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Sunday Night Football Week 2: Chiefs-Colts live blog
The Kansas City Chiefs are set for another primetime battle as they look to go 2-0 against the Indianapolis Colts on Sunday Night Football.
Braves clinch division title as Red Sox reach MLB playoffs
Mike Yastrzemski smacked a game-winning three-run homer to lead Atlanta over Houston 4-2 on Sunday as the Braves clinched their seventh Major League Baseball division title in nine seasons.
Angle Health Raises $600M to Grow Employer Health Benefits Platform
Angle Health's funding round was led by Vitruvian Partners, with participation from Town Hall Ventures, Blumberg Capital, Portage Ventures, PruVen Capital and Y Combinator.
Forest fire threatens tourist town in Colombian Andes
A forest fire was burning Sunday in central Colombia near the popular tourist town of Villa de Leyva, officials said.
BUSINESS Rebecca Wood brings New England roots to Chicago’s ENJOY stores
When ENJOY, An Urban General Store (ENJOY) owner and president Rebecca Wood moved to Chicago in 2002, she lived near Lincoln Square and spent lots of time exploring the small businesses on Lincoln Ave. “The 4700 block fascinated me…and the neighborhood felt like a village inside this big city I was still getting to know,” said Wood. […]
HCA Healthcare (HCA) Acquires a Healthcare College. Can Training Capacity Improve Staffing?
HCA Healthcare, Inc. (NYSE:HCA) announced on September 15 that it had completed its acquisition of The College of Health Care Professions. The institution serves more than 8,000 students annually through 10 Texas campuses and online programs, offering more than 20 accredited healthcare programs. For HCA Healthcare, Inc. (NYSE:HCA), the opportunity is to connect education more […]
Bridgeman wins PGA Biltmore title with sizzling 61
Jacob Bridgeman birdied four of the last six holes on Sunday to hold off fellow American Ben James and win the PGA Biltmore Championship by two strokes.
Williams injured as Bears shut down by Vikings
Caleb Williams suffered an injury as the free-scoring Chicago Bears were brought back to earth with a 9-3 defeat to the Minnesota Vikings on Sunday.
Flathead Co. health officials warn of measles exposure sites
Flathead City-County Health Department officials are warning residents about potential measles exposures after being notified that an individual with measles wa
City Arts and Sciences Academy receives $250,000 grant
LYNN — The school year at City Arts and Sciences Academy is off to an auspicious start, with news that the school has been awarded a $250,000 grant from the… Related posts: ‘The American Dream’ explores the pursuit of justice with DA Paul Tucker LEAP of faith Lynn Community Health Fellowship graduates 70 Role reversal
Trump and Mamdani plan to meet in New York during the president's upcoming UN visit
President Donald Trump plans to meet with New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani when Trump travels to the city for the upcoming U.N. General Assembly | WWJ Newsradio 950
The iPhone 18 Pro Max ships to you with a smaller battery than advertised. But it's okay
Your iPhone 18 Pro Max has a new battery feature that limits the capacity. Here's what you need to know.
Trump set to meet with New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani on Monday
Mamdani’s office said the New York City mayor will meet with President Donald Trump at Gracie Mansion.
Simon Wood: We had to dig in
Leeds United Women manager Simon Wood reflected on an important 2-0 victory away at Bradford City Women, with the Whites maintaining the perfect start to the FA Women’s National League Division One ...
Mayor Zohran Mamdani to meet with President Trump in New York City
New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani will meet with President Donald Trump on Monday ahead of the United Nations General Assembly, Mamdani’s office said Sunday.
Man Utd frustrated at the Premier League's second-bottom side!
What is happening at Manchester United?A terrible week for the Red Devils. After the 11-v-10 defeat to Manchester City and the loss after leading 2-0 against Brighton in the League Cup, the Mancunians...
Health officials: Measles exposure reported at three sites across Flathead Co.
The Flathead City-County Health Department (FCCHD) says a person with measles visited several public places in Flathead County while they were infectious.
Why Is Elbit Systems (TASE:ESLT) Rebranding Its U.S. Business As Twenty Six Defense?
Elbit Systems (TASE:ESLT) has rebranded its U.S. operating segment as Twenty-Six Defense, targeting the domestic American defense market. The new Twenty-Six Defense banner is intended to highlight U.S. industrial capacity and onshore production for defense customers. Elbit Systems links the rebrand to closer alignment with U.S. national security priorities and government focus on localized manufacturing. The Twenty-Six Defense shift toward a U.S. centric identity is an important context for...
Carter Jensen Makes Kansas City Royals Rookie Single-Season History
Jensen added to a spectacular rookie campaign with an impressive feat on Saturday.
Man City win surprising thriller but Sunderland expose growing problem
Man City 5-3 Sunderland: Brian Brobbey ran City’s defence ragged and scored a hat-trick, leaving Enzo Maresca plenty to ponder – even in victory
Manchester City 5-3 Sunderland: What Le Bris said
This is the reality of the Premier League and we have to learn. Brobbey for Sunderland today was the sixth instance of a player scoring a Premier League hat-trick but ending the match on the losing side, and the first since Roque Santa Cruz for Blackburn Rovers against Wigan Athletic in December 2007.
Perfect 24 hours as Man City put pressure on Arsenal
Manchester City head into the international break in a jubilant mood after enjoying the perfect 24 hours this weekend.
Schumacher's joy after Bolton win thriller at Norwich
Bolton Wanderers manager Steven Schumacher speaks to BBC Radio Manchester after they win 4-3 at Norwich City to record their first back-to-back Championship wins since 2018
Norwalk Health Department Announces 2026 Fall Flu Clinics
The Norwalk Health Department has announced its 2026 fall flu clinics schedule.
High school football: Week 5 schedule
CIF City Section, Southern Section and intersectional high school football schedule for Week 5 of the 2026 season.
Lewis Hall Shine’s In Newcastle’s Win Against Hull City
Fresh from an England recall, the full-back dominated the left flank with a clinical strike and resilient defending to anchor a vital victory for the Magpies.
Man City outlast Sunderland in eight-goal thriller, Liverpool win
Brian Brobbey scored a hat-trick in a losing cause as Manchester City maintained their 100% Premier League start with a frantic 5-3 win over Sunderland on Sunday. In a game characterised by poor defending, City struggled to kill off the fired-up visitors at the Etihad Stadium, with Brobbey a constant thorn in their side.
Natrona County health and food inspections (9/11/26–9/17/26)
CASPER, Wyo. — The Casper-Natrona County Health Department inspects restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, mobile food units, commissaries and
Laramie County health and food inspections (9/11/26–9/17/26)
CHEYENNE, Wyo. — The Cheyenne-Laramie County Health Department inspects restaurants, bars, convenience stores, delis, grocery stores, bed and breakfasts
🚨 Manchester City wobble, Liverpool steady themselves!
Three goals conceded, but… the win is there! A strange afternoon for Manchester City at home, as they ran out 5-3 winners against a tough Sunderland side.Dutch international Brian Brobbey grabbed a ...
Haaland completes Premier League set by scoring against Sunderland
Erling Haaland’s goal against Sunderland today means he has now scored against all 25 sides he has faced in the Premier League. Men's Team Haaland becomes top scorer in Manchester derbies in Premier...
Power & Politics: Legionnaires cluster in the South Bronx; the rapid growth of artificial intelligence; Regents exams no longer a graduation requirement
New York City Council Speaker Julie Menin and New York City Council Member Eric Dinowitz join the show this week.
Power & Politics: Legionnaires cluster in the South Bronx; the rapid growth of artificial intelligence; Regents exams no longer a graduation requirement
New York City Council Speaker Julie Menin and New York City Council Member Eric Dinowitz join the show this week.
Felix Anudike-Uzomah discusses building on Week 1 performance
During his press conference, Kansas City Chiefs defensive lineman Felix Anudike-Uzomah discussed building on his Week 1 performance | @EdEastonJr
City make 10 changes for Sunderland clash
City have made 10 changes for our Premier League clash with Sunderland from the side that beat Norwich City in the Carabao Cup in midweek. Men's Team He’s a truly, truly special person – Donnarumm...
NFL Sunday Night Football best bets Week 2
Sunday Night Football brings the Indianapolis Colts to Arrowhead to face the Kansas City Chiefs, and there are several player props worth targeting. Here are four bets for the Week 2 NFL matchup. MORE: Bold predictions for Week 2 of…
Go take a walk, or a hike, or a bike ride, or a wheelchair ride for Memorial Health this October
3.25 miles a day of walking X 31 days in October = 100 miles.
Iowa City and Cedar Rapids Business Notes for Sept. 20, 2026
Business Notes is a compendium of the week’s promotions, new hires, certifications, added business lines and business events, among other items, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa City and the rest of
Technical errors and no tenacity
Since taking charge in 2019, Mikel Arteta has made a point of reiterating how much he values physicality and the demands he puts on his side to win duels. Arteta said he was "extremely disappointed" as his side were "very far" from doing the basics he expected, with uncertainty in defence, a loss of midfield control and lack of attacking creativity. "Sometimes there were some technical errors very much involved that opened us up in a really difficult way, but that's something to learn."
Sunday Night Football: How to watch the Indianapolis Colts vs. Kansas City Chiefs game tonight
How to watch this week's Sunday Night Football clash between the Colts and the Chiefs.
Exeter pay tribute to former coach and keeper Miller
Exeter City manager Matt Taylor says he admires the way his side played in the aftermath of the death of Kevin Miller.
Viggósdóttir leading Bayern to new home
Unterhaching will welcome visitors from the world of European football on Tuesday evening as Manchester City come to town and the Champions League makes its debut here. And for FC Bayern Women, it’s...
FSU students show interest in staying in Tallahassee
Nearly 900 FSU students attended a local career fair, challenging the idea that graduates always leave the city.
The lowdown on FC Bayern Women’s first Champions League opponent
Like FC Bayern Women in Germany, Manchester City also claimed the domestic double last season after winning the Women’s Super League and FA Cup. The two teams now meet for the first time in the open...
2nd NYC health system makes deal
A second major New York City health system has struck a deal with the Trump administration to no longer provide gender-transition care to adolescents and pay a penalty to the federal government, the Justice Department announced on Friday.
Colwill's 'surreal' Ronaldo and Haaland ambition
In just 12 months, the Cardiff City midfielder has gone from League One football to the prospect of facing Cristiano Ronaldo and Erling Haaland.
Valley organizations team up to provide hot food, health care
A Phoenix-based outreach organization is partnering with a mobile medical clinic to bring health services directly to neighborhoods across the city, including HIV testing and health education.
Valley organizations team up to provide hot food, health care
A Phoenix-based outreach organization is partnering with a mobile medical clinic to bring health services directly to neighborhoods across the city, including HIV testing and health education.
UFC 334: Gane vs. Hokit Officially Announced
During the UFC 331 event, the UFC officially announced the upcoming UFC 334 fight card that takes place in November. UFC 334 goes down on November 14 at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. Here is the full card. UFC 334 Main Card In the main event of UFC 334, Ciryl Gane […] The post UFC 334: Gane vs. Hokit Officially Announced appeared first on HEAVY.
High school football: Saturday's scores
Results from CIF City and Southern Section high school football games on Saturday, Sept. 19.
Defender Ng predicts big wins to come for Cardiff
Cardiff City defender Perry Ng says he expects the club to "batter some teams" moving forward as the Bluebirds finally put an end to their winless run.
High school flag football: Friday and Saturday scores
CIF City Section and Southern Section high school girls' flag football scores for Friday and Saturday.
Manchester City vs Sunderland – Match preview and team news
Manchester City will be looking to make it five wins out of five in the Premier League when they welcome Sunderland to the Etihad Stadium on Sunday afternoon. Enzo Maresca’s side eased to a 5-0 win ...
Manchester City vs Sunderland – Predicted lineup and team news
Manchester City host Sunderland at the Etihad Stadium on Sunday looking to make it five wins from five in the Premier League. Enzo Maresca’s side have won every game across all competitions since he...
Recap: Sporting KC falls 4-3 to Philadelphia Union
Sporting Kansas City (5-17-3, 18 pts.) fell to a 4-3 defeat against the Philadelphia Union (10-10-6, 36 pts.) at Sporting Park on Saturday night. Andre Luiz scored twice in the first half to go along with Wyatt Meyer’s first goal for the club before red-hot Philadelphia responded with four second-half
AI 'warning shots' focus Beijing on national security risks
While AI researchers in the United States fret over out-of-control superintelligence wiping out humanity, Chinese policymakers have until now been more focused on immediate risks, from deepfakes to child safety.
Phoenix groups team up to bring health care, hot meals to those in need
A Phoenix-based outreach organization is partnering with a mobile medical clinic to bring health services directly to neighborhoods across the city.
Lake City hosts Crossroads Music and Market Festival with live music, food and family fun
Downtown Lake City turned into a hub of music, food and family fun Saturday as the Lake City held its annual Crossroads Music and Market Festival.
There was a possible measles exposure at Philadelphia International Airport
The city department of public health is notifying travelers and others of the possible exposure, which is unrelated to the recent measles exposures at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
Carter Jensen sets Royals rookie record for home runs
The young core of the Kansas City Royals continues to shine this season.
1976 Power Ballad, Recorded in New York City, Became Iconic Band's Biggest Hit
This classic hit has become an iconic ballad.
1976 Power Ballad, Recorded in New York City, Became Iconic Band's Biggest Hit
This classic hit has become an iconic ballad.
1976 Power Ballad, Recorded in New York City, Became Iconic Band's Biggest Hit
This classic hit has become an iconic ballad.
Chile's Bachelet quits race to be next UN chief
Michelle Bachelet, the former president of Chile, withdrew her candidacy for the position of United Nations secretary-general on Saturday, weeks after a straw poll showed her in second to last
Carrick has faith in VAR despite derby error
Manchester United head coach Michael Carrick still has faith in VAR despite the derby blunder that cost his side in their home defeat by Manchester City
Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves datamine potentially leaks future DLC characters
Fans have been datamining the latest update for Fatal Fury: City of the Wolves, which may have leaked future characters with a potential Season 4 of DLC. We’ll be getting into the details below, so keep that in mind before proceeding. All information comes from heavenstardrive. First up, new win quote dialogue from Rick points to Xiangfei joining the game...
He’s a truly, truly special person
City No.1 Gianluigi Donnarumma has lauded new boss Enzo Maresca as a brilliant coach and wonderful person. Men's Team Haaland the cover star for Sunderland matchday programme Donnarumma linked up with...
Xavier Worthy Explains Miscue With Patrick Mahomes vs. Broncos
Overall, the Kansas City Chiefs had a good showing on offense in Week 1 against the Denver Broncos. The rushing attack was the best we have seen from the Chiefs in several years, led by Kenneth Walker III. However, the passing game left a little to be desired. Quarterback Patrick Mahomes started the game completing […] The post Xavier Worthy Explains Miscue With Patrick Mahomes vs. Broncos appeared first on HEAVY.
Local First Foundation advocates for community-based healthcare plan across La Plata County
Nonprofit asks city to get involved
Kenneth Walker III responds to disciplinary actions from the NFL
Kansas City Chiefs running back Kenneth Walker III responded to disciplinary actions from the NFL | @EdEastonJr
Volunteers help Carson City locals receive health checkups at first Love Heals Free Clinic
Locals unable to afford health checkups can get them done by medical professionals today, Saturday, at the Carson City Community Center during the first Love Heals Free Clinic event happening […]
Czechs beat USA to qualify for Davis Cup finals
Jiri Lehecka downed Learner Tien in a deciding rubber as the Czech Republic stunned the United States 3-2 in Davis Cup qualifying for a second straight year, while South Korea
San Siro 100: the special
19 September 1926 to 19 September 2026. One hundred years of San Siro, one hundred years of history that have impacted both the city of Milano and world football. Inaugurated by a 6-3 derby win for In...
Match Preview: Fulham vs. Manchester United
The Reds are on the road and looking for a boost after losing successive matches at Old Trafford. The controversial loss to Manchester City, to an Erling Haaland goal that should have been disallowed, was followed by a Carabao Cup exit at the hands of Brighton & Hove Albion on Wednesday. After a disappointing start […]
High school football: Top performers in the Southland
A look at the top performers from CIF City and Southern Section football games this week.
Official: Real Madrid name squad to face Atlético
The squad of players called upon by Real Madrid for their upcoming showdown with city rivals Atlético has been unveiled online. And it features, in positive news for Los Blancos, minimal absentees.T...
Viral Ja Morant Clip Needs a Real Answer
A polarizing video of the star's raw trade reaction has Blazers fans questioning his commitment. Now, the new centerpiece must prove he values Rip City’s future.
Closer Look At OKC's Young Players: Bennett Stirtz
Sam Presti traded up to secure this high-IQ playmaker, betting on elite offensive processing and lethal range to overcome defensive questions in a loaded Oklahoma City rotation.
Analysis: Moyes' Toffees moving in right direction
Manager David Moyes will be delighted at the start his Everton side have made to the campaign. The Toffees won none of their final seven games as they finished 13th last season and missed out on the European qualification that at one stage had been within their grasp. Everton also suffered a tough end to the transfer window, with key attacking midfielder Iliman Ndiaye going to Manchester City in a £65m deal and striker Beto, their top scorer last season, leaving for Fiorentina for £14.6m.
Brighton 3-0 Arsenal: What Hurzeler and Gross said
Brighton have now won at home against the reigning Premier League champions in each of the last three seasons, beating Manchester City in 2024-25, Liverpool in 2025-26 and Arsenal today. No player has been involved in more Premier League goals this season than Brighton's Gross (six – three goals, three assists), who scored and assisted against Arsenal today.
Training: Final prep for Sunderland clash
Check out images from training on the eve of our Etihad encounter with Sunderland. Match Preview City v Sunderland: Kick-off time and TV information The Black Cats head to Manchester for a 14:00 (UK) ...
Haaland the cover star for Sunderland matchday programme
Erling Haaland is our cover star for the matchday programme for City’s game against Sunderland on Sunday. Interviews Maresca: Opening day win was important for current form The City striker is also ...
Seattle’s progressive values need businesses to succeed
As the Seattle mayor and council begin deliberations on the city budget, they should remember that a strong economy supports city services.
Ten-man Jersey Bulls held to Winchester City draw
Ten-man Jersey Bulls are held to a 0-0 draw at Winchester City as they return to action in Isthmian League South Central.
Harvey Barnes makes Newcastle history with quickfire assists ⚡️
Newcastle have jumped out to a lightning-fast start against Hull City on Saturday, taking a 2-0 lead inside seven minutes.And while he isn't on the scoresheet, you have to give credit to Newcastle win...
Enjoy Mud Hens Opening Day, Walleye game, and Hensville entertainment all in one
Some days bring Toledo together. This one brings the entire city downtown. On Friday, March 26, 2027, we're launching the first-ever Fins and Feathers Festival. It all starts with Mud Hens Opening Day, continues with live music and entertainment throughout Hensville, and concludes with a Toledo Walleye game that night.
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. There are over 300,000 followers of Ground Truths so more than 90,000 folks who can easily convert to be free subscribers. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. If you’re not a subscriber, please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths The proceeds from all voluntary paid subscriptions go to support our summer internship program. It enabled us to accept and support a record number of 62 summer interns that joined us in 2026! These are high school, college and medical students selected from thousands of applicants. We couldn’t do this expanded program without the funds coming in through Ground Truths. Thank you!
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Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival.
Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival | KNX News 1070 AM
Munich’s Oktoberfest roars to life as the mayor taps the first keg
Munich's Oktoberfest has kicked off with the city's mayor tapping the first beer keg, marking the start of the 191st edition of the festival | NewsRadio 1080 KRLD