutal loss to Northwestern
Penn State players Chase Sowell and Kooper Ebel stood out during a disappointing 34-13 loss to the Wildcats.
Marshall University Top Scholar applications open now through Dec. 15
HUNTINGTON — Applications for Marshall University’s Top Scholar Program opened Thursday, Oct. 1, giving incoming students the opportunity to be considered for some of the university’s most prestigious scholarships through
Hardee’s Friday Night Blitz Week 6
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1 (3-3)BLACKSBURG 34, (3-3)CAVE SPRING 27 (5-0)WILLIAM BYRD 40, (4-1)RADFORD 35 (5-1)AUBURN 34, (0-6)GILES 14 (4-1)THOMAS JEFFERSON-RICHMOND 14, (4-1)HERITAGE 7 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 2 (5-0)ROANOKE CATHOLIC 18, ST. FRANCIS ACADEMY 2 FORK UNION 35, (2-4)NORTH CROSS 33 (5-1)PARRY MCCLUER 43, (0-5)SMITH MOUNTAIN LAKE CHRISTIAN 21 (3-2)ALTAVISTA 55, (2-4)DAN RIVER 7 (3-3)APPOMATTOX 49, (2-3)CHATHAM 7 […]
ABS-CBN News
The entertainment, creative, and lifestyle industry mourn the passing of Monchet Diokno Olives or more commonly known as the “Fanman.” Full story link in the comments section.
Antitrust lawsuit against Mission, HCA hits roadblock
A North Carolina judge denied class certification in a lawsuit accusing the healthcare company of anticompetitive business practice.
Clemson president among those asking for adjustments to Protect College Sports Act
SPARTANBURG, SC(WSPA)–Clemson president Ben Ayers was among four ACC presidents to sign a letter addressed to U.S. House Speaker Mike Johnson asking for adjustments to the Protect College Sports Act now before his body, the website Tomahawk Nation reported Friday night. The letter advocates changing expansion language in the PCSA bill that passed the senate […]
Ryan Field’s debut delivers a major moment for Northwestern football
The Wildcats opened their long-awaited new home Friday night with a charged atmosphere, an announced sellout crowd and the type of performance David Braun believes can propel the program forward.
Scientists are trying to decipher 'meow'
Cats, it turns out, are conversationalists. And good news for cat parents: Studies suggest they're often attempting to talk to us.
Mater Dei shuts out Bosse
EVANSVILLE, Ind. (WEHT) — The Mater Dei Wildcats beat the Bosse Bulldogs, 35-0. The Wildcats will face Harrison next week, while the Bulldogs go up against Reitz.
Heritage Hills picks up a victory over Mt. Vernon
MOUNT VERNON, Ind. (WEHT) — The Heritage Hills Patriots beat the Mount Vernon Wildcats, 25-7. The Patriots will face North Posey next week, while the Wildcats go up against Washington.
Penn State exposed? Winners and losers from Northwestern's stunning rout
Northwestern's New Ryan Field opened in style as the Wildcats crushed Penn State, exposing major concerns for Matt Campbell's team.
12 SportsZone Catch of the Week: Week 6
Vote for the player who you think had the best catch during week 6 of high school football in north central West Virginia. The voting will close at noon on Monday, Oct. 5, and the winner will be revealed during the 12 SportsZone at 6 p.m. that night.
‘Tinder Swindler’ romance fraudster promises ‘safe’ dating app – using intel from con man playbook
Shimon Hayut, the notorious 'Tinder Swindler' also known as Simon Leviev, says his new Safe Love dating app will use identity verification to prevent the fraud he once committed.
Enter the Video Crypt, an art installation that brings the video store back from the dead
2014 was the year Blockbuster officially closed the doors of its last corporate-owned location, marking the end of an era for many who frequented video stores.
#9OT scores, highlights for Week 6 of 2026 season
EL PASO, Texas (KTSM) — It’s Week Six of the high-school football season. KTSM’s 9 Overtime crew — Sam Guzman, Jason Flores and Aaron Montes — are covering all the action around the Border. The Game of the Week pits Socorro High against Franklin. You can catch all the scores and highlights at 10:15 p.m. […]
Malaysia is building a new research corridor across Asia to meet China’s rise
From next-gen semiconductors to advanced catalysts, scientists are navigating geopolitical boundaries to focus on mutual discovery.
MAKING THE GRADE: From playing school to the science lab, Ca...
First-year Academy of Innovation science teacher Rebekah Cannada shares her path from elementary education to eighth-grade science and her approach to engaging ...
Could the International Space Station win a Nobel Peace Prize? Here's what to know
Not-so-outlandish, prognosticators say: The Nobel Peace Prize this year could go galactic, with an award to the International Space Station.
Record 12th consecutive month of $500 million in sports bets
Advocates and counselors said more funding is needed to address sports gambling in North Carolina.
Record 12th consecutive month of $500 million in sports bets
Advocates and counselors said more funding is needed to address sports gambling in North Carolina.
Hochul puts support behind closing 'voluntary intoxication loophole'
The State Senate has passed the bill multiple times.
State House candidates talk class size, vouchers, mental health in education forum
Candidates for three Tennessee House seats addressed voters at a candidate forum hosted by Clarksville Voices for Education this week.
Trump visa policies weigh on Columbia journalism program as admissions pause
The drop in international applications shows how uncertainty over Trump’s visa policies is affecting one of the preeminent U.S. journalism institutions.
Results are in for LIA’s Entertainment & Content and Cultural Catalyst: TBWA\HAKUHODO wins Gold
The Entertainment & Content and Cultural Catalyst results are in, led by TBWA\HAKUHODO Inc., Tokyo winning a Gold and Bronze for Tokyo Metropolitan Government's 'Cheer Signs'.
Pharr Police Earns State Accreditation
A department-wide achievement for Pharr Police. The Pharr Police Department has earned state accreditation, recognizing rigorous standards in professionalism, accountability, training and leadership. Chief Juan Gonzalez credits the dedication and professionalism of the entire department.
LA County Extends East LA Small Business Grant Deadline
Los Angeles County officials announced Friday that the application deadline for a grant program assisting small businesses affected by the Lineage Fire and East Los Angeles Oil Spill has been extended by one week, to Oct. 9. The Small Business Recovery Grant provides up to $3,000 to eligible brick-and-mortar businesses and up to $1,000 to […]
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Catering business shut down after football team suffers food poisoning before game
An unlicensed home-based catering business in Illinois has been ordered to cease operations after dozens of people were sickened.
Renovated W.T. Anderson Health Center expands access after $7.4M upgrade
Atrium Health Navicent celebrated the opening of its newly renovated and relocated W.T. Anderson Health Center in Macon on Friday, following a $7.4 million inve
Why Reds Should Re-Sign Tyler Stephenson
The 30-year-old catcher was a solid piece in the Reds' lineup this year, hitting .241 and knocking in 54 RBI.
Steelers head coach Mike McCarthy regrets altercation with Aaron Rodgers
Mike McCarthy regrets verbal altercation with Aaron Rodgers.
Politics Unusual: Governor's race, NY consent laws
In this episode of Politics Unusual, FOX 5 NY's political reporter Morgan McKay speaks with Nassau County Executive Bruce Blakeman about his campaign for the governor's office. Also, a conversation with NYS Assemblymember Catalina Cruz about New York's consent laws.
Rising costs, construction prompt pet store’s exit from Grand Rapids
A pet store and dog grooming business is shutting down its Grand Rapids location, citing rising costs, difficulties caused by construction in the area, and the changing character of the neighborhoo…
LIA 2026 Entertainment & Content, Cultural Catalyst; Sports; Production & Post, Music Video and Non-Traditional Winners Announced
ANOTHER ROUND OF WINNERS HITS THE TABLE Another round of Winners & Finalists is revealed from Las Vegas, with four
Do Animals Understand Us? Here’s What Science Says
Your pet may not be able to speak, but that doesn’t mean you two can’t find ways to communicate. Here’s how to talk and listen to the beloved animals in your life, according to experts.
Modern Science: An Ohio University professor studies the mechanisms behind bats using echolocation
ATHENS, Ohio (WOUB) —There's a lot we know about how animals navigate their world, but there's even more we don't. This included how bats use echolocation until recently.Peishu Li is an assistan
Scientists Thought Mars’s North Polar Ice Was 25% Dust. They Were Way Off
Previous research pointed to copious amounts of dust atop the arctic Martian wasteland, but a clearer picture is coming into focus.
Fairport Harbor downtown businesses band together for community night out
The annual Witches Night Out event is back with more planned for this weekend, including an opportunity to check out a special "haunted" lighthouse tower, but beware of the ghost cat!
2026 HFA European Congress Spotlights New Industry Research
Health & Fitness Association submitted comments to the Office of the US Trade Representative on two trade policy dockets that could have significant implications for exercise equipment manufacturers, suppliers, and fitness facility operators.
San Diego’s economy moved on from the Chargers, but game-day businesses had to adapt
San Diego’s economy barely registered the Chargers’ departure, but businesses that depended on football game days tell a more complicated story.
164 slot machines seized in Sarasota County illegal gambling bust
The slot machines were taken from three locations in Englewood, officials say.
Studying Science in an Anti-Scientific Time
This Chronicle Review Deep Cut was first published in 2025. By Julianne Werlin Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe The last two decades have not been kind to science studies. Already bruised and battered by the “science wars” of the 1990s, by the 2000s sociologists of science — who had long argued that science had to be understood in its human context — were encountering the funhouse-mirror version of their own views in right-wing critiques of climate scientists. It was enough to give some prominent scholars pause. “Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies?” asked Bruno Latour, the most famous sociologist of science in the world, in 2003. “Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: What were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts?” In response, Latour proposed a change of method and attitude. Science studies, now chastened and contrite, would no longer seek to strip facts of their authority, but to enrich and enhance them. What this meant in practice was never fully clear. But his diagnosis of problems resonated, even if his solutions did not. Latour’s exercise in public hand-wringing signaled a shift in mood. By 2016, with the first election of Donald Trump, the idea that skepticism of science was a right-wing position, not a left-wing one, had become a commonplace, discussed eagerly in The New York Times. For liberals, vaccine denial during the Covid era and Trump’s second-term attacks on the funding of scientific research, covered extensively in these pages, added a new urgency to the defense of science on both practical and principled grounds. There was little appetite for a sociology or philosophy of science that emphasized the messiness and missteps of the scientific process rather than its integrity and triumphs. The distinguished historian of science Peter Dear’s new book, The World as We Know It: From Natural Philosophy to Modern Science (Princeton University Press, 2025), which seeks to tell the story of 18th- and 19th-century science for a general public, may seem comfortably remote from these bitter contests. In its 16 short chapters, Dear draws swift, sure sketches of major discoveries from Newton to Einstein, ably guiding the reader through debates on stellar nebulae, animal taxonomy, atomic chemistry, evolution, and other flashpoints in the history of science. But though a work of history, Dear’s book must still negotiate our polarized present. In a blurb on its back cover, the historian of biology Lynn K. Nyhart alludes to the “present moment, when scientific knowledge is being swamped by misinformation and its institutions are under siege.” Dear himself, in his conclusion, refers to the “yard signs” and “bumper stickers” that proclaim “Science Is Real.” One antidote to both anti-science propaganda and to reductive slogans in science’s defense is a robust history and philosophy of science: exactly what Dear’s scholarship has long offered. But his new book illustrates how difficult such work has become. Dear, an emeritus professor of history at Cornell University, is best known as a creative and philosophically minded historian of the Scientific Revolution. His edited volume The Literary Structure of Scientific Argument (1991) analyzed the rhetoric of Galileo’s thought experiments to brilliant effect. Discipline and Experience: The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution (1995) was a major contribution to the analysis of scientific experiments in early modern Europe and beyond, while Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge in Transition, 1500-1700 (2001), now in its third edition, remains one of the best overviews of the profound epistemological upheavals of 16th- and 17th-century science. But Dear has also ventured into later periods. Nearly two decades ago, in The Intelligibility of Nature: How Science Makes Sense of the World (2006), he turned to the 18th and 19th centuries to sketch a history and theory of scientific knowledge. Aimed at a generalist audience, Dear’s simple prose belied serious philosophical ambitions. Science, Dear argued, has two aspects: “natural philosophy,” the quest to understand the true nature of the universe, and “instrumentality,” the applied skills and technologies that allow us to manipulate the world for human advantage. Both strands are ancient, but the innovation of the phenomenon we call “science” was to yoke them together. As Francis Bacon wrote, “Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced,” an insight typically abridged to “knowledge is power.” Or, in Bertrand Russell’s characteristically blunt phrase, science has two functions, “1. to enable us to know things, and 2., to enable us to do things.” So far, so conventional. But Dear took issue with this familiar story in one respect. Bacon’s formula implied that theory and practice could be fused in a single method. In fact, Dear argued, the quest to understand nature and the desire to manipulate it were coupled only loosely. They could come together, but they could also pull apart. Focusing on natural philosophy, the “knowing” half of the scientific circle, he used a series of case studies from cosmology, taxonomy, chemistry, electromagnetism, and quantum theory to show how theories changed over time, in dialogue with practice, but never reducible to it. Take the case of matter, the basic substrate of the physical world. In the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists not only disagreed about what it was, but also about how well it could be known. In 1789, the chemist Antoine Lavoisier dismissed speculation about the atomic composition of chemicals as “discussions entirely of a metaphysical nature,” as he sought to orient chemistry away from philosophical abstraction and toward laboratory results. But in the 19th century, atoms returned with a vengeance in the atomic chemistry of John Dalton, who wanted to explain the underlying structure of nature. It was not just that Dalton and Lavoisier had a different set of experimental results, or even a different theory, Dear showed. What counted as an explanation had changed. In arguing that scientific theories depended on their intelligibility to human beings with complex arrays of beliefs and commitments, Dear was in sympathy with science studies. Key figures such as the sociologist Steven Shapin emphasized the importance of psychological mechanisms like trust in the formation and acceptance of scientific ideas. But in focusing on the scientific pursuit of knowledge, not its politics or economics, Dear resisted the more cynical perspective of some of his colleagues. The Intelligibility of Nature strikes a very different note than Shapin’s collection of a few years later, Never Pure: Historical Studies of Science as If It Was Produced by People With Bodies, Situated in Time, Space, Culture, and Society, and Struggling for Credibility and Authority (2010), to name just one example. Walking a very fine line, Dear depicted science as driven at once by complex social dynamics and by the intellectual power of real discoveries. It was a testament not only to his own acumen but also to the vitality of the field that he was able to do so. Nearly two decades later, The World as We Know It returns to the questions broached in The Intelligibility of Nature. Like Dear’s earlier study, it begins with the Newtonian cosmos and ends with debates between Einstein and Bohr on quantum physics. Beyond its terminal figures, many of the same characters appear in both studies, including the naturalists John Ray and the Comte de Buffon; the chemists Étienne François Geoffroy, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton; as well as Charles Darwin and Michael Faraday, among others. Its subject is nearly identical: As in The Intelligibility of Nature, The World as We Know It considers natural philosophy as opposed to instrumentality, here defined as the “desire to create a picture of what the world is really like — the world as God knows it — rather than simply having instrumental or operational control over it.” The two books also overlap in insights — and sometimes even in language. The reader who has learned in The Intelligibility of Nature that Buffon’s method of classifying animals “reflected his belief in the importance of the senses and empiricism in learning about nature (a doctrine associated with Newton and the philosopher John Locke)” will experience a sense of déjà vu on reading, in The World as We Know It, that the classification “reflects Buffon’s commitment to the epistemological stance of Newton and his philosophical underlaborer John Locke, who stressed the role of the senses in creating natural knowledge.” Later in the passage, we read that, “because of its stress on understanding the ways of life of animals in their environments, Buffon’s approach could almost be labeled (anachronistically) as ‘ecological.’” And again, “an anachronistic way of putting it would be to say that Buffon recommends an ecological mode of understanding.” Likewise, in The Intelligibility of Nature we read of Dalton that he was initially drawn to meteorology, and that: He did a bit of experimental work on these things, especially having to do with the water-holding capacity of gases, but his real interest lay in understanding what, at an underlying natural-philosophical level, was really going on physically.” Whereas, in The World as We Know It: He did experimental work on these things, especially concerning the water-holding capacity of gases — although not at a very refined level quantitatively — but he was continually trying to develop a theoretical conception of what was happening physically. The final full chapter of each book closes on the same resigned note. Intelligibility: These days, most serious work on the natural philosophical underpinnings and implications of quantum mechanics is performed not by physicists but by philosophers of science. Among scientific practitioners themselves, Bohr’s attempt to use instrumentality as sufficient grounds for a respectable science has met with a high degree of success. And again, in The World as We Know It: Bohr’s and Einstein’s concerns are now questions that are mostly discussed by philosophers of science rather than by physicists themselves. The marginalization of these sorts of questions amounts to the demise of natural philosophy, at least in physics, in the 20th century. Quantum mechanics “works,” and that’s good enough for most scientists who encounter it. Examples could be multiplied. When handling the same subject matter, some echoes are inevitable. Scholars should not feel that because they have written “Isaac Newton died in 1727” in one book, in the next they must describe him as perishing, expiring, or meeting his maker. But the repetitions of language and arguments (not to mention six reproduced images) threaded throughout The World as We Know It are more extensive than that. They should have been caught by Princeton University Press or its reviewers, and revised. Because the two books have so much in common, it is easy to see where they diverge. The World as We Know It is a less theoretical work than its predecessor. The sociology of knowledge that organized The Intelligibility of Nature has been reduced in scale and folded into readings and examples. The taut interplay between history and theory, which gave the earlier study so much interest, is there, but it is subtle. In the earlier book, the case studies demonstrated theoretical claims about the character and development of science. In the later work, each narrative of discovery is an end in itself. Insights emerge from the history, but they do not control the organization of the study. With the theory muted, it can be hard to understand the logic uniting Dear’s sprawling history of more than two centuries of scientific knowledge. The 16 brisk chapters cover an enormous amount of material. But the closer the volume edges to comprehensiveness, the more obvious the missing elements become. A chapter on “Institutions and Pedagogy,” describing the birth of the research university, illustrates the problem. Inserted roughly halfway through the book, the unnumbered chapter is designed as an “entr’acte,” in acknowledgement that it does not fit the study’s organization around scientific discoveries. Yet as Dear is well aware, no general history of the development of modern science can bracket its 19th-century institutionalization and professionalization. It was the 19th-century university, after all, that gave us the “scientist,” a term coined by the Cambridge philosopher William Whewell. Dear’s history of scientific discoveries implies a wider social and institutional history, but it remains largely subterranean, only occasionally extruded under the pressure of the narrative. It must be said that the balance is not all on the side of the earlier study. There are some advantages to the more historical, less theoretical organization of The World as We Know It. Dear’s accounts of paradigm shifts are remarkably lucid, no small accomplishment given that they span fields and centuries. He makes excellent use of the wealth of new scholarship on Darwin and his influences, to which he has himself contributed. It is satisfying to see puzzle pieces from Buffon’s natural history, Georges Cuvier’s animal taxonomy, Thomas Robert Malthus’s demography, and Charles Lyell’s geology recombined seamlessly in the Darwinian jigsaw. Likewise, Dear’s discussion of stellar nebulae, divided between chapters two and 15, shows vividly how Newton, Kant, Herschel, and Hubble reimagined insights and observations as they sought to discover whether the diffuse light that filtered through early telescopes was a glowing, gaseous substance or discrete but distant stars. Yet despite such pleasures, the book remains a more modest work than The Intelligibility of Nature. Dear has clearly not changed his views about the history of science. But in the two decades that have elapsed, the discipline and the world around it have changed, making it harder to write a sociologically and philosophically ambitious history of science for the general reader. That is a shame, because in the age of Silicon Valley and biotechnology, both the reciprocity and the tensions Dear identified between the epistemological and instrumental ambitions of science are more evident than ever. In recent years, some of the most exciting new books on the history of science in early modernity have focused precisely on this pressure point. Important studies such as Pamela H. Smith’s From Lived Experience to the Written Word (2022), James Poskett’s Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science (2022), and Vera Keller’s The Interlopers: Early Stuart Projects and the Undisciplining of Knowledge (2023) all shed new light on how early modern science negotiated the relationship between its instrumental and epistemological ambitions, or in Russell’s phrase, knowing and doing. There is every opportunity for a philosophically informed approach to draw new insights from this wealth of material. Dear, unfortunately, has not done so in The World as We Know It. But for future scholars of the history of science, his body of work over nearly four decades may provide just the model. Julianne Werlin is an associate professor of English at Duke University. Thanks for reading The Chronicle Review! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work. Subscribe
NC election experts warn about voter trust as AI makes political misinformation easier to create
Artificial intelligence is making it easier to create realistic political images, videos and audio, leaving voters with a new question as they head toward the midterm elections: How do they know what they are seeing is real?
Nebraska education board approves funds for healthy food initiative, discusses grant process
After concerns about wanting funding to go to schools, the State Board of Education awarded $2 million in leftover funds to support healthy food in schools for additional projects for infrastructures and marketing.
This new ChatGPT scam tricks you into installing malware - how to spot the trap
This authentic-looking scam starts with a sponsored Google link - and it's catching people off-guard.
Thunder Must Replace Pressure, Not Just Production
Oklahoma City’s new-look depth must replicate the internal accountability that fueled last season’s success, ensuring competition—not just talent—drives the roster toward a championship standard.
Defense Contracts Roundup: Intuitive Research Nets $58M Army Contract
Intuitive Research and Technology was awarded a $58,742,720 modification for systems engineering and technical assistance support for the Short and
Bishop’s computer science chair says AI is eliminating ‘grunt work’ and reshaping digital jobs
Dr. Russell Butler, chair of Bishop’s University’s Department of Computer Science, says artificial intelligence is increasingly taking over routine digital “grunt work,” changing the skills students and workers may need in the years ahead. Photo courtesy of Bishop’s University. Click here to read our platform! Get local news like this every morning. Subscribe free below. Subscribe Pulse Newsroom Artificial intelligence is already taking over some of the routine digital work once performed by entry-level employees, according to Bishop’s University Computer Science chair Dr. Russell Butler — a shift he believes will make expertise, judgement and the ability to evaluate AI-generated work increasingly important. Butler described the change as automation reaching what he calls the “bottom of the cognitive pyramid” during an interview with The Pulse about AI, university education and the future of digital work. His argument is not that humans are disappearing from the workplace. Instead, he sees their role changing as AI becomes capable of handling more of the repetitive tasks involved in computer-based work. “Everything’s converging on just AI basically doing all the grunt work,” Butler said. The bottom of the cognitive pyramid Butler is from Lennoxville, completed his undergraduate studies at Bishop’s and later earned his PhD at the Université de Sherbrooke. He joined Bishop’s in 2019 and now chairs its Department of Computer Science. He uses AI in research, teaching and other creative work, and said the technology is increasingly capable of handling routine digital tasks that once required substantial human time. “You’ve got the grunt work, like moving things around in Excel, doing basic programming tasks,” Butler said. “That’s like the bottom grunt work that the entry-level worker would have done two or three years ago.” Butler went further, saying in his view that much of this type of work has already been absorbed by AI tools. He connected that change to a shift he sees taking place in computer science, where entry-level roles have declined while experienced workers can use AI to increase what they can produce. “A senior developer now has access to essentially an unlimited amount of junior developers on demand,” Butler said. He was describing AI systems metaphorically, not literal employees. His point was that one experienced developer can now ask AI tools to produce code or other technical work that might previously have been assigned to more junior workers. That raises a broader question for universities and employers. If some of the simpler work traditionally given to newcomers can now be done by machines, how do people gain the experience needed to become senior workers themselves? Students doing work that once required years of programming Butler said he is already seeing the change inside his classroom. He created a Bishop’s course called CS208, Coding in Plain English, to show students — including those without traditional programming backgrounds — what they can accomplish using AI. Some come from disciplines such as psychology or neuroscience with no previous programming experience. “What I’m finding is that students who have zero programming experience, they come in from another discipline like psychology or neuroscience or something, they are now able to get up and running with real data sets,” Butler said. Butler’s own doctoral work involved neuroimaging, and he said he has assigned students work he considers comparable to the kinds of analysis he performed during his PhD. He described giving students a real dataset, an expected result and instructions to use AI to complete the analysis. Butler said those students have been able to carry out work at a level he associates with tasks he once performed after years of programming experience. That does not mean a student using AI instantly acquires the same knowledge as an experienced computer scientist. But Butler sees it as evidence that AI can dramatically lower the technical barrier between having a problem to solve and producing a working result. The role of the person using the system then changes. They need to know what to ask for, understand enough about the subject to judge the answer and take responsibility for what is ultimately produced. What about AI hallucinations? One persistent concern surrounding generative AI is hallucination — when a system produces information that sounds convincing but is false or unsupported. Butler said that problem has improved substantially in newer systems and is not as severe as it was with earlier models. He pointed in particular to newer AI systems’ ability to search the web, consult scientific databases and return source links rather than simply generating a citation from their internal model. Butler nevertheless said users should verify what AI produces. “You should verify,” he said while discussing citations generated with AI. His position is that hallucinations have become less common in the systems he uses, not that incorrect AI output is impossible. Human checking remains part of the process. Hours of work compressed Butler offered another example from his administrative work at Bishop’s. The university has been comparing CEGEP courses with first-year Bishop’s courses to determine where students may qualify for advanced standing. Traditionally, Butler said, that means reviewing two sets of course descriptions and manually matching one institution’s courses with another’s. As department chair, that could require hours of reading and comparison. He said AI can now be given both sets of material and asked to generate an initial mapping automatically. “It saves me hours and hours of work,” Butler said. Butler said the AI-generated mapping can also produce a better result than he would produce himself. He sees similar opportunities in businesses. A company may receive specifications, drawings, emails or other digital material from customers and then have employees convert that information into an internal format before anything can be manufactured or delivered. AI can increasingly perform parts of that intermediate processing. In Butler’s view, the employee does not necessarily disappear. Instead, the job becomes more about checking the result. “The human is still there,” he said. Judgement could become more valuable That change is central to Butler’s view of where digital work may be headed. If AI can produce a first draft, write basic code, compare documents or process large amounts of information, he argues that knowledge and judgement become increasingly important. “The real scarce resource going forward is going to be domain knowledge, expertise, and… credentials, authority, the ability to work with other people,” Butler said. He is therefore encouraging students not only to learn AI tools but also to broaden their education. He mentioned acting, fine art and photography as examples of courses that can help develop what he described as taste and intuition — the ability to recognize what is good, what is not and what should be changed. “And that’s the skill that they need now because the grunt work has been automated and now it’s about evaluating what the AI produces and telling it how to improve or expand the output,” Butler said. That does not remove the need for technical knowledge. Butler’s argument is that the emphasis may shift away from manually completing every step of a task and toward directing, checking and improving work produced with AI assistance. He also stressed that humans remain responsible for final decisions. “At the end of the day, the human has to make the final call,” Butler said, pointing to the question of accountability. Physical work may be different Butler draws a distinction between digital work and jobs requiring people to manipulate the physical world. He expects AI to continue advancing quickly in tasks performed almost entirely on computers. He is more cautious about claims that humanoid robots will soon be able to replace workers such as plumbers or electricians. Butler said those trades would not be replaced “anytime soon” in his view and described some current robotics demonstrations as overhyped. He described the situation as counterintuitive. “It’s almost like we solved the highest level first,” he said, contrasting advances in digital AI with the harder problem of building robots capable of operating reliably in the physical world. Butler’s argument is that some digital occupations could face automation sooner than trades requiring complex physical work. The wider AI shift in the Townships Butler’s comments come as local institutions are increasingly grappling with how AI should be used. The federal government recently announced up to $162 million over five years for 10,000 AI-related placements through Mitacs. The Université de Sherbrooke told The Pulse that the number of its collaborative research and innovation projects supported through Mitacs has approximately doubled since 2018-19, while the number of placements has approximately tripled. UdeS also said it already has projects involving both AI adoption and the application of AI to other fields. At Bishop’s, Butler said part of his role involves building the Computer Science department’s local presence, connecting students with regional partners and strengthening relationships with the Sherbrooke technology ecosystem. Those developments put universities in a difficult position. They have to prepare students to use the tools employers increasingly have available while also making sure graduates understand enough to recognize when those tools are wrong, incomplete or being applied to the wrong problem. The risk of losing human skills Butler does not see AI as risk-free. Later in the interview, he raised a separate concern: as AI becomes better at reading, writing, programming and other cognitive tasks, people could lose some of the underlying skills that historically helped produce new ideas. “The other danger is that we’re going to lose the human skills,” Butler said. He specifically mentioned reading and writing and argued that people could lose some of the lower-level understanding that contributes to breakthroughs. Butler said AI systems are based on existing human knowledge and argued that they become much more powerful when paired with a capable person. That tension runs through his view of the technology. AI can remove hours of routine work. It can allow beginners to perform tasks that once required substantial technical training. It can give experienced workers significant leverage. But the more capable the technology becomes, the more important it may be for people to develop the judgement needed to decide what should be done in the first place. For Butler, that is where education may have to change. Students still need to understand their field. They still need to know when something is wrong. And they still need to be able to make the final decision. But if AI increasingly handles the bottom of the cognitive pyramid, the value of a worker may depend less on how quickly they can perform the grunt work and more on whether they understand what the work is supposed to accomplish. Don’t miss the next story that affects your community. Join thousands of readers getting The Pulse every morning—plus breaking news alerts when it matters most. If you value this kind of local journalism, consider supporting it. Subscribe, share and like! Subscribe Share
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