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NVIDIA Launches DGX Spark 64 GB Desktop AI Systems
Local AI is becoming more useful by the token. As AI agents move from experiments into everyday development, increasingly capable open models are shrinking to fit on more devices, giving builders more to run locally. Coming this month, NVIDIA DGX Spark will be available with 64 GB of unified...
Even light exercise can help protect against cancer, experts say
After 30 minutes of sitting, it’s time to get moving.
Klick Health Named MM+M Market Access Gold Agency of the Year
NEW YORK & TORONTO, October 02, 2026--Klick Health took center stage throughout the evening at last night’s Medical Marketing + Media (MM+M) Awards, receiving the Market Access Gold Agency of the Year title plus nine campaign accolades, including five Gold trophies for "867-5309" (Cancer Support Community), "Project Inchstone" (Nestlé Compleat), and "MODDEN 26" (The Derek Sheely Foundation).
Tony Romo will not return to CBS Sports in wake of drunk driving arrest
The former Dallas Cowboys star quarterback and the network mutually agreed to part ways after his July arrest for operating a vehicle under the influence
Tony Romo Leaving CBS Sports After 9 Years
Romo had been on indefinite leave since his July arrest for operating a vehicle while intoxicated.
Tony Romo out at CBS Sports after nine years following drunk driving arrest
Former NFL star Tony Romo will not be returning to CBS Sports after his arrest for drunk driving earlier this summer, the network said in a statement.
Top Senate GOP-aligned super PAC pauses N.C. spending, in sign of deepening woes
The Senate Leadership Fund’s pulling money from North Carolina is the latest signal the Republican Party is giving up hope of holding that Senate seat.
Tony Romo, CBS Sports agree to part after ex-QB's DWI arrest
Tony Romo will not return as an NFL game analyst for CBS Sports, the network announced, after he was arrested in July for driving while intoxicated.
AWS Launches Aurora Capability to Query Data Lakes Without Moving the Data
Moving enterprise data around is one of the less glamorous parts of the running modern data stack. Nevertheless, it is critical to getting the right data to the right applications when they need it. Companies build their data pipelines to shuttle information between databases and data lakes. This creates a plethora of challenges, including the […]
Trump to Name Jay Clayton to Serve as A.I. Czar
The director of national intelligence will help develop new policies, and potentially regulations, for the rapidly evolving technology.
Michigan State’s New Uniform Comes With a Bizarre Warning
Michigan State will wear black-white-black against Wisconsin, but a bizarre scoring trend involving the Spartans' black uniforms comes with it.
Push for girls flag football as varsity sport in Mass. moves forward
The push to make all-girls flag football a varsity sport in Massachusetts is moving forward.
Flurry of Lawsuits Shows Both Parties Preparing for Post-Election Challenges
Republicans are using the courts to hunt for noncitizen voters. Democrats worry the G.O.P. is trying make it harder for eligible voters to cast ballots — and paving the way to try to toss valid election results.
Analysis-Vance's fraud crackdown may raise costs for US health insurers, enrollees
NEW YORK, Oct 2 (Reuters) - A crackdown on Obamacare health insurance could raise prices for US consumers and insurers by removing healthy, low-cost enrollees, adding pressure to a shrinking marketplace.
Vance's fraud crackdown may raise costs for US health insurers, enrollees
A crackdown on Obamacare health insurance could raise prices for US consumers and insurers by removing healthy, low-cost enrollees, adding pressure to a shrinking marketplace.
Incarnate Word vs. Michigan State Exhibition: How to Watch
Tom Izzo debuts a top-10 recruiting class at the Breslin Center, giving Jeremy Fears Jr. and new Spartans a high-energy tune-up during the legendary Izzone Campout.
Trump’s Approval Rating On The Economy Hits All-Time Low In 2 Polls This Week
Trump has a 17% approval rating on his handling of the cost of living.
From Unicorn Frappuccinos to VIP meet-and-greets: How 3 brands are turning buzz into business
As companies fight harder for consumers' attention, marketing is becoming an increasingly important tool for driving growth.
Pixel 10a gets a $100 price hike, now starting at $599
Google has quietly raised the price of its mid-range Pixel 10a by $100, giving the device a starting price of...
Only one browser has this really helpful search tool
This is great for experimentation with a different search site, keeping a particular search out of your history at your usual site, or giving yourself a break from AI-first answers.
Fort Bragg opens Children’s Waiting Room to help Families prioritize health
For military parents, making a medical appointment can sometimes require solving another problem first: finding someone to care for their...
Game Changers conference recognizes women in sports business
SBJ held the 14th Game Changers Conference on Thursday, diving into topics at the intersection of women and sports.
Do dying people know the end is near? This is what science has discovered
People who work around death often describe an unsettling phenomenon: some dying patients seem to know the end is approaching before anyone explicitly tells them. They may start saying goodbye, giving instructions, withdrawing from ordinary routines or talking about deceased relatives. Research suggests that awareness of approaching death does occur in many patients—but it is far from universal, and scientists still cannot explain every way that awareness appears. Some people remain mentally cle
Senne Lammens Reveals How He Handles Playing For Man Utd
Senne Lammens has impressed the masses since moving to Manchester United last summer.
Rock Hill students run real businesses, build skills and fund scholarships
For students at Rock Hill High School, learning about the real world doesn’t always happen inside a traditional classroom.Two student-run businesses are giving
Are we getting closer to bringing people back after death? Inside the science of resuscitation
For most of history, a heart that stopped beating marked the practical end of life. Modern medicine has changed that. CPR can keep blood moving, defibrillators can restart certain heart rhythms, machi...
New Huntsville Shoppers Seek Experiential Retail, Community Connections
Huntsville’s growth is undeniable, and its thriving retail market clearly reflects this progress. As demographics across the metro area continue to evolve,
Small businesses are having their AI moment — and it’s exposing a services gap
Small businesses are moving from AI experimentation to structured adoption, making training, governance and workflow design more important than another AI license.
Barcelona explored move for Man City defender Josko Gvardiol
Barcelona looked into the possibility of signing Josko Gvardiol last season, but the Manchester City defender was not interested in leaving the Premier League champions.According to Mundo Deportivo, t...
After turmoil, South County Health lands Mayo Clinic deal
South County Health joins Mayo Clinic’s network, giving RI patients access to top specialists and resources while keeping local control.
Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science And Technology (SEHK:1956) Stock Could Be Pricey Following Its DocuMind Launch
Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology has seen its share price under pressure this year, which puts a spotlight on what investors are really paying for its sales today. With the stock moving and the business pushing deeper into AI document intelligence, the open question is how well the current valuation lines up with the revenue the company is generating. The share price is down 38.6% year to date. This makes the link between Beijing Zhongke WengeAI Science and Technology's current...
Fear, Mistrust, and Harm in Police-Involved Mental Health Crises
This week, Mad in America explores three new studies around mental health crisis calls involving police. The first study finds that patients and service Studies highlight patient and community concerns about police responses alongside gaps in training, communication, and crisis alternatives
Downtown church’s history follows Madison’s story for 175 years
Christ Presbyterian Church will celebrate its 175th anniversary this weekend, having survived fires, fought segregation and seen pastors tried for heresy.
Drake: Let’s thank the politician who helped drive the Freedom Caucus out of power
I know it’s way too early for a Thanksgiving column. Halloween is still more than a month away.
Cubarsi urges young players to seek mental health support without fear of judgement
Pau Cubarsi has won a World Cup at 19, but the Spain defender wants young footballers to know that success does not mean having to cope with everything alone — and asking for help should carry no stigma.
Panicked Red-State Republicans Learning Politics on the Fly
GOP candidates in places like Kansas and Texas are having to really campaign for the first time.
Affordability is on voters’ minds in Pa. swing districts as the cost of gas and groceries skyrockets
The cost of living is the rise as the war in Iran continues. That could hurt Trump-aligned incumbents in key Pennsylvania swing districts.
Gears of War: E-Day reviews are in — Critics are loving this flagship Xbox shooter's return to form despite some odd elements
Reviews of Gears of War: E-Day's single-player campaign are in! Here's what the critics had to say about the story and gameplay of the latest entry in the Gears of War series.
"It's Genius!" Adam Smith Amazed By AFC Bournemouth's Recruitment Model
Adam Smith has admitted he still cannot work out how Bournemouth's recruitment team repeatedly finds top young talent. The long-serving defender explains why the squad now trusts the club to replace key departures, praises Kroupi and Rayan, and reveals why the Cherries' model gives them an edge.
Florida small businesses want more help offering retirement plans, AARP survey finds
'The survey shows employers want practical solutions that make retirement saving easier and more accessible for their employees.'
Person Behind Viral AI-Generated Fallout: New York Game Hauls It Offline, Says Bethesda Issued Cease and Desist
The person behind a viral AI-generated Fallout: New York game has pulled it offline after receiving a cease and desist from Bethesda.
Gov. Sherrill launches working group to examine NJ public employee health benefits
TRENTON, N.J. — Gov. Mikie Sherrill has launched a working group bringing together state officials, unions, health care organizations and other stakeholders to develop recommendations aimed at improving the affordability …
Denzel Boston leads Browns in receiving
Rookie Denzel Boston paced the team on Thursday night with 89 yards on four receptions as Cleveland topped the Steelers.
AI Is Great At Science But Not At Being A Scientist. This Professor Explains Why
In a guest post published on Anthropic's research site on Thursday, physicist Matthew Schwartz argues that researchers get the most from AI by giving it problems suited to its strengths.
Eagles Star Assigns Blame For Busted Play vs Bears
Outside of Quinyon Mitchell, the Philadelphia Eagles’ secondary had a rough night against the Chicago Bears in Week 3. Despite facing a third-string quarterback in Case Keenum, the Eagles didn’t have any answers to the Bears’ passing game. The result? Giving up 247 yards and two touchdowns through the air. The Bears scored 27 points […] The post Eagles Star Assigns Blame For Busted Play vs Bears appeared first on HEAVY.
Rabies comeback? A concerning signal for America's public health infrastructure
Eighteen months ago, I asked whether anti-vaccine rhetoric and a retreat from infectious-disease preparedness might open the door for rabies. Now the CDC reports more rabies inquiries, more mass-exposure events, and a sharp rise in lifesaving post-exposure treatment. Is rabies making a comeback or is a strained public-health system making every possible exposure harder to assess?
Self-Care in the Chaos: Men’s Mental Health Meet-Up
The topic this month was “Self-care in the chaos,” and it couldn’t have been more appropriate given the days leading up to the meeting. Successful events downtown, a multi-school reunion…all bringing out the best in people. But overnight, violence had erupted for a group of teenagers, leaving the community wondering what happened. It’s the fourth […]
Yes, 'War's shocking episode 1 ending was inspired by Olivia Wilde's custody serving
Dominic West, Sienna Miller, and series creator George Kay weigh in on "War"s red carpet gone wrong.
Vance talks 2028, Ted Cruz and a tough midterm climate that could factor into his future
In an interview with NBC News, Vance said he is cautiously optimistic that Republicans’ numbers are improving even as concerns about the war and gas prices take a political toll.
Full Dodgers NLDS schedule & start times
LOS ANGELES — The full schedule for the Division Series round was announced by Major League Baseball on Thursday, giving us the start times for potentially all five games of the Dodgers’ first postseason round. The Dodgers will play the winner of Thursday night’s Braves-Phillies wild card battle in Atlanta, with their NLDS opening up […]
J.D. Vance visits Florida to rally the Republican base. Skeptics remain
One attendee said he’s considering leaving the governor’s race option blank after backing James Fishback in the Republican primary.
Irvington Springs Farm closes after 32 years in business
After more than three decades of farming and serving customers in the Lynchburg community, Kaye and Ben Moomaw are closing Irvington Springs Farm.
$10 million political check is not aimed at any particular Oregon race this year, union says
The union representing Oregon carpenters says the money is meant for long-term political giving, not just the 2026 elections.
Malik Olajuwon Commits To SMU In Major 2027 Recruiting Win
SMU lands four-star guard Malik Olajuwon, son of NBA legend Hakeem Olajuwon, giving Andy Enfield a major in-state addition for the 2027 class.
How the Legend of Sleepy Hollow is driving business growth in the Hudson Valley
Mothers face barriers to accessing mental healthcare, survey shows
Having theoretical access to healthcare doesn’t mean you can take advantage of it, as underscored by a report examining mothers’ experiences for themselves and their children. Released Thursday, Pulse Check 2026: Mothers on Mental Health, Care, and the Systems Around Their Families reports that nearly 48% of Florida mothers surveyed said they had struggled struggle […]
3 UK Exporter Stocks That Could Hold Up Better If Politics Shifts
UK politics is being ripped up again, with talk of a more left leaning Labour government under Andy Burnham, possible electoral reform and even Brexit being revisited. That mix is shaking assumptions about regulation, tax and the pound, which can punish some domestically focused groups while leaving certain global exporters relatively better placed. This article walks through three UK large cap stocks exposed to this news and explains how their international reach could matter for your...
NCMIC names Dickinson executive vice president of enterprise growth
NCMIC has promoted Tony Dickinson to executive vice president of enterprise growth, where he will lead the Clive-based company’s strategy to diversify its business and identify new growth opportunities. Dickinson will continue serving as president of NCMIC Finance Corp. and supporting the NCMIC Insurance Agency. The company said in a news release Dickinson will explore…
Wilson Sonsini Advises SpyGlass Pharma on Acquisition of Advanced Vision Science
On October 1, 2026, SpyGlass Pharma, a late-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to transforming the treatment paradigm for patients living with chronic eye conditions, announced the acquisition…
Online holiday sales expected to top $275 billion in 2026
With the Christmas holidays approaching and the shopping season underway, Adobe Analytics predicts more consumers will shop online, especially during the aggressive promotional period between Thanksgiving and Cyber Monday. Adobe...
Ten bucks says you’ll love this community science project
Today marks the first day of Rut Watch 2026 With another season of Deer Spy in the books thanks to community scientists like you, biologists are now on a mission to pinpoint the peak of the white-tailed deer breeding season in Maine. Every observation of deer breeding behavior and sign helps define the timing of the rut, and this project uses the power of community science to collect deer data all fall long. Hunters, hikers, and wildlife watchers - Rut Watch pairs well with any outdoor adventure you have planned this season. It’s a perfect excuse to slow down and connect with nature as you look for clues. So get outside, rack up that deer data and submit rut reports from now through December 1. The online form is science made simple: Location Date and time Breeding behavior observed Submit a Rut Report What to watch for Active Breeding The most obvious breeding behavior to observe is a buck mounting a doe, but that is a rare sight as it only lasts a moment. You are more likely to witness a buck “tending” a doe, following closely, chasing, nuzzling, or pawing at her rump until she is receptive. Sparring After bucks shed their velvet, sparring helps sort out who is who in the dominance hierarchy. Early season matches are often less intense than later season matches between similar sized bucks. Most sparring is complete by the time breeding begins. Rubs Don’t just look for deer, pay attention to the trees. Rubs are marks made by bucks when they rub their antlers on trees, removing bark and leaving their scent calling card in the process. Scrapes Look to the forest floor for this sign of breeding season behavior. Scrapes consist of two parts - a licking branch, and a patch of cleared earth. Bucks break a low branch around head height, then paw at the leaves below to expose the dirt. Covered in scent, a scrape tells does and other bucks, “I’m here!” Learn More More information What’s next for deer community science: Northern Maine Wintering Deer Survey Other active community science projects: Fish Tag Reporting Maine Golden Eagle Study Maine Amphibian & Reptile Atlas Project Maine Deer Management: Maine’s Big Game Management Plan Game Species Conservation & Management Report The Benefits of Hunting: Supporting Wildlife, Conservation, and Community Subscribe Share Leave a comment
College sports is 'living insanity.' Politicians, of all people, are trying to stop the madness.
Congress is considering an overhaul of college sports. And you should care, even if you aren't a sports fan.
College sports is 'living insanity.' Politicians, of all people, are trying to stop the madness.
Congress is considering an overhaul of college sports. And you should care, even if you aren't a sports fan.
How Mainers are weighing the pay-to-play allegation involving Susan Collins
Tom McShane of Windham will likely split his ticket in November. He likes a Republican candidate running for his legislative district but plans to vote for Democrat Troy Jackson for Senate, although reluctantly since his first choice dropped out. His choice in the Senate race is irrespective of the recent corruption allegations against incumbent Republican […]
Jets Backfield Remains Solid Despite Breece Hall Injury
Even with Breece Hall on the week-to-week list, the Jets have the depth to keep their ground game moving against the Bears this Sunday.
Judge permanently dismisses Trump administration's case charging ex-Olympian with Reflecting Pool vandalism
A judge in the nation’s capital agreed on Thursday to permanently dismiss a criminal case charging a former Olympian with vandalizing the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, a move that could prevent federal prosecutors from reviving the case under political pressure from President Donald Trump.
Bend's newest high school focuses on business and career tech education
Deschutes River High, having just opened its doors last month, is repositioning itself as the magnet high school for Bend-La Pine Schools. The school, on the prior Bend Tech Academy […]
Governor Sherrill Launches State Health Benefits Program Reform Working Group
State, labor, and healthcare stakeholders begin structured process to develop recommendations for improving affordability and long-term sustainability TRENTON – Governor Mikie Sherrill today announced the launch of the State Health Benefits Program (SHBP) Reform Working Group, fulfilling a commitment made last month as part of the Administration’s agreement with 17 unions representing State[...]
Young RWJBarnabas Health Patients Celebrate Disease-Free Milestone Following Advanced Sickle Cell Treatments
Pediatric patients treated for sickle cell disease through the Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Program at Rutgers Cancer Institute and The Bristol-Myers Squibb Children’s Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital gathered with their families and care teams to celebrate a milestone once out of reach for many people living with the disease.
Microsoft executives Peter Lee, president of Microsoft Science, and EVP Ryan Roslansky to depart
Two top Microsoft executives shared this week that they're leaving the Redmond, Wash., tech giant: Peter Lee, the former head of Microsoft Research, and Ryan Roslansky, Microsoft executive vice president overseeing both LinkedIn and Microsoft Office.
Manufacturing Depends on Logistics to Keep Supply Chain Moving
When JBE Inc. opened in Hartsville in 1982, the “old school manufacturing company” was mainly working with metal — clinging it, grinding it, whatever the manufacturing companies the subcontractor served needed. More than 40 years later, the...
Trump says Secret Service wants him to ‘take down’ Oval Office
The president also said he is looking into designating the White House room as a “federal landmark,” potentially preserving his changes.
VA Western Colorado Health Care System Mobile Medical Unit brings healthcare to veterans’ doorsteps
For many veterans living in Western Colorado, reaching traditional healthcare facilities can be a significant challenge. Long and difficult trips to hospitals in Montrose or Grand …
Goshen Health officially joins Parkview Health
Goshen Health is moving under the Parkview umbrella, a deal that officials said will offer the community more access to resources.
Judge permanently drops case against ex-Olympian over Reflecting Pool vandalism
The decision could prevent federal prosecutors from reviving David Hearn’s case under political pressure from President Donald Trump
Josephine Vaccarello Named President of MSG Entertainment
MSG Entertainment has promoted Josephine Vaccarello to President, after previously serving as the Company’s Executive Vice President, Live. She will now additionally oversee the Company’s entertainment and sports bookings as well the productions business.
'Worrying signs but not a crisis yet'
Paul: League form is not representative of actual form - the Champions League exit is still having an impact. Yes, European results have been bad but that is no surprise and nothing new. Patrick: Out of the Champions League and out of the League Cup, lost twice to Rangers in a week and seemingly have no consistent starting line-up.
How Washington Funded the Politicization of Science
Over the last half-decade, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has spent hundreds of millions of dollars on projects designed to influence academic policies, both in the sciences and other disciplines. The aim was to foster a progressive conception of social justice in these fields. In pursuit of this end, the foundation earmarked nearly a million dollars for a project titled “Creating Inclusive Scientific Societies through Policies and Practices,” over a million for a project on “Faculty Online Learning Communities for Gender Equity,” and over $2 million to foster “racial equity focused departmental change.” Through a public records request, I’ve obtained the proposals and progress reports for dozens of NSF grants designed to promote social justice. Although funding for these grants was eventually halted by the Trump administration, the projects illustrate an important facet of recent higher-education policy. Many of the university policies that promised “social transformation” didn’t arise in a vacuum. They were actively encouraged by outside funders—often by the federal government itself. Subscribe Accreditation—the peer-review process which enables universities to receive federal grants and student loans—has recently become a policy battleground, with accreditors wielding significant power over both universities and academic disciplines. In 2020, when Oregon Health and Science University’s medical school issued an extensive diversity action plan—which promised “consequences” for employees who failed to support “DEI, anti-racism and social justice”—it specifically pointed to the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME), the medical-school accrediting body, to justify the overhaul. The NSF actively promoted DEI-focused accreditation policies. The proposal for a $1.2 million program on promoting “community engagement” in STEM, which I obtained through a records request, notes that the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology was exploring changes to its criteria “that would incorporate JEDI [justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion].” The proposal promised to “support broader JEDI efforts in the general criteria for engineering.” Another grant funded a conference designed to “identify and share best practices and strategies to integrate IDEA principles in accreditation criteria”—referring to an acronym that stands for “inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility.” Scholarly societies have become another flashpoint in debates over higher education. Critics argue that many of these societies, which have the power to shape entire disciplines, have become increasingly politicized. Again, through its giving, the NSF played a role in promoting this politicization. In one million-dollar grant that received funding in 2024, a group of psychologists proposed a series of social-justice reforms to the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. The proposal, which I obtained via a records request, asserts that “[r]edistributing resources (such as moving different people into leadership roles) is not enough” and that the society’s “governance structures do not yet reflect its stated values of diversity, equity, and inclusion.” Its solution: review and rework the society’s criteria for leadership development, academic awards, conferences, and publications. Adjusting review criteria informed by “intersectionality” designed to fight “epistemic exclusion” is an easy way to introduce de facto ideological litmus tests into the peer-review process. For many of the grants I obtained, such litmus tests seem to be the point. “Academic departments are racialized social systems that produce and sustain the byproducts of systemic racism,” a proposal for a $2.7 million project funded in 2024 asserts, promising to develop “departmentally-focused change efforts that cultivate values, assumptions, and behaviors that advance racial equity.” The University of Illinois Urbana Champaign’s million-dollar “I-ADVANCE” project, which effectively created a small DEI bureaucracy on campus, promised to Embed 28 ADVANCE faculty fellows in STEM departments” to amplify its equity goals. Another $1.2 million project promised to create “faculty online learning communities,” made up of scientists at universities around the country, that would eventually build department-level diversity action plans. “Ultimately,” the proposal asserts, perhaps more perceptively than its authors realized, “both organizational change and intersectionality frameworks deal with power.” Indeed, such grants confer a great deal of power to administrators and scholar-activists, who can even use the mere availability of funding as a tool to advance their causes. That history is worth remembering amid today’s debate over federal involvement in higher education: Washington has been shaping university priorities for years, including by financing efforts to instill progressive ideas about race, gender, and equity into academic institutions—and many of the policies those grants encouraged remain embedded within universities long after the federal money has stopped flowing. John D. Sailer is the director of higher education policy and a senior fellow at Manhattan Institute. Share
Matt LaFleur explains why Packers added 434 starts of veterans who have “been through war”
Matt LaFleur and the Green Bay Packers have spent the opening weeks of the season constantly adjusting their offensive line, leaving the group without much stability heading into Week 4. Green Bay responded by bringing in veteran reinforcements who have combined for 434 career starts, adding a level of experience the unit had been missing. [...]
Republicans’ New Health Care Budget Cuts Take Effect Today, Stripping Lifesaving Health Coverage from Lawfully Present Immigrant Children and Families
Anthony Wright, executive director of Families USA, issued the following statement in response to the new H.R. 1 restrictions.
NFL fans question roughing call involving Patrick Mahomes
Ringo Chiu/Shutterstock.com Roughing call sparks debate after Chiefs win A roughing-the-passer call involving Patrick Mahomes sparked plenty of discussion after the Chiefs defeated the Dolphins 24-10. Chop Robinson was flagged after making contact with Mahomes as he released the ball. The penalty extended Kansas City’s possession and later became a talking point because of how…
Lewiston voters to decide whether to restrict city's needle exchange program
Safe & Healthy Maine, a new campaign initiative, is encouraging Lewiston voters to vote “no” on Question 1 this November. The question asks whether the city should restrict syringe service providers from giving anyone clean needles unless they turn in used ones.
Modders are now merging entire games, from Minecraft in Elden Ring to Mario Kart in COD Zombies
Modders are moving beyond model swaps by combining gameplay systems from entirely different titles. AI agents, recompilation and matching decompilation projects are speeding up the work.
UW-Eau Claire’s marching band to perform in 2027 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade
It’ll be the ninth ensemble from Wisconsin to participate in the parade in its over 101 years of operation.
Jewish and Israeli Artists Face Growing ‘Cultural Boycotts’ Across Entertainment, ADL Report Says
The Anti-Defamation League has tracked 65 cases of protests, cancellations and harassment involving Jewish, Israeli and Zionist performers.
There’s a Secret to Safeguarding Moms’ Mental Health. Or Is There?
Life's a breeze for new and expectant mothers, right? Their bodies "just know exactly what to do" to snap back after pregnancy. Having "a really consistent morning routine" works wonders. So does "remembering to slow down and breathe" and engaging in "open communication" with family and friends. Of course, none of these things can safeguard
$8 million NIH grant advances research on environmental health
Related News Severe COVID-19 infection increases heart attack and stroke risk as much as having a history of heart disease, study finds October 9, 2024 New USC research center explores […]
Miley’s New No. 1 Shows How Much The Album Business Has Changed For Her
Miley Cyrus’ 'Bass Persuades' debuts at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 with 61,000 units, giving her a sixth leader and first since 2013.
In Hindsight, the Packers Should Have Never Traded Dontayvion Wicks
Jayden Reed’s devastating season-ending injury exposes a critical depth chart void, leaving the Green Bay Packers to rue an offseason trade that sent a potential rising star to Philadelphia.
STATEMENT: Refugees & Legal Immigrants Lose Healthcare Coverage
Starting October 1, refugees and other immigrants who are living in the U.S. legally are no longer eligible for Medicaid or CHIP.
Good science requires much more than evidence
Empiricists believe that scientific theories are true only if they make correct empirical predictions: if we can't verify these predictions, then there is no reason to expect that they tell us anything about reality. However, Professor of Philosophy at King's College David Kyle Johnson argues that this is mistaken. In response to Bas van Fraassen, who has written on this subject for the IAI, he argues that we have many reasons for believing a theory to be true, such as it being parsimonious and having large scope — qualities which have been used throughout the history of science as criteria for judging theories. In 2024, Princeton philosopher Bas van Fraassen wrote a short article for IAI News entitled “Science Does not Describe Reality: The Limits and Benefits of Explanation.” At the time, I was working on two projects (a science book and a Great Course) that, when completed, would (among other things) defend science’s ability to describe reality. I wanted to write a response to van Fraassen, but the projects demanded too much of my attention. But now that those projects are complete, I am in a position to explain the objections to van Fraassen’s thesis. Summarizing van Fraassen’s argumentIn a nutshell, his argument is this: What scientists do is make predictions based on theories and then invite others to test to see whether those predictions are borne out. “If theory T is right, result R should happen in experimental condition C.” Many think that running an experiment that shows that R happens in condition C is proof that theory T is true (and should be believed). But, van Fraassen argues, that R happened in condition C is only a reason to think that R happens in condition C. That’s the only observable, or empirical, result we can actually see, so that is all that we are really justified in believing. (The underlying theory that made that prediction still may or may not be true.) That is why he calls those who accept his position “empiricists.”Before I explain what is wrong with this position, let me explain what it gets right. What van Fraassen Gets RightFirst, a theory correctly predicting the results of an experiment is not, strictly speaking, “proof” that the theory is correct. The basic line of reasoning is this:If the theory T is true, result R should happen. Result R did happen. Thus, theory T is true.In other words:“If T then R. R. Thus, T.”This is a deductively invalid, fallacious mode of reasoning, called “affirming the consequent.” Those premises do not guarantee that the conclusion follows. “If I am in Pennsylvania, then I am in the USA. I am in the USA. Thus, I am in Pennsylvania.” Clearly that argument doesn’t guarantee its conclusion; neither does the above argument.However, science is not a deductive method of reasoning; it is an inductive one. And inductive arguments merely try to raise the probability of their conclusion, not “prove” them for certain. Thus, the fact that an experimental result doesn’t prove a theory is true is irrelevant; it’s not supposed to. That is not what scientific reasoning is about.___If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational.___Second, it’s also true that a single experimental result doesn’t provide enough justification to believe that a theory is true. Scientists do not come to a consensus about whether a theory is true by looking at a single experiment; they look at all the evidence to determine where the preponderance of evidence points. The mere fact that I am in the USA raises the probability that I am in Pennsylvania, but not nearly enough to conclude that I am in Pennsylvania. However, if I am also regularly encountering people wearing Eagles and Phillies hats and seeing advertisements for Founding Father tours, I probably am. In the same way, a theory successfully predicting the outcome of one experiment is not enough to conclude that it is true; but if a theory makes a wide variety of predictions that are all vindicated by multiple experiments, performed by many different groups and people, all actively trying to prove the theory false (which is what good scientific experiments are designed to do)—that is a good reason to conclude that the theory is true. In other words, if you repeatedly try to prove something false but can’t, that is a very good indication that it isn’t. The problem of underdeterminationIn reply, those whom van Fraassen calls “empiricists” often point to the “problem of underdetermination.” For any given theory that makes successful predictions about what happens in experimental conditions, there are countless other possible theories that make exactly the same predictions—and since they do, the experimental evidence in question is just as much reason to accept any of those theories as it is to accept our original one. Thus, the argument goes, we have no way of knowing whether our original theory is true, or one of the other “predictively equivalent” theories is true. SUGGESTED VIEWING How Occam's Razor changed the world With Johnjoe McFadden As an example of underdetermination, philosophers often offer this example. The evidence of fossils seems to provide reason to conclude that the universe is quite old; ancient fossils are what the “ancient universe” hypothesis predicts. But it’s also possible that God created an ancient-looking universe 200 years ago, complete with a “fake” fossil record for us to find, to make it look old. The existence of fossils is what that theory predicts too. So, the argument goes, the fossil record can’t be used as evidence that the universe is ancient; the fossil record supports the “200-year-old ancient-looking universe” theory just as much. The problem of underdetermination points out that, for any theory with supporting evidence, we could invent another completely different theory that predicts exactly the same evidence, and thus undermine that evidence’s ability to support the original theory.But this “argument from underdetermination” betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of what scientific reasoning is and how it works. To explain, let me use another rather strange (but very real and commonly discussed) philosophical thought experiment called “The Grue Problem.” The “Grue” ProblemSuppose I want to know what color emeralds are, so I observe a few, see that they all appear green, and form the theory that “all emeralds are green.” I thus predict that the next 100 emeralds I find will also appear to be green. And let’s say that happens, and so I thus conclude that my theory that all emeralds are green is true. Now, one might rightly point out that I don’t know for sure that all emeralds are green—I have not seen them all. Maybe some I haven’t found yet are blue. Fair enough. After all, we used to think that all swans were white, until we found some black ones. But let’s say that I go on a quest and collect every emerald in the universe—and, for the sake of the argument, let’s say I can do this, and can even know that I have every one of them. So, I collect them all, look at them all, and verify that they all appear green. Can’t I now rightly conclude that all emeralds are green?Inspired by the problem of underdetermination, a friend might argue that I cannot.Sure, they all appear green now—but there could be another kind of color called “grue.” Something is grue if it is green up to a certain point in time, but then spontaneously turns blue. And there could be an infinite number of “shades” of grue. Something that is one shade of grue will turn blue at noon today, but something that is another shade of grue will turn blue at noon tomorrow, etc. So yes, the emeralds appear green now; and since they haven’t turned blue yet, they are not some “past” shade of grue. But they might be some “future” shade of grue (e.g., they may turn blue at noon tomorrow). And since all future shades of grue are consistent with “being green up to this point in time,” the evidence you have is completely consistent with the notion that all emeralds are some future shade of grue, rather than green. Indeed, that they would appear green until now is what the “some future shade of grue” hypothesis predicts. So, we have just as much reason to conclude that all emeralds are some shade of grue as we do to conclude that they are green.You’re probably thinking “It’s not equally possible that the emeralds are grue; they are obviously green.” You are right! But explaining why your instinctive reaction to my friend’s argument is correct will help inform why van Fraassen’s “empiricist” is wrong and science actually does describe reality.The main mistake my friend makes is in thinking that the “empirical evidence” (of all the emeralds appearing green) is (or even should be) all I am using to draw the conclusion that all emeralds are green. It is not. I am also considering known facts about how colors typically work; things don’t usually change color, and when they do, they don’t do so suddenly, without cause, and all at once. So, even though the simple evidence of the emeralds all appearing green up to this point is consistent with them being some future shade of grue—that is even what the grue hypothesis “predicts”—it is still exceedingly unlikely that they are. The hypothesis that they are green is much more likely. Understanding science refutes the problem of underdetermination The misunderstanding about science that the “empiricist” pointing to “the problem of underdetermination” makes is similar to the one that my friend made. Science is not just about considering experimental evidence; in fact, it’s not even just about considering empirical evidence. As Ernan McMullin and many other philosophers of science have pointed out, the inference that makes science is “inference to the best explanation” (sometimes called “abduction” or “retroduction” by McMullin). While, depending on the circumstances, scientists use many different kinds of reasoning, science as a whole is, simply put, the process of considering multiple competing explanations and comparing them to certain criteria—explanatory criteria (the kinds of things explanations must be and do, by definition, to be a good explanation)—to see which explanation is the best.And these criteria do not deal only with empirical results. Yes, successful predictions raise the probability of a hypothesis, but it’s also the case that the more new assumptions a theory makes, the less likely it is to be true; every new assumption presents an opportunity for the theory to be false. (The fewer assumptions a theory makes, the simpler or “more parsimonious” it is said to be.) Likewise, the more existing evidence a theory contradicts, the less likely it is, because in order for a theory to be true, every piece of evidence it contradicts has to be somehow faulty. (The fewer established theories a new theory contradicts, the more “conservative” it is said to be.) And, obviously, the more something explains, the better explanation it is. (This is called having “scope.”) If a theory raises unanswerable questions, it’s not expanding our understanding, and thus is not wide-scoping. Scientists consider all these things when deciding which theory to accept, because the theory that adheres best to these explanatory criteria is most likely to be true.___the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth.___The reason the grue hypothesis is no good is because it invents an entirely new kind of color—not just a new shade, but an entirely different category of color (a different way colors work)—and thus is not parsimonious. It raises unanswerable questions about how and why emeralds would just spontaneously change from green to blue (and thus does not have wide scope). And it contradicts what is already well established about how color works (and thus is unconservative).The theories that the problem of underdetermination points to do the same thing. Yes, the theory that God created an “ancient-looking universe” (complete with an ancient-looking fossil record) two hundred years ago is also consistent with the empirical evidence (of a fossil record) that presently exists; but that theory is monumentally unparsimonious (it requires many extra assumptions about infinite entities) and not wide-scoping (it raises unanswerable questions about why God would do such a thing). So, I can rationally conclude that it is false.Indeed, the history of science includes many examples of theories that were rejected because they lacked parsimony and/or scope, even before their falsity (and the truth of their competing theory) was confirmed by observation. As I point out in my book, geocentrism was rejected by the scientific community because it lacked parsimony, almost 200 years before the observation of parallax confirmed that the Earth moves around the sun. And the continuum theory of matter was completely rejected by 1860, because it couldn’t explain chemical reactions or organize matter into a periodic table, even though the experiments that eventually confirmed atomic theory weren’t even proposed until the 1870s. Solving the best of a bad lot problemIn response, the “empiricists” are likely to object, this time pointing to the “best of a bad lot” problem. “We have no reason to conclude that an explanation that has been shown to be better than others is true because we have no guarantee that the true theory was among those that we were considering.” If you have a “lot” (a collection) of poor explanations, even the best one is not true.The responses to this problem, however, are numerous. Peter Lipton argues that the set of hypotheses that scientists consider are not just randomly selected and thus unlikely to contain a theory that is true; they use existing knowledge to home in on what is most likely to be true. A doctor trying to explain abdominal pain is not going to bother wondering whether demons are causing it; they are going to stick with things like appendicitis and kidney stones, because they are most likely. Further, despite its name, inference to the best explanation is not just the process of comparing hypotheses and accepting the best one; we also want one that is a good explanation in its own right. If it’s not, we are going to keep looking until we find an explanation that is. And while that process does not guarantee that we will come across the exact truth, it’s very likely that the theory that emerges as the best will be at least approximately true, and thus we will be justified in believing it. And lastly, as I point out in my book, although many theories not based in scientific evidence (like geocentrism and continuum theory) have been completely overturned, science almost always progresses by the refinement of scientifically established theories—not their replacement. (Although our sun is not the center of the universe, heliocentrism was our first step in understanding the Earth’s true place in the universe.) So even if a theory we accept today may not be completely right, accepting it is a step on the journey toward the complete truth. The example of atomic theoryNow, it’s worth pointing out that most empiricists are not skeptical of all scientific theories; they are only skeptical of the ones that hypothesize the existence of “unobservables.” It’s not like they think that round Earth, heliocentrism, and germ theory are just useful (but untrue) “instruments” for making predictions about how to most efficiently navigate the seas, predict planetary motion, and treat diseases. They admit that the Earth actually is round, that the planets revolve around the sun, and that germs exist and cause disease. These facts and entities can be observed; the theories that suggest they exist are true. It’s only when theories start hypothesizing the existence of unobservables—like electrons, or quantum fields—that can’t be observed directly, that we should start doubting the theories’ truth. And to be fair to van Fraassen, in this published work, he doesn’t really say that we should doubt the truth of such theories. Only that scientific reasoning does not rationally force us to accept them as true. Skepticism, or agnosticism, he argues, is warranted. SUGGESTED READING Science is based in metaphor By Andrew Reynolds But the history of atomic theory throws a monkey wrench into that argument. Atoms used to be unobservable; again, scientists first accepted the theory that they exist because it had such grandiose explanatory power. But then atoms were seen with electron microscopes. They thus moved into the category of the observable. But this didn’t substantially change anything about what scientists were justified in believing; it certainly didn’t change any “atomic skeptics’” minds. It just confirmed what everyone already knew! If the hypothesis that something exists clearly provides the best explanation for what we can observe, then the belief that it exists is what is rational. The fact that the thing itself is not technically observable does not make doubting its existence rational.What’s more, the atoms were seen with an electron microscope. But electrons are themselves unobservable. How can an electron microscope reveal an atom if electrons are not real? This leads us to what is famously known as Hilary Putnam’s “miracle argument.” It’s (not) a miraclePhilosopher Hilary Putnam’s miracle argument is somewhat famous. Basically, he argued that a scientific theory being able to repeatedly make successful predictions—even about unobservables—without being at least approximately true would require a “miracle.” In other words, it would be such an improbable occurrence that it could not rationally be believed—the better explanation for why scientific theories about unobservables make the right predictions is because the unobservable entities and structures they hypothesize exist.Van Fraassen has addressed this argument. Indeed, in his original article, where he references Alison Gopnik’s point about orgasms not being “necessary for procreation” even though the desire for orgasm “drives the creation of progeny,” he is pointing to his own argument about how organisms are not naturally selected by evolution to get true beliefs; to the extent that belief-forming processes are selected for, the ones that are selected are the ones that are useful for survival—not the ones that produce true beliefs. In the same way, van Fraassen argues, scientific theories are accepted, not because they are true, but because they aren’t falsified; they make successful predictions; that’s what makes them “stick around.” So, the fact that they make successful predictions (and thus became accepted) is not a reason to think they are true.This argument is similar to C. S. Lewis’s “argument from reason,” which he used to argue against evolution: “The truth of evolution undercuts our ability to know that it is true.” Lewis’ argument famously failed; Elizabeth Anscombe, by Lewis’s own admission, demolished Lewis in a debate on the topic, and I have explained elsewhere why modified versions of the argument fail as well. In short, it’s because it fails to recognize that a belief-forming process can make an organism more likely to survive because it reliably produces true beliefs. It is therefore not the case that beliefs generated by naturally selected belief-forming processes are automatically false or unjustified.In the same way, the reason a theory “sticks around” could be because it’s not falsified, because it “makes correct predictions.” But the reason it makes correct predictions is most likely because it is true. (In pointing this out, I am echoing the arguments of Musgrave, Lipton, Psillos, and Kitcher, who refuted van Fraassen’s argument and analogy long before his 2024 article.) It would be a huge coincidence that it could do so without being true. And that is the point of Putnam’s miracle argument. Thus, contrary to van Fraassen’s suggestion, the mere fact that a theory’s predictive success is why it “sticks around” or “becomes accepted” in the scientific community is not a reason to be skeptical about its truth. ConclusionLet me close by saying something about the fact that empiricists don’t doubt the truth of all scientific theories, just the ones that hypothesize unobservables. In today’s society, this theory is dangerous to espouse publicly. The nuance between being skeptical about all of science, and just the highly technical theories about unobservables, is guaranteed to be lost to the average reader. And there is so much unjustified skepticism and doubt about the findings of science and experts that a headline like “Science Does Not Describe Reality” could easily fuel the anti-science movement, worsen climate change denial and cause the next pandemic.This is why I believe it was important to still respond to van Fraassen’s article, a full two years after he wrote it. Not only, as I have argued, does it represent a philosophically inaccurate view of how scientific reasoning works and what scientific reasoning can do, but it is a dangerous view to boot. It should thus be rejected.
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