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Apple's Entire Mac Lineup Gets Massive Discounts for Prime Day
Prime Big Deal Days is in full swing, and we've already begun tracking the best Apple discounts during Amazon's big fall event. This year, there are notable markdowns across Apple's Mac lineup, including the MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and brand new Mac mini and Mac Studio. MacBook Air Note: MacRumors is an affiliate partner with some of these vendors. When you click a link and make a purchase, we may receive a small payment, which helps us keep the site running.
‘Adventure Time’ creatives break down its most haunting episode
Talk about a pillow fright! ‘Adventure Time’ writers and storyboard artists talk about how they created one of the cartoon’s most haunting episodes ever, ‘Puhoy!’
Minnesota gubernatorial candidates discuss business platforms at Economic Club discussion
Minnesota gubernatorial candidates Sen. Amy Klobuchar (DFL) and Rep. Lisa Demuth (R) faced off Monday afternoon in a forum hosted by the Economic Club of Minnesota. Each candidate took the stage independently to answer questions from a moderator for 30 minutes apiece.
Minnesota gubernatorial candidates discuss business platforms at Economic Club discussion
Minnesota gubernatorial candidates Sen. Amy Klobuchar (DFL) and Rep. Lisa Demuth (R) faced off Monday afternoon in a forum hosted by the Economic Club of Minnesota. Each candidate took the stage independently to answer questions from a moderator for 30 minutes apiece.
Museum of Life and Science seeks additional $2M from Durham County as costs rise
The Museum of Life and Science is asking Durham County for an additional $2 million as rising construction costs have left the museum facing a $3.5 million funding gap.
KBOCC, NMU sign articulation agreement for business degree program
The Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College and Northern Michigan University have come to a new articulation agreement to allow KBOCC students to continue their business education at NMU.
Supreme Court rejects Roy Moore's push to restore $8.2M defamation verdict awarded to him
The U.S. Supreme Court has rejected Roy Moore’s push to restore an $8.2 million defamation verdict awarded to him over a 2017 Senate ad | KNSS Radio
Science Highlights Six Overlooked Pioneers Who Missed the Nobel Prize in Medicine
The international journal Science has spotlighted six groundbreaking achievements in the life sciences that never received Nobel Prize recognition.…
Nobel prize in medicine 2026 awarded for research on mysteries of brain
Three scientists to share 12m Swedish kronor prize for their work on ‘light-gated ion channels and optogenetics’
French services sector returned to growth for first time since December, PMI shows
France's dominant services sector grew in September for the first time since the end of last year, helped by a rebound in output after businesses had been impacted in August by an intense summer heatwave, a business survey showed on Monday.
South Dakota to receive $7.2M in federal funding to modernize rural emergency services
South Dakota will receive $7.2 million through the Rural Health Transformation Program to modernize EMS with 25 projects improving response and telemedicine.
Government Business Review names Whiteside County’s Camarano Economic Development Director of the Year
Whiteside County Economic Development Director Gary Camarano, who is also the executive director of the Northwest Illinois Film Office, has been named Economic Development Director of the Year 2026 by Government Business Review.
Malik lifts Cedar Grove boys soccer over Newark Data Science
Malik lifts Cedar Grove boys soccer over Newark Data Science
Health officials alarmed by increased measles cases amid proposals to lower vaccine mandates in Florida
Health officials in Florida are ringing the alarm as confirmed measles cases continue to explode across the state.
The multiplier effect: Wilmington film boosts local business during ‘One Tree Hill’ convention
WILMINGTON — Thousands of fans pilgrimaged to Wilmington almost two weeks ago to celebrate a show that wrapped filming in the city more than a decade ago. Some local businesses felt the boost.
New Macomb-Kettering deal enables business students to transfer straight into bachelor’s program
The Flint-based university will provide a pathway to its Bachelor of Science in management degree.
Moms of infants overcome barriers to postpartum care with help from patient navigators
A new Northwestern Medicine study has found patient navigators — trained guides who help patients access care and resources while working alongside the healthcare team — can ease the challenging transition to motherhood for low-income pregnant individuals, leading to better health in their postpartum period and more consistent primary care for years to come.
Opinion: UChicago’s growing gender imbalance deserves answers
A former UChicago admissions officer questions why the university is enrolling more male students when substantially more female students applied.
Minnesota health officials says hospital mergers often lead to higher patient costs
Lawmakers and state regulators are considering how health system mergers could cost Minnesotans.
A fact-checked guide to Trump's talking points and falsehoods at midterm rallies
President Donald Trump is hitting the campaign trail to support Republican candidates in toss-up races that will determine which party controls Congress for the final two years of his presidency. Here’s a list of more than two dozen go-to Trump statements and how they square for accuracy.
Annual Maine Public Health Conference Focuses on Getting ‘Back to the Basics’
This year’s theme, “Nourish to Flourish,” focused on strengthening fundamental building blocks across the state. A key focus: food access.
CCU breaks ground on new Health and Human Performance building
Construction has officially started for a new addition to the Coastal Carolina University campus.
PepsiCo, Monster challenge India 'energy drink' label ban citing business impact
PepsiCo and Monster Beverage have sued India's food regulator for banning their use of the "energy drink" label, non-public court filings show, escalating a regulatory fight that has jolted a sector expected to be worth $1.6 billion by 2028.
How Washington Funded the Politicization of Science
Over the last half-decade, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has spent hundreds of millions of dollars on projects designed to influence academic policies, both in the sciences and other disciplines. The aim was to foster a progressive conception of social justice in these fields. In pursuit of this end, the foundation earmarked nearly a million dollars for a project titled “Creating Inclusive Scientific Societies through Policies and Practices,” over a million for a project on “Faculty Online Learning Communities for Gender Equity,” and over $2 million to foster “racial equity focused departmental change.” Through a public records request, I’ve obtained the proposals and progress reports for dozens of NSF grants designed to promote social justice. Although funding for these grants was eventually halted by the Trump administration, the projects illustrate an important facet of recent higher-education policy. Many of the university policies that promised “social transformation” didn’t arise in a vacuum. They were actively encouraged by outside funders—often by the federal government itself. Subscribe Accreditation—the peer-review process which enables universities to receive federal grants and student loans—has recently become a policy battleground, with accreditors wielding significant power over both universities and academic disciplines. In 2020, when Oregon Health and Science University’s medical school issued an extensive diversity action plan—which promised “consequences” for employees who failed to support “DEI, anti-racism and social justice”—it specifically pointed to the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME), the medical-school accrediting body, to justify the overhaul. The NSF actively promoted DEI-focused accreditation policies. The proposal for a $1.2 million program on promoting “community engagement” in STEM, which I obtained through a records request, notes that the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology was exploring changes to its criteria “that would incorporate JEDI [justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion].” The proposal promised to “support broader JEDI efforts in the general criteria for engineering.” Another grant funded a conference designed to “identify and share best practices and strategies to integrate IDEA principles in accreditation criteria”—referring to an acronym that stands for “inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility.” Scholarly societies have become another flashpoint in debates over higher education. Critics argue that many of these societies, which have the power to shape entire disciplines, have become increasingly politicized. Again, through its giving, the NSF played a role in promoting this politicization. In one million-dollar grant that received funding in 2024, a group of psychologists proposed a series of social-justice reforms to the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. The proposal, which I obtained via a records request, asserts that “[r]edistributing resources (such as moving different people into leadership roles) is not enough” and that the society’s “governance structures do not yet reflect its stated values of diversity, equity, and inclusion.” Its solution: review and rework the society’s criteria for leadership development, academic awards, conferences, and publications. Adjusting review criteria informed by “intersectionality” designed to fight “epistemic exclusion” is an easy way to introduce de facto ideological litmus tests into the peer-review process. For many of the grants I obtained, such litmus tests seem to be the point. “Academic departments are racialized social systems that produce and sustain the byproducts of systemic racism,” a proposal for a $2.7 million project funded in 2024 asserts, promising to develop “departmentally-focused change efforts that cultivate values, assumptions, and behaviors that advance racial equity.” The University of Illinois Urbana Champaign’s million-dollar “I-ADVANCE” project, which effectively created a small DEI bureaucracy on campus, promised to Embed 28 ADVANCE faculty fellows in STEM departments” to amplify its equity goals. Another $1.2 million project promised to create “faculty online learning communities,” made up of scientists at universities around the country, that would eventually build department-level diversity action plans. “Ultimately,” the proposal asserts, perhaps more perceptively than its authors realized, “both organizational change and intersectionality frameworks deal with power.” Indeed, such grants confer a great deal of power to administrators and scholar-activists, who can even use the mere availability of funding as a tool to advance their causes. That history is worth remembering amid today’s debate over federal involvement in higher education: Washington has been shaping university priorities for years, including by financing efforts to instill progressive ideas about race, gender, and equity into academic institutions—and many of the policies those grants encouraged remain embedded within universities long after the federal money has stopped flowing. John D. Sailer is the director of higher education policy and a senior fellow at Manhattan Institute. Share
HOMETOWN HEALTH: Doctors more cautious prescribing anxiety medication, studies show
Prescriptions for the anxiety drug benzodiazepine are declining in the United States.
Entertainment RX: Cancer treatment, concern for a gender-fluid grandchild
Entertainment RX, a new column from former Globe TV critic Matthew Gilbert, is an entertainment-guided advice column offering things to read, listen to, or watch that somehow address — or, in some cases, distract from — the issues readers write in about.
MEA Location-based Entertainment Market Size Report 2033
MEA location-based entertainment market size was $191.5M in 2025, is projected to grow from $253.2M in 2026 to $1,398.0M by 2033, at a CAGR of 27.6%
Senate blocks measure requiring report on Israeli violence in West Bank
Nearly all Senate Democrats voted to require the State Department to report on Israeli settler violence in the West Bank.
3 low-cost investments to help global populations age well
Promoting healthy ageing doesn't have to be expensive. Small preventive interventions in health and mobility can unlock massive global economic dividends.
SLR Business Credit Provides $1.2MM Senior Secured Asset-Based Credit Facility to Gourmet Mushrooms
SLR Business Credit (SLRBC) closed a $1.2 million senior secured asset-based credit facility to Gourmet Mushrooms. The facility is structured exclusively
WATCH: Trump announces accord signed by top AI companies to 'self-police' development
Many of the executives gathered in Washington have called for a slowdown in the development of the technology after several hgh-profile incidents where AI agents have gone rogue.
Judge orders DFA to maintain health insurance for St. Albans Creamery workers
St. Albans Creamery workers will continue to receive employer-provided health insurance while a legal battle plays out over the plant’s closure, according to a new court ruling this week.
Popular Jersey Shore pizza spot closes after 32 years
The pizzeria was one of the first businesses to reopen on the town's Main Street after a devastating fire years before its 1994 founding.
Penn and Community College of Philadelphia launch an academy for West Philadelphia businesses
The program, aimed at businesses with a connection to West Philadelphia, is tuition-free and helps business owners make plans to grow.
Health director recommends moving Douglas County Sheriff’s staff after fecal contamination worsens
Tests show liquid from the ceiling drained into buckets contains fecal matter, so sheriff’s staff worry about the effect on their health.
Senate passes sweeping college sports package
It is a massive piece of legislation, setting national rules on everything from NIL compensation to conference realignment.
Seminar in Rockford educates food business owners on sustainable packaging
Business owners in the food service industry learn about safer, sustainable packaging options during a seminar in Rockford.
The WPI Conversation: Why global health still needs external funding
Arnhold Institute of Global Health Director Rachel Vreeman on the continued need for global health funding in the wake of wide cuts
Open Call: Visa Foundation U.S. Small Business Growth and Innovation Program
Visa Foundation is investing $2M in U.S. nonprofits that support small and micro businesses. Apply for a grant of $100K–$250K by October 21, 2026.
Business Notes: New utility director in Chesapeake; new Habitat for Humanity manager in Williamsburg
View business milestones in Hampton Roads.
How a Miami-area entrepreneur won a $15,000 grant. What you can learn
Six tips from a Miami entrepreneur about winning pitch competitions
Trump administration begins airing 2024 Trump campaign ad in latest taxpayer-funded messaging
The Trump administration is using taxpayer funds to air a television advertisement from Donald Trump’s 2024 presidential campaign in the latest in a series of ads promoting the president ahead of the midterms that the White House maintains are “public service announcements.”.
Trump administration begins airing 2024 Trump campaign ad in latest taxpayer-funded messaging
The Trump administration is using taxpayer funds to air a television advertisement from Donald Trump’s 2024 presidential campaign in the latest in a series of ads promoting the president ahead of the midterms that the White House maintains are “public service announcements.”.
Walmart says it's not using personal information to set prices as it expands digital shelf labels
Walmart is aiming to assuage customers' fears about its new pricing technology as it rolls out digital price labels at its stores.
Business People: Evereve hires Target exec Alanna Baker to lead digital
RETAIL Evereve, an Edina-based national women’s fashion chain, announced the appointment of Alanna Baker as its first chief digital officer. Baker joins Evereve from Target Corp., where she most recently served as vice president of…
Can friends lobbying friends on politics really work? Editorial Board Roundtable
So, what does our Editorial Board Roundtable think of these approaches, paid and otherwise, of friends lobbying friends on how to vote?
Insurers claim AI is already increasing healthcare costs
Blue Cross Blue Shield says hospital use of AI tools led to an additional $942M in healthcare spending over a two-year period.
Sony may reconsider plans to phase out physical discs for PlayStation.
The management of Japanese company Nippon Ichi Software and its Western publishing division NIS America announced that they are holding direct consultations...
Disney on Ice is heading to N.J. for 9 shows. Here are the cheapest tickets we found for each night
Disney on Ice is making it's way to New Jersey end of October, and you don't want to miss out on securing these cheapest tickets that we found
What's the Most Overrated Business Advice?
Let us know the most overrated business advice you've gotten in the comments.Subscribe to The Hustle:🔗 https://clickhubspot.com/vu3lGet the 5-minute newsletter keeping 2M+ innovators in the loop🔗 https://clickhubspot.com/3klnAbout HubSpot: HubSpot is a customer platform that provides education, software, and support to help businesses grow better. The platform includes marketing, sales, service, commerce, operations, and website management products that start free and scale to meet our customers’ needs at any stage of growth. Today, thousands of customers around the world use HubSpot’s powerful and easy-to-use tools and apps to attract, engage, and delight customers.#TheHustle #HubSpot
Walmart pilots new health program for customers: What does it include?
Approximately 90% of the U.S. population lives within 10 miles of a Walmart store or Sam’s Club.
Airport sewer spill affecting Flint River health, tests show
It's just the latest spill from the airport, and the Flint Riverkeeper says the impact on the river's health is
I Had 5 Key Pillars of Health Tested, in Less Than Six Hours
With two Biograph locations, one in New York and one in the San Francisco bay area, the preventative care clinics evaluate assessments across five key pillars of health.
Everett firefighters prevent dumpster fire from spreading to businesses, apartments
Multiple 911 callers said people were trying to put out the flames with fire extinguishers.
Renovated building for social science, education and policy institutes will enhance interdisciplinary connections at Northwestern
The newly renovated facility, overlooking Deering Meadow, is a hub for teaching, research and collaboration across fields
Fifth candidate enter race to lead WHO as nominations close
A fifth candidate has entered the race to lead the World Health Organization, the agency's website showed as the deadline for nominees closed overnight.
Former sports medicine director accused of sexually abusing more than a dozen college athletes
A grand jury indicted Robert Murphy on nine counts of sexual contact under pretext of medical treatment and 23 counts of sexual battery.
Former sports medicine director accused of sexually abusing more than a dozen college athletes
A grand jury indicted Robert Murphy on nine counts of sexual contact under pretext of medical treatment and 23 counts of sexual battery.
The science behind seasons
Fall began this week across the Northern Hemisphere, but why does the planet experience seasons?
House Science Leaders Introduce a $10 Billion Fusion Bill
The bipartisan proposal from the House Science Committee comes with the backing of the Fusion Industry Association.
Senate rejects measure to block Trump from ordering more strikes on Iran
The administration ignored passage of a similar resolution in June, arguing that it lacks the force of law.
Covering the Cost: The cost of perimenopause and mid-life women’s health on the economy
Annalisa Burgos talks with Kelly Yamamoto, co-founder of women’s mid-life healthcare provider Magnolia Collective Wellness, and Jennifer Ablan, editor in chief of Hawaii Business Magazine, about the investment gap between men’s and women’s health, especially during mid-life years.
Audit flags oversight lapses as Maryland Department of Health misses $42M in collections
Lawmakers are raising fresh concerns about the Maryland Dept. of Health after a new legislative audit found the agency failed to collect millions of dollars.
Local health officials urge residents to get vaccinated after measles case in Adams County
After the Indiana Department of Health confirmed a measles case in Adams County, local health leaders are urging people to check their immunization status.
State’s Attorney: IDHS delays Choate Mental Health and Developmental Center closure plans
Union County State’s Attorney Tyler Tripp shared the Illinois Department of Human Services’ update on their plan to close psychiatric hospital beds at Choate Mental Health and Developmental Center.
St. Croix Valley Business Innovation Center receives $2.2M grant for expansion
St. Croix Valley Business Innovation Center receives $2.2M grant for expansion
Palmetto Sports Daily: Clemson takes 1st trip out west, How SC looks to bounce back after loss
Clemson prepares for its first West Coast trip since the ACC expansion, and South Carolina looks for answers as it heads to Alabama.
Maryland health inspector general audits find $42M in improper payments, report says
Maryland’s Office of Inspector General for Health (OIGH) has identified more than $42 million in improper or unrecovered payments over the last four years, acco
'It has become very dire in a lot of places': New map reveals exactly where humans are adding and removing precious fresh water on Earth
A new high-resolution map of global freshwater trends between 2002 and 2025 has sharpened scientists' understanding of how humans are using and displacing our most precious resource.
St. Croix Valley Business Innovation Center receives $2.2M grant for expansion
The grant is awarded from the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration.
Earth's crust is 'unzipping' beneath Italy — and that could explain most of the earthquakes in the region
The peeling away of Earth's crust beneath Italy may explain a lot of the seismic activity in the mountains that run along the spine of the country.
The Supreme Court has a good chance to start fixing a bad law
The Indian Child Welfare Act’s main concern is identity politics, not children’s welfare.
The Galaxy S26 Ultra is finally getting One UI 9 in the US, but there's a catch
Samsung has started rolling out the Android 17-based One UI 9 update to some Galaxy S26 Ultra owners in the U.S.
Quality Behavioral Health named in $18.8M federal case alleging Medicaid fraud, forced labor
The federal government is seeking to seize nearly $18.8 million in cash, bank funds, and precious metals as part of a civil forfeiture case alleging a Detroit-area behavioral health provider defrauded Medicaid and used forced labor involving people receiving treatment.
California’s Business Climate: A closer look at the cost of doing business
California is home to one of the biggest economies in the world. But for businesses here, the experience of doing business in the state can be a little more com
Republican senator calls for probe of Trump Jr. after wedding party bankrolled by Russian oligarch
Republican Sen. John Curtis of Utah wants the Senate Judiciary Committee to investigate and subpoena Donald Trump Jr. after his wedding party was partially bankrolled by a Russian oligarch.
Dealroom.co | Ande raises $52M Series A to manage corporate entertainment spend
What's the deal? Ande, an AI-native network for corporate entert…
Teal Health raises $22M ahead of expected surge in demand with new coverage mandate
Teal Health, maker of an FDA-approved at-home cervical cancer screening device, has raised $22 million in a Series A funding round. | Starting in 2027, most health plans are required to cover the cost of self-collected tests with no cost to consumers, including follow-up tests. Teal is working to coordinate billing with major commercial payers ahead of that deadline.
The Next Frontier of Attribution Science Has Arrived
New research finds that Europe’s 2025 heat wave was made measurably worse by greenhouse gas emissions since the Paris Agreement.
Trump’s tariffs are a political loser
Voters are turning against the president because of tariffs.
New Hampshire to receive $2M for mental health services
More than $2 million is coming to the Granite State for mental health services.
‘Give me an opportunity’: Akron aims to level playing field for local small businesses with new program
The city of Akron announced a new initiative Monday aimed at helping local small businesses compete against larger businesses for municipal contracts.
Event supports Walhalla workers, businesses impacted by downtown fire
The City of Walhalla is rallying behind local workers and business owners who lost everything after a devastating fire swept through the downtown business district last week.
Science Snapshots: September 20, 2026
Explore groundbreaking discoveries on North Korea's nuclear impact, amoebic evolution, and the health benefits of regular exercise.
Charles River Community Health launches $5.2M expansion to meet high patient demand
With nearly 10% of Waltham residents turning to Charles River Community Health for essential medical care, the health center is launching a major
Ke Huy Quan reveals first ‘Temple of Doom’ residuals check was $100,000
Actor Ke Huy Quan said his family felt ‘surprise and disbelief’ after he received his residuals payout for ‘Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.’
Opinion | Postpartum moms need dedicated mental health support
Massachusetts has no inpatient unit where pregnant and postpartum moms can get tailored treatment.
Trump seeks to bring health-research funding under his control, Politico reports
U.S. President Donald Trump is seeking to bring a major part of national funding for health research under the control of his political appointees, Politico reported on Saturday.
What’s Your Hottest Business Take?
Let us know your hottest business takes in the comments.Subscribe to The Hustle:🔗 https://clickhubspot.com/vu3lGet the 5-minute newsletter keeping 2M+ innovators in the loop🔗 https://clickhubspot.com/3klnAbout HubSpot: HubSpot is a customer platform that provides education, software, and support to help businesses grow better. The platform includes marketing, sales, service, commerce, operations, and website management products that start free and scale to meet our customers’ needs at any stage of growth. Today, thousands of customers around the world use HubSpot’s powerful and easy-to-use tools and apps to attract, engage, and delight customers.#TheHustle #HubSpot
The Big Holes in Wearable Heart Rate Variability And Readiness Scores
On September 9th, Apple announced it was revamping its Apple Watch Health Sensing System, rolling out a Readiness score (0 to 10), and increasing the frequency of heart rate variability (HRV) outputs 24-fold. This can be viewed as upping its competition with various other consumer wearable sensors. These “readiness scores” as a composite of multiple metrics, with heart rate variability (HRV) being front and center for most. The majority of Americans are now using wearable sensors, which equates to well over 100 million adults. HRV and Readiness scores are increasingly being marketed as a measurement of autonomic nervous system health, a digital marker for future disease, a clock for biological age, and a holistic metric to promote healthspan and even longevity. (Apple also introduced a new longevity tab and “Health Age”.) None of this has been proven. In this edition of Ground Truths I am going to review what we know about heart rate variability and readiness scores. Heart Rate Variability HRV is the variation in normal heart cycle timing. The variability of the heart rate, the barely perceptible millisecond changes in time between consecutive heart beats (see R-R intervals in the Figure below, left panel), is due to interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal nerve) inputs. Distinct from heart rate, individuals with the same heart rate can have very different HRVs. It is a rough reflection of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, inadequate to say whether a person’s ANS function is abnormal. For more than three decades, heart rate variability (HRV) has been measured and several studies have found an association of low HRV and clinical outcomes, particularly a link with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. There have also been less well established links of low HRV to risk of early cognitive impairment, dementia, mental illness, Type 2 diabetes and substance abuse. An important reminder is that HRV is a surrogate marker without any established cause-and-effect relationship. If you increase your HRV, that doesn’t mean it will improve health outcomes. In fact, there is no hard evidence for that. All that work linking to health outcomes was done with electrocardiogram (ECG) derived HRV. Now, in the era of consumer wearables, this is getting assessed differently, by optical pulse (yes, the lights you see) plethysmography (PPG) or what is called pulse rate variability (PRV). They are not the same, as shown below (right panel) and only concordant when the delay between the ECG and pulse is kept constant, which basically means at rest. I should mention there’s also what I will call MPV, a mattress mechanical movement sensor, a derived heart rate variability, that companies like Eight Sleep use, even further away from directly measuring HRV. HRV has not one uniform measurement but many different types of quantification, such as RMSSD, the magnitude of difference between successive R-R intervals of normal sinus beats (N-N) or SDNN, the standard deviation of NN intervals, both in milliseconds. SDNN is one of the so-called frequency domain HRVs (others are LF, HF, LF/HF). Different wearable sensors use different metics; Apple has relied on SDNN and nearly all of the others use RMSSD, which is generally considered the more accurate metric. There’s also the different length of time measured, such as for a matter of minutes, all day, or an overnight’s sleep. Short measurements are especially problematic since they don’t capture enough of respiratory modulation and other factors that influence HRV. Share Ground Truths How well does HRV correlate with PRV? There are very limited studies, especially independently done. One that is commonly cited was conducted by Air Force researchers in only 13 healthy adults assessing Oura ring 3 and 4, Whoop 4.0, and Garmin Fenix 6 and showed a correlation coefficient of 0.88 to 0.97 and a mean absolute percentage error from 6 to 10%. The correlation is not a perfect 1.0, but there’s at least a fairly high level of correlation. HRV is supposed to increase during the night due to takeover of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher during deep sleep. A recent example of my 1 week, all day “HRV,” and one during sleep is shown below. As you can see, the N of 1 data are inconsistent for the same days from different sensors (Oura, AppleWatch, Fitbit Air, and Eight Sleep) by patterns, absolute numbers, and comparison with prior days and weeks. The largest study in over 8 million Fitbit users (the old version, not Google Fitbit Air, introduced in May 2026) gives you a sense of the effect of age, sex, and the 2 different main HRV (here PRV) metrics, with RMSSD on the left and SDRR (=SDNN) on the right below. That study, from data collected in 2018, is a major outlier, since all the more recent ones are tiny with respect to sample size. Many of the companies have not had independent evaluation of their HRV, such as Eight Sleep, but have published a low standard error on their website. There are some other published studies on the correlation between HRV and PRV, but they are all small and only in healthy adults. A scoping review emphasized the lack of study in underrepresented individuals, including the aged, people of color (which affects the PPG signal), and individuals who are underweight or obese. Add the typical adult age 60 plus with one or more chronic diseases. For example, one study in over 900 adults found poor correlation of HRV and PRV, non-uniformly underestimated across many chronic diseases (cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, respiratory, and others), concluding PRV is “an invalid surrogate for HRV.” A recent systematic review of 43 studies comparing HRV and PRV found reasonable pooled absolute standardized error (HRV as gold standard) but only 10 of the studies provided quantitative synthesis in ideal conditions. Their main conclusion was similarly cautious: “PPG-derived HRV [PRV] should not be regarded as universally interchangeable with ECG-derived HRV across all devices, populations, and recording contexts.” Factors Affecting HRV and PRV That gets me to the long list of factors that affect HRV (and PRV) besides the device, the type of measurement (RMSSD, SDNN or others), the person’s signal, the sensor site, the duration of data capture, if weighting by sleep stage is used, how artifact is processed and corrected. And this list is not complete!: Oura puts out data from their community of users (who input data) on what affects their overnight HRV. The factors currently provided are: no alcohol (increase 8%), melatonin (increase 2%, float tank (increase 2%), wine (decrease 4%), and party (decrease 14%) in overnight HRV. Must be some big parties! Subscribe What is a PRV measurement good for? It has been falsely characterized as an index of “autonomic balance” and a specific indicator of stress. A 2018 review of the studies available for HRV and its relationship to stress, not using any of the current wearables, found that stress can lower HRV. But so can many other factors. The non-specificity of the signal, indexed to the table above, is striking. Evidence from a UK Biobank study of over 46,000 participants with actual HRV looked at genetically predicted HRV, a genetic risk score, that failed to show the expected HRV-mortality link, indicating that _HRV is likely not causa_l, but rather a reflection of person’s physiologic state. A review of consumer wearable HRV data from 5 longitudinal studies showed that nighttime PRV was not associated with perceived stress, and surprisingly higher HRV, in the largest cohort (N=717 participants), was correlated with higher stress. An Oura ring cohort of 525 first-year college students found a link between overnight PRV and perceived stress, but that was also seen with resting heart rate, sleep, and respiratory rate. Several very small studies have examined the relationship of HRV and athletic injuries or guiding training with mixed, and predominantly negative results. HRV biofeedback training with paced breathing had no significant effect on reducing stress or raising HRV, as demonstrated with sham controlled trials. When HRV for multiple days showed a decline in conjunction with body temperature, the Oura ring published data for prediction of Covid. The WHOOP company sponsored an observational study, published in 2026, of 30,000 users for 72 weeks, without a control group, that reported reduced alcohol intake (5.8 % points) by self-report. That doesn’t tell us much, and particularly about the merits of HRV for behavioral change. If you use the same device and conditions as longitudinal trends for multiple (at least 2-3) weeks that may be the one way to get something useful from the measurements. Data for overnight sleep with minimal motion and using RMSSD is the best proxy for real HRV. The reason to look at trends rather than any given night is that it more likely represents something, even though you won’t know with certainty what the “it” is. Keep in mind there are no data, no peer-reviewed evidence, to show that HRV fluctuation in-person has any correlation with health outcomes. Share Readiness Scores These are proprietary scores that integrate different metrics for each of the wearables: no algorithms have been disclosed. They are unvalidated against health outcomes. In a review of 14 composite health scores of readiness and recovery, HRV contributed 86% to the scores, followed by reading heart rate (79%), physical activity and sleep duration (both at 71%). That review noted the substantial variability in measurement protools and lack of standardization. Sleep staging is notoriously inconsistent and inaccurate by these sensors, which adds further to the HRV uncertainties for what the scores, which use sleep stage data, mean. Only resting heart rate has been shown consistently across devices to be extremely accurate. I’ve made a Table to summarize what we know about which metrics are included, the scores, any peer-reviewed studies that compared the readiness score with health outcomes, and the corresponding (if any, NA-not available) citation. You will note that some companies do not use the term “readiness," such as WHOOP for recovery, and Garmin, which has 2 different scores, one of which is Body Battery. Eight Sleep uses the term “Fitness Score.” They all include HRV; Apple includes a new metric they call “Recovery HRV” which among other components uses 7-days of sleep, but it is unclear what this means or how it is differentiated from other scores (there are clearly no data for outcomes). We have no knowledge of how the different components are weighted or whether any of these scores are better than resting heart rate, HRV alone, physical activity, or any other single metric. Since none of these are standardized, they are not interchangeable, so if you get a 90 for Oura that has no relationship to a 90 on a Google Fitbit Air. Notably, the company can update its algorithm for readiness score at any point without notification to device users. Without any useful evidence of actionability for these scores or established relationship with health outcomes, it is hard to make a case for their value. At the Apple recent announcement they showed their Readiness score (0-10) on the watch (Figure below) but there are no published data on this score, not even on their website. It’s available only on their new Watch Series 12 or Ultra 4 [of course, ;-)]. That exemplifies the problems with these scores, lack of data and evidence for being meaningful to promote health. Perhaps the best study (which isn’t saying much) is the WHOOP Recovery for golfer performance, because it did correlate with an objective outcome, even though there was no control group and the authors were all from the company. Among the 389 pro golfers, an absolute 10-per cent point increase in Recovery score was associated with about 0.5 fewer strokes per round. But that’s hardly a health outcome! WHOOP is also conducting a study in over 2,700 runners to see if their recovery score will be linked to less injuries and improved performance, but that is not yet published and has no control group or randomization. Putting This in Context For two decades I’ve been enthusiastic about the potential for digital health and particularly wearable biosensors. Over the years, we’ve seen some great progress for their ability to promote physical activity and accurately detect atrial fibrillation (the first FDA cleared deep learning AI for consumers). That work was the subject of rigorous research. But there are holes in the data and evidence for other metrics. One notable one is the “VO2 max” story that I wrote about earlier this year. At that time many subscribers asked me to cover heart rate variability, which I finally got to here. When I dived into the research and publication for HRV and readiness scores, I expected to find at least some that were of high quality and demonstrated their utility by linkage to health outcomes. To my surprise, I found none. The wearable sensor measurements for HRV (PRV) are, for the most part, accurate, but that validation work has only been done in small studies of healthy adults and does not take into account the long list of factors, from the device, software side, and the user side, that affect HRV measurements. Moreover, this metric chiefly relies on optical sensing and, as we have learned for heart rate PPG sensing, may be less accurate in people of color. Keep in mind that all of the health outcome association evidence comes from ECG-derived HRV; none are from wearable sensor data. I will repeat the key point: there's no peer-reviewed evidence to show that in-person HRV fluctuation—or efforts to raise your HRV— has any correlation with health outcomes. For those of you who look at your HRV on awakening, or even 2+ week trends of it being low, I hope this context helps to relieve any anxiety. Yes, low HRV (not PRV) has been shown to increase risk of some diseases as summarized above. But efforts to raise your HRV—a surrogate metric— has not been established for improving any health outcomes. HRV does not have any evidence of causality (the genetic evidence actually goes against this possibility). In this summary, I have not included data for other wearable sensors such as Polar, Samsung, Withings, Suunto, Amazfit, Coros, Ultrahuman, or additional mattress sensors. These are beyond my first-hand experience, and as far as I know from my in-depth review none have any peer-reviewed published data that differ from the 6 sensors I’ve reviewed here. From the points I’ve gone over above, we’re not ready for readiness scores. Besides being proprietary, they are predominantly based on metrics that have their own issues. It’s compounding the problem, like building a house without a solid foundation that has never undergone a rigorous inspection, and then selling it. Like I mentioned for PRV, you can look at trends over weeks rather than any single day, to get a handle, but even that may not be helpful. There’s simply no evidence that these scores meaningfully relate to health outcomes. I’d emphasize they might, but that requires doing prospective or randomized studies to prove it. None exist. There’s great promise for HRV/PRV utility_. For example**,**_ Prof Maiken Nedergaard, who discovered the brain glymphatics that are essential in eliminating metabolic waste products from the brain during sleep, has posited that HRV could be a non-invasive marker for neuromodulator oscillations, brain-body regulatory circuits, and brain clearance. That would be extremely useful, but like everything else on HRV and readiness scores it requires solid research and validation. The lay media isn’t helping much to get the story straight. Earlier this year The Economist published a piece entitled “The most useful indicator of your overall health” which ordained HRV as an “accumulated stress score.” That’s akin to the false assertion about VO2max: “V02 max is the singular most powerful marker for longevity.” As I’ve summarized here, that is not established. The fact is that so many things can lower HRV, including physical exercise (especially an intense workout), reduced sleep quality, stress, the list above, no less the device, signal, and software. Whatever fluctuations observed have not been correlated with any health outcome. Sadly, “datamaxxers” are widely using HRV and readiness scores that have never been validated to mean anything. We already know that for some people using the sensors for sleep metrics, it can induce “orthosomnia,” an obsession to get high sleep quality, with associated high levels of anxiety. In an experiment done by a company to promote sleep quality for its employees, “For those employees who did use the trackers, many reported feeling perfectly rested until their tracker told them they had had a terrible night. Others were told that they had slept like a baby when they had actually been lying awake worrying about the quality of their sleep. “ The same problem can result from preoccupation with HRV or readiness scores, with anxiety that would lead to further reduction in both. It you are using a wearable like >100 million American adults, it’s OK to look at these data, but contextualized with the major caveats reviewed here. If you are one to require evidence that HRV or readiness scores are linked to health outcomes, you may not even want to look. The companies make it hard to turn them off! Let me end with the companies that make and sell wearables. Apple’s doubling down on HRV (24-fold more reporting and heart rate very 5 seconds) and introduction of a Readiness score tells us that consumers have bought into these metrics and they are joining the club. However, all of this is occurring with a backdrop of tens millions of users, claims about the data that are not backed up by adequate evidence, marketing way out in front of whatever limited data exists, and not being transparent about their readiness score algorithms. The companies can well afford to do the research that is needed to connect these metrics with health outcomes show, once and for all, that increasing HRV or using readiness scores promotes our health. If they believed and invested in the products they are selling, we’d not be in this position of not knowing. That’s essentially where we are with HRV and readiness scores. Perhaps someday this will change and we’ll have good reason to embrace them. NB: I wrote this post. No AI. I have no conflicts of interest with any of its content. Loading... Ground Truths has 215,000 subscribers from every US state and 214 countries. 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