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Scientist leaves Yale for China, chip researcher’s death: 7 science highlights
From China closer to detecting US nuclear submarines to its jam-proof satellite network, here are some highlights from SCMP’s recent science reporting.
California Assembly Health Committee passes 'Next of Kin Notification' bill
Assembly Bill 2598 was introduced in response to KCRA’s “Dignity Delayed.” The investigation revealed a backlog of human remains after patient deaths at Dignity Health hospitals.
Catherine O'Hara's brother says actress 'wasn't talking much in the end,' said goodbye to him in a dream
Catherine O'Hara's brother Michael P. O'Hara shares the 'sort of goodbye' he had with his sister after her death in January. 'She wasn't talking much in the end,' he says. 'She didn't really want to talk on the phone.'
The Boundless Deep: Young Tennyson, Science, and the Crisis of Belief by Richard Holmes
Pantheon Review by Walter Cummins The image of Alfred Tennyson I’ve carried for decades goes back to the childhood card game of Authors that depicts him with a stately continence sharpened by a jutting black beard. He’s formidable, his aura superior. Holmes opens his biography of the youthful Tennyson by describing the similar formality of the imposing Tennyson statue at Trinty College Cambridge, sharing the honor with other Trinity greats, including Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Holmes doesn’t want to chip away at that statue but rather reveal its inner youthful core of the man—tall, handsome, and talented but unformed, emerging from a disturbed family of addicted or insane male siblings and four unusual sisters struggling under a violent alcoholic clergyman father. Alfred was certainly statuesque, but would he end up a block of unformed stone like his equally promising brothers? He was youngest of three equally regarded Tennyson brothers at Cambridge, all bright, handsome, and talented, in fact Alfred regarded by some as less promising than his elders who also wrote poetry. Yet Alfred wrote one of his major poems, “The Kraken,” at twenty, revealing both his talent, his interest in geological forces, and the haunting creature that embodied his anxieties. While Holmes focuses on Tennyson of the 1830s and 1840s, he can’t tell his story without exploring his involvement with the Victorian intellectual upheaval. Tennyson was fascinated by new scientific perspectives, following the latest findings as soon as books and articles were published. He was especially taken with Charles Lyell’s deep studies of geology and the discovery of fossils and a timeline of the planet’s development that did much to question fundamental religious assumptions. The impact of these discoveries is reflected in Tennyson’s poetry and led to the crisis in belief he shared with so many contemporaries. He was especially taken by the cycles of destruction and renewal that informed the struggles he confronted in In Memoriam, Maud, and Idylls of the King. Tennyson was only one of the eventual major figures at Cambridge at the same time, young men just beginning to realize their potential. Charles Darwin was at Christ College, although there is no evidence that he and Tennyson even met as students or later in life. Yet evolution became significant in Tennyson’s thinking and the issues of his poetry. One of Tennyson’s best and most important Cambridge friends was Edward FitzGerald, who became the translator of The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám and in their on and off relationship served as Tennyson’s harshest critic. FitzGerald was also a friend of the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray, the two of them partying in Paris as undergraduates. That connection led to a friendship between Thackeray and Tennyson. Others who came to play significant roles in Tennyson’s life were Thomas Carlyle, the Brownings, and the Pre-Raphaelites. Tennyson’s deepest friend at college was Arthur Hallam, who at twenty wrote a glowing review of Tennyson’s first poetry collection, travelled on European adventures with him, and fell in love with his sister Emily. Hallam was also regarded as one more very promising Cambridge student. His sudden death at twenty-two in Vienna from a stroke while travelling with his father devastated many friends, but perhaps Tennyson most of all. He did not write immediate poems of grief but took years to compile those collected in In Memoriam A.H.H., published in 1850, almost twenty years after Hallam’s death For all of Tennyson’s early poetic successes and successes, Holmes reveals him as an often troubled young man suffering periods of depression, fearing planetary upheaval, concerned about supporting himself, disappointed in romances, and worried that he would inherit the family’s mental illness tendencies. Yet despite his seeming withdrawals, he was always writing poetry that he kept private and would not let go, constantly revising. 1850 became a transformative year for Tennyson. He finally consented to publishing In Memoriam with a last-minute prologue that acknowledged God and perhaps convinced the religious Emily Sellwood to marry him after years of pursuit.. He opened up to Emily, revealing his struggles with fears of depression and “weird seizures.” The devastating event of that time was the stillborn death of his unnamed first son. It shook him, but Emily’s faith brought them closer and convinced him to believe in an afterlife. Two later sons survived. With the death of William Wordworth in April of 1950, Tennyson was named poet laureate at age forty-one, reluctantly accepting. It’s as if Tennyson’s life split in half in that year. He lived another forty years, now a recognized success, with the prestige of being an official poet writing patriotic verse, wealthy and revered, no longer the insecure young man seeking an outlet for his immense talent. He earned a place in the Authors deck, now dignified and in 1884 elevated to the peerage as Arthur, Lord Tennyson. Richard Holmes is the author of twenty previous books on the Romantics and Victorians, several of which received awards. The Boundless Deep was shortlisted for the 2025 Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction. He captures the complex vicissitudes of Tennyson’s youth, illustrated by frequent excerpts from the poetry, placing that life in the full context of the shattering discoveries that led to an upheaval of thought in the Victorian age.
Chicago Bears HOFer Steve McMichael diagnosed with CTE year after death
McMichael died in April 2025 following a 5-year battle with ALS.
WHO calls for science-led action and stronger One Health approach to address evolving health risks
The World Health Organization today called for urgent scale-up of research, innovation, and collaboration to accelerate momentum towards ending tuberculosis in the WHO South-East Asia Region, which continues to bear nearly half of the global TB burden, accounting for the highest share of cases and deaths worldwide. To build momentum, experts, national TB programme managers, researchers, along with partners and members of civil society, began a three-day virtual workshop organized by WHO for ‘Advancing research and Innovation to accelerate momentum towards ending TB in the WHO South-East Asia Region.’
Suspicious death investigation rocks tight-knit Venice business community
A red pickup truck with a trailer attached is the focus of a suspicious death investigation in Venice.
LG killed its smartphones 5 years ago, but the ‘Rollable’ feels more real than ever [Video]
This past weekend was the 5-year anniversary of the death of LG’s smartphone business, and yet, we’re just now seeing...
Mark Consuelos emotionally announces death of his father, Kelly Ripa calls him 'greatest person'
Mark Consuelos emotionally announced the death of his father Saul Consuelos during Monday's 'Live With Kelly and Mark,' while Kelly Ripa praised her father-in-law as 'the greatest person I've ever known.'
National parks that feel like another world, from frequent US traveler
I've visited all 63 major US national parks and think places like Bryce Canyon, Death Valley, White Sands, and Badlands feel like another planet.
The brain might not create consciousness after all
Is consciousness something the brain produces, or is it woven into the fabric of reality itself? Renowned neuroscientist Christof Koch is challenging long-held scientific assumptions by confronting the “hard problem” of consciousness — why and how subjective experience exists at all. He highlights growing tensions between neuroscience, physics, and unexplained phenomena like near-death experiences and sudden moments of clarity before death.
Bruce Springsteen ‘heartbroken’ by ex-bandmate’s death: ‘May she rest with angels’
He shared his thoughts on social media.
Iran Executes Two Over Political Protests
Iran executed two men linked to recent anti-regime protests, according to a government statement. Authorities in the country have carried out death sentences for at least 13 political prisoners since the war’s start, according to the Hengaw Organization for Human Rights, a Norway-based group that mo
Community members remember Katelyn Hall, demand change after mental health call turned deadly
The Kentucky Alliance, VOCAL_KY, and other community organizations held a press conference Saturday, following the police shooting that led to the death of a Louisville woman in a mental health crisis.
Drummer for iconic rock band dead at 79: ‘You rocked my world’
The band shared the news of his death on social media.
R&B world rocked by legend’s death at 86: ‘We lost a giant’
He was a legend who was known for playing with other legends.
Recurring fevers, mental fog left this father ‘praying for death’
Doctors were stumped by an Oregon man’s deterioration. Then an infectious disease specialist had an aha moment.
Lt. Gen. Russel Honoré rips Hegseth’s rhetoric: could lead to ‘torture or death’ for U.S. troops
How to Run a Business in a High-Tax State (Without Giving All Your Money to the Government)
Death and taxes are inevitable. We can help you with the second part.
Psychiatric nurse practitioner discusses role of mental health inside prisons
Life inside correctional facilities has been under the spotlight in New York State for the last year.The beating deaths of Robert Brooks and Messiah Nantwi, co
‘Ahead of his time’: Donation gives BRAF ownership of Newtron Group
Founder of billion dollar company The Newtron Group prepared for the company to be donated to the Baton Rouge Area Foundation more than a decade prior to his July 2025 death. The donation will ensure that the company maintains its employees, leadership and contributions to charitable causes dear to the founder.
Citing patient deaths, Idaho Senate approves restoring cut Medicaid mental health programs
The bill would spend Idaho legal settlement funds to reinstate the mobile treatment program, called the Assertive Community Treatment program.
'Fighting' Bob La Follette's Progressive legacy lives on in Madison
A century after Bob La Follette's death, his ideas live on at The Progressive magazine and UW-Madison's growing School of Public Affairs.
Bruce Springsteen launches political U.S. tour with 'Streets of Minneapolis'
The New Jersey rocker released “Streets of Minneapolis” in late January amid the nationwide outcry over the shooting deaths of Renee Good and Alex Pretti by federal officers.
After man's death following insurance denials, West Virginia tackles prior authorization
On Tuesday, the state's Republican governor signed a bill that aims to curb the harms of insurance denials.
Lamar Odom's kids detail decision to skip his wedding to Khloé Kardashian: 'I never even met her'
Lamar Odom's kids LJ and Destiny detail their decision to skip their father's wedding to Khloé Kardashian in the Netflix documentary 'Untold: The Death & Life of Lamar Odom.'
Bumbershoot announces 2026 lineup; Death Cab for Cutie headlines
This band, Seattle rock royalty, will be the biggest hometown group to headline the festival in years.
London’s underground is a breeding ground for crime, mystery, death
“London Falling: A Mysterious Death in a Gilded City and a Family’s Search for Truth” is about mystery, secrecy behind a young London teen’s death.
How the Internet Became the ‘Cookbook’ of the Drug Trade
A baffling overdose death took investigators to the frontier of ultra-potent synthetic drugs. The clues were hauntingly familiar.
Millions of preterm births and thousands of infant deaths linked to plastic chemical
A chemical used in toys and consumer products is linked to thousands of infant deaths and millions of preterm births worldwide, a new study found.
Adult bed rails sold on Amazon recalled after 2 deaths
Adult bed rails from Vive Health recalled due to safety concerns following two deaths.
A decade of impact in maternal and child health
As we celebrate 10 years of giving, we are proud of what donors and partners have achieved to decrease maternal and infant deaths.
Internet erupts over 'disqualifying' leaked audio from Democrat in key Senate race discussing Khamenei's death
Michigan Democratic Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed faces backlash after leaked audio reportedly shows him avoiding comment on Khamenei's death over Dearborn voters.
The tragedy of Adam Ankers – and why his family want football to learn from his death
Nobody knew Adam Ankers had a genetic heart condition. Two years after his death, it has to be hoped that his legacy is to make sport safer
Garlic recalled in NY for health risks or even death
6-ounce bags of Christopher Ranch Peeled Garlic with UPC 00007457410852 are being recalled.
Vikings announce tragic death of six-time NFL Pro Bowler
Joey Browner, who made six NFL Pro Bowls in his 10 seasons in the league, died March 28 according to an announcement by the Minnesota Vikings. He was 65. “The Vikings are mourning the loss of Ring of Honor Safety…
'Bridging the gap': WSSU gathering addresses rural health disparities
The university is using outreach and mobile health services to try to reduce cancer death rates in rural North Carolina.
To protect public health, California must embrace clean transportation
“Diesel pollution is linked to asthma, heart disease, lung cancer, premature death and harm to children’s developing lungs and brains.”
A North Texas health coalition tackles maternal deaths
The Maternal Health Accelerator, a North Texas initiative, addresses a persistent problem: the high number of pregnancy-related deaths in our state.
N.Y. Attorney General Bars Health Provider After 3 Jail Deaths
The company, which Letitia James found was operating illegally in the state, also was fined $875,000 as part of a settlement.
Opinion: An approach to mental health care that could make a life-or-death difference for Alaska youths
House Bill 232 creates a narrow, safeguards-driven path to counseling when parental involvement isn’t possible.
One type of alcoholic drink linked to lower death risk, study finds
While experts advise avoiding alcohol altogether, a new study says that, among those who imbibe a low or moderate amount, there is a decrease in serious health risks and one type of alcoholic drink…
Police investigate homicide at business in Central Falls, RI
The death of a woman at Sue’s Salon in Central Falls, Rhode Island, is being investigated as a homicide, police said.
PS5 FPS Alien Deathstorm Is Not to Be Confused with Ridley Scott Movie, Despite Its Dev
We were confused, too
One type of alcoholic drink linked to lower death risk, study finds
While experts advise avoiding alcohol altogether, a new study says that, among those who imbibe a low or moderate amount, there is a decrease in serious health risks and one type of alcoholic drink…
Alien Deathstorm: Sci-fi Survival and Action Combine for a New First-Person Horror Hybrid
New from Rebellion (Atomfall, Sniper Elite) is Alien Deathstorm, an atmospheric first-person horror hybrid, coming to Xbox and Xbox Game Pass.
Hunter: The Reckoning – Deathwish announced for PS5, Xbox Series, and PC
Publisher Nacon and developer Teyon have announced Hunter: The Reckoning – Deathwish for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series, and PC (Steam, Microsoft Store). It will launch in summer 2027. It will al…
How You’ll Go From Prey to Predator in Hunter: The Reckoning - Deathwish
Hunter: The Reckoning - Deathwish is an upcoming action-RPG about contemporary monster hunters - we spoke to the game's director after its #XboxPartnerPreview debut:
Good Morning, Nashville! Talking Immigration Data Politics at Vanderbilt University
After a busy day on Capitol Hill yesterday, I landed in Nashville, Tennessee, last night for an exciting two days on campus at Vanderbilt University. Carwil Bjork-James, an anthropologist whose creative use of database construction to support critical scholarship resonates strongly with my own work, generously invited me to give a talk today about the politics of immigration data and to join a Wikipedia edit-a-thon tomorrow on the topic of immigrant detention. I encourage you to check out Carwil’s database project “Ultimate Consequences” about political deaths in Bolivia after 1982, and his book The Sovereign Street: Making Revolution in Urban Bolivia. My talk today is titled “Untangling the Messy Politics of Immigrant Detention Data.” I’ll focus on how immigrant detention data (not just detention centers themselves) become sites of controversy—from the collection and classification choices that shape what we can know, to the strategic withholding and distortion of data for political ends. Drawing on research spanning multiple administrations, I’ll trace how current data controversies in the second Trump administration connect to long-standing tensions in how we measure, interpret, and communicate about immigration. My goal is to move beyond simple partisan narratives and offer a practical guide for anyone working with immigration data to explore both the pitfalls to avoid and the creative opportunities for more transparent, rigorous public communication about immigration realities. If you are on campus, please stop by. Tomorrow I will join Carwil and Vanderbilt students for a Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon to edit and update Wikipedia entries related to immigrant detention with the latest robust information and data. This event is designed to orient participants into how to edit on Wikipedia, provide them with data-driven starter templates on detention facilities, and allow each person to produce an initial article on one element of the network of ICE facilities or one death in custody this year. The workshop is also a demonstration of how to use open data sources to build public knowledge—something I am deeply passionate about. Thank you to Vanderbilt University, the Spatial Histories series, and Carwil for hosting me. I would love to be a part of conversations and workshops related to immigration data on your campus. Students are really eager these days to have informed, critical, and data-driven explorations of our current immigration system. Reach out anytime if you want to discuss the possibility of bringing me to your campus. Subscribe
James Talarico Responds With ‘Love’ To Hegseth Pastor’s Criticism
James Talarico, the Democratic nominee for Senate in Texas, said, “You may pray for my death, Pastor, but I still love you.” The pastor said he was calling for Mr. Talarico’s religious conversion.
Deaths and Health Care Issues in ICE Detention Centers Under the Second Trump Administration
This brief provides an overview of deaths in ICE custody and detention centers under the Trump administration based on KFF analysis of ICE detainee death reporting and news releases and reviews recent reports of health care issues in detention centers.
Garlic recalled in NY for health risks or even death
NEW YORK (PIX11) — You may want to check your kitchen. Tops Friendly Markets is recalling garlic sold at stores across New York, Pennsylvania, and Vermont. 6-ounce bags of Christopher Ranch P…
‘NCIS’: Will [Spoiler] Be Back After Shocking Death in 500th Episode?
Plus, how the team will be doing moving forward.
‘NCIS’: Will [Spoiler] Be Back After Shocking Death in 500th Episode?
Plus, how the team will be doing moving forward.
State health plan for teachers faces 'death spiral,' Treasury warns
Rates expected to go up at least 10%, actuarial report says, as local districts pull their employees from system in search of lower premiums
Live Science Today: Jensen Huang AGI claim and major leap to reanimation after death
Tuesday, March 24, 2026: Your daily roundup of the biggest science stories making headlines.
After patient deaths, Idaho budget committee approves restoring cut Medicaid mental health programs
The Idaho Legislature will consider restoring mental health programs the state cut to comply with the governor’s order for budget cuts.
S.F. public health boss: Hospital staff stopped stabbing, not sheriff
Daniel Tsai said in a private meeting that protocol failures led to a social worker's death, and contradicted sheriff's account of the incident.
Colorado Sen. Mike Weissman calls for cold water on heated hate speech
Likening the recent record-setting warm temperatures to hot political rhetoric, Colorado Sen. Mike Weissman, D-Aurora, pleaded for an end to death threats and other hate speech directed at lawmakers of both parties. “The increasingly tragic reality of our politics, however, like the increasingly tragic reality of our climate, is one of combustibility,” Weissman said from the well […]
'A towering figure in French politics': reactions to Lionel Jospin's death pour in
Lionel Jospin, Socialist prime minister of France from 1997 to 2002, has died.
Diabetes, Overlooked and Unchecked, Poses New Risks in Africa
As deaths from diabetes start to rival those from infectious threats like malaria, a new form of the condition linked to malnutrition is surfacing in patients who can afford neither screening nor care.
Minnesota Wild, NHL mourn hockey writer Jessi Pierce after death in house fire
Pierce and her three children were killed in a house fire outside of Minneapolis early Saturday morning.
'Disgusting.' Democratic senator slams Trump's reaction to Mueller's death
Sen. Chris Murphy called President Donald Trump's response to the death of Robert Mueller "disgusting."
Your Thymus and Your Healthspan
Our thymus gland plays a central role in the development or our immune system, specifically for supporting T cell development (how these cells got their name, maturation and differentiation in the thymus) and discriminating between self and foreign, non-self antigen proteins with production of dendritic cells. As we age, our thymus gland shrinks—the process known as involution—with progressive change from spongy to fatty tissue, with loss of functionality. But this process, with respect to timeline and extent, markedly varies from one person to the next. And to make things even more complicated, our thymus gland anatomy and precise location in the chest also is highly variable. So the famous Frank Netter diagrams from the 1960s (such as at left below) don’t capture the remarkable heterogeneity that a random set of 12 chest CT scans (below at right). What I consider as 2 landmark papers in Nature this week (here and here) used AI to quantify health of the thymus in 2 large cohorts, and then correlate the metric to a broad array of health outcomes. In this edition of Ground Truths, I’m going to cover three questions: (1) How was thymus health determined by AI?; (2) How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? and (3) Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? Subscribe 1. How was thymus health determined by AI? This was accomplished by extensive work developing and validating an AI pipeline for 2 stages, the first for localization and segmentation of the thymus bed, and the second to quantify a digital marker, termed the thymic health score. There’s a lot to this algorithmic development, so I won’t go into all the details, but just provide a rudimentary outline of what was done. The 1st stage used supervised learning with 2 radiologists reviewing 2,461 chest CT scans. That work trained a 3D U-Net model to automatically identify the thymic bed’s 3D cropped region using center of mass coordinates, which reached 99.8% accuracy. The 2nd stage used a foundation model that was pre-trained with SwAV (which stands for Swapping Assignment between multiple Views), a self-supervised model, that generated a high-dimensional thymus representation of 4,096 features. That compares to the radiology reductionist and subjective scoring of 0 to 3 where 0 means the thymus is fully degenerated and fatty, and 3 is considered dense, intact glandular soft tissue. Notably, the self-supervised learning (SSL) performance was superior to supervised (AUC ~0.75 vs 0.55, respectively) reflecting the shallowness of the 0-3 classifier vs SSL’s holistic, self-taught AI. The thymic health score ranged from 0 to 100, with the highest number indexed to fully preserved thymic health. The algorithmic work extended to explainability with both Shapely value distribution, meaning the model was holistic not relying on any “magic” pixel, and occlusion sensitivity, demonstrating the model’s performance was not affected by ribs, sternum, lung tissue, but rather focused on the thymic bed directly. Below are a few saliency maps from the occlusion sensitivity that indicate the thymic bed focus, not affected by neighboring structures, using the jet color scale. Now the AI was ready for processing ~25,000 CT scans, each over 30 MB files, from the 2 large participant cohorts to provide a thymic health score, it did so in less than 14 hours, which is less than 2 seconds per scan! Share 2. How is thymus health linked to key clinical outcomes? The two cohorts were the National Lung Screening Trial, NLST (N=25,031) and the Framingham Heart Study, FHS (N=2,581) each with baseline demographics and long term follow up of >12 years for health outcomes. From the NSLT, you can see below that increased age and body-mass index were correlated to reduced thymic health. And, overall, men had reduced thymic health scores compared with women. There are a lot of graphs in the paper for outcomes, for both the NLST and FHS cohorts. To simplify the major outcomes, below is a composite Figure with striking reduction of all-cause mortality and for the different causes of death. The results were consistent between the 2 cohorts. For example, the cardiovascular mortality hazard ratio average was 0.57 in NLST and 0.38 in FHS (weighted to be 0.53 for the aggregate). The reduction of mortality also extended to digestive diseases and pulmonary disease (data not shown below). Lung cancer incidence was reduced by 36% for high vs low thymic health (Figure below, with a panel -incidence and b panel-mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status). Notably, there was a smoker’s paradox: lower incidence and improved survival for lung cancer in smokers who had a high thymus health score. Smoking was associated with lower thymic scores whereas alcohol was not. Higher thymic health was linked to higher HDL cholesterol, lower triglycerides, lower fasting blood glucose, and lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Inflammation biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, were elevated in the people with lower thymic health scores. In their second paper, the same team looked at the relationship between thymic score and outcomes for 3,476 patients receiving cancer immunotherapy. The non-small cell lung cancer progression-free survival was reduced in patients with low thymic health score. A parallel relationship for survival was seen for other types of cancer including melanoma, breast, and kidney with a 44% lower risk among high thymic scores (Figure). A similar pattern was seen with different immune checkpoint inhibitors. The thymus health score outperformed programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)and tumor mutation burden (TMB) assay of the tumor and was an independent prognostic marker of progression-free survival. In this dataset, a direct connect with thymus score and adaptive immune function was noted with a correlation before cancer treatment for both T-cell diversity and thymus T-cell production (a metric known as T cell receptor excision circles). Thymus Removal Study There is a highly relevant citation about thymus function before moving onto ways to rejuvenate it. In 2023, a very important study of thymus removal during cardiothoracic surgery was published, with 1146 patients undergoing thymus removal vs 1146 matched controls (mean age 55 years). The adverse outcomes for thymus removal were striking, with a 2.9 higher risk of all-cause mortality and doubling of cancer incidence, 1.5 fold increase in cancer mortality, and 1.5-fold increase in autoimmune diseases. The immune function showed marked compromise after thymus removal, as reflected by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Figure below) Share Ground Truths 3. Are there ways we can promote a healthy (aka rejuvenate) thymus gland in our later years? In recent months we’ve learned a lot about the process of thymus involution and the pathways by which this may be modulated. Thymus involution is primarily due to loss to thymus epithelial cells (TECs) and there are 2 subtypes with different functions: the cortical, responsible for positive selection of T cells, and the medullary, for negative selection. When adipose tissue infiltrates the thymus, thymic adipocytes are pro-inflammatory, knocking out T-cell output. Likewise, systemic inflammation, or “inflammaging,” from smoking, obesity, and chronic stress promote thymic adipocytes. Now, from preclinical studies, we know about key pathways that account for these processes. Historically, back in 2014, FOXN1 was recognized as a single master transcription factor essential for TEC function, with studies in mice with forced FOXN1 upregulation leading to thymus regeneration. That laid the foundation for potential regrowth of quiescent thymus cells. It took awhile to find pathways to accomplish this goal and to even refute its role as the master regulator. The Liver-Thymus Axis Feng Zhang and his team recently showed that injection of an mRNA vaccine to the liver encoding DLL1, IL-7 and FLT3-L in combination, factors known to support thymopoiesis (Figure), successfully enhanced immune function in aged mice. However, the effect was transient. The FGF21 Story Two reports in 2025 addressed the thymus gland’s production of FGF21, a growth factor (fibroblast growth factor 21) and its control of thymus involution. This growth factor is also produced by the liver, but it doesn’t have impact on the thymus in aged rodent models. In contrast, The liver’s hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to reverse senescent TEC structural changes. Growth hormone stimulates production of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver and the thymus. Two small studies in human participants (TRIIM, for Thymus Regeneration, Immunorestoration, and Insulin Mitigation) of 6 and 50 people, respectively, treated with combined human growth hormone, metformin and DHEA, suggested the potential of slowing epigenetic aging and improving thymus mass and function. But the combination of drugs, small sample, and lack of controls make conclusions murky. Increased thymus FGF21 led to increased CD8 T cells in old mice and extended healthspan and improved physical performance. Building on the previous FOXN1 data, ablation of β-klotho, the obligatory co-receptor for FOXN1, accelerated thymic aging. The benefit to FGF21 was confirmed in a companion paper using an FGF21 knock-in mouse model showing thymus enlargement and increased TECs throughout the lifespan. (schematic Figure below). The accompanying editorial for these 2 papers speculated: “The proposed link between age-associated thymus involution and organismal aging is intriguing, and suggests we might seek to achieve systemic rejuvenation by counteracting thymic involution.” Other Factors Lessons from the Axolotl (Mexican Salamander) In an elegant set of experiments of the axolotl (Figure), known for its complete thymus regeneration after total surgical removal, mediators were identified. Surprisingly FOXN1 was dispensable. But midkine, a growth factor, appeared to be the driver, the initiator of thymus cell growth, survival, and repair. Other components that contributed were Postn+ (periostin-expressing mesenchymal niches) and Ccl19, a chemokine protein from the bloodstream. RANK and RANKL RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB its ligand (RANKL) have been considered key regulators of medullary TECs. In a study of both aged mice and human thymus cell cultures, their key role was confirmed, with multiple benefits of resorting TEC function, recruitment of progenitor cells, and T cell development. Subscribe Summing Up This body of work strongly supports the health of the thymus gland as a critical regulator of human healthspan, not just a correlate or link. The new landmark studies are reinforced by the regenerative biology experimental models that have shown, via an array of mediators, that healthspan of aged mice is at least in part dependent on thymus gland function and its critical role for maintaining adaptive immunity. It sure seems that we’d be better off having an immune reservoir of naive T cells instead of a profile in older adults of exhausted, low quality, memory T cells, with a senescent phenotype. It is striking that we ignored the importance of the thymus gland for many decades. A wake-up call was the results of the thymectomy matched control study reviewed here, with the opposite of high thymic health score improved health outcomes. The convergence of AI and healthspan here is notable. The exceptional and laborious work for developing and validating (no less explaining) the AI to quantify thymus health set the foundation for probing the connect the major health outcomes in two cohorts with extensive follow-up. We’ve never had a way to meaningfully quantify the thymus gland before, so this represents important leverage of supervised, self-supervised, and transformer models. The study wouldn’t have been possible without AI. And it begs the question as to whether there are ways we can maintain our thymus at a high health score. But it’s not so simple to rejuvenate our thymus. There are multiple risks including the induction of autoimmunity, increasing the risk of cancer, and inducing a pro-inflammatory state. For example, factors that increase TEC proliferation could compromise the medulllary negative selection process and leak out auto-reactive (self-attacking) T cells. Thymic cells could be induced to proliferate, but we know, for example, that growth hormone and IGF-1 are associated with an increase risk of cancer. If thymus rejuvenation doesn’t clear out the accumulated senescent cells in older adults, then inflammation within the gland could block the production of TECs. Keeping these risks in mind, we now have identified many ways to keep our thymus healthy as we age that undoubtedly will be tested in clinical trials going forward. Ultimately, the benefit-to-risk tradeoffs will be defined. In the meantime, we have desperately needed an immunome. As I’ve stressed in multiple prior Ground Truths, we have no test in the clinic to assess a patient’s immune status! It was very encouraging for me to get an email from Hugo Aerts, the senior author of the landmark papers in the days after they were published: “I also wanted to say that your Substack on “Why We Need an Immunome” was inspiring for this work. We found it a very compelling perspective and greatly enjoyed reading it.” Just having an assessment of a person’s immune status via a chest CT scan, with millions of these performed per year, might help in guiding the right immunotherapy for cancer (e.g. more intensive, combinations for those with low thymic health scores) and help define people who are increased risk for age-related diseases of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative. The main theme of Super Agers is that we now have many layers of data (genetics, proteins, biomarkers, organ clocks that can be integrated via multimodal AI) for us to define a person’s specific risk decades before one of these age-related diseases leads to symptoms, enabling prevention. From the new studies this week, we can add thymus health score as yet another way to understand a person’s risk, a window into their adaptive immune system and healthspan. And perhaps someday we will be able to safely rejuvenate the thymus, or maintain its health through one’s life, and use the thymus health score to monitor. NB: I wrote this post (No A.I.) A Quick Poll Loading... ********************************************************************* Thanks to Ground Truths subscribers (now > 200,000) from every US state and 212 countries. Your subscription to these free essays and podcasts makes my work in putting them together worthwhile. Please join! If you found this interesting PLEASE share it! Share Ground Truths Paid subscriptions are voluntary and all proceeds from them go to support Scripps Research. They do allow for posting comments and questions, which I do my best to respond to. Please don’t hesitate to post comments and give me feedback. Let me know topics that you would like to see covered. Leave a comment Many thanks to those who have contributed—they have greatly helped fund our summer internship programs for the past two years. It enabled us to accept and support 47 summer interns in 2025! We aim to accept even more of the several thousand who will apply for summer 2026.
Bash: Trump celebrating Mueller’s death ‘not a surprise, but that doesn’t make it okay’
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His family announced his death Friday
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Emotional Abuse in College Sports
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Child and Adolescent Firearm Deaths: National Trends and Variation by Demographics and States
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