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Science history: Sophie Germain, first woman to win France's prestigious 'Grand Mathematics Prize' is snubbed when tickets to award ceremony are 'lost in the mail'
Sophie Germain was a brilliant, self-taught mathematician who won one of France's most prestigious prizes, yet she declined to attend the award ceremony because the committee members didn't respect her work.
Penske Entertainment adds $11 million to IndyCar Leaders Circle
Penske Entertainment set aside $31.9 million in 2025 for structured payouts to IndyCar Series team owners in possession of Leaders Circle contracts, and has added $11 million to the total for 2026.Through the Leaders Circle program, which is exclusively available to IndyCar’s 25 charter entries, the top 22 finishers in...
Topgolf Opens Fifth Venue in DFW Near Grand Prairie's EpicCentral Entertainment District
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'It can be unnecessary - and even too much': Are violent video games like Grand Theft Auto 6 becoming too realistic?
The latest in the franchise is the most hyped release of 2026 and looks set to push the boundaries of gaming visuals – but it could prove more disturbing than entertaining.
Kai Trump admits she stays out of politics ‘completely,’ calling it a ‘dangerous thing’
President Donald Trump’s granddaughter Kai, 18, is focusing on her golf career at the University of Miami and said she has no plans to enter politics.
Kai Trump wants to 'stay out of politics.' Who is she?
President Donald Trump's granddaughter Kai Trump spoke about dating, Barron Trump and what she thinks about her political future on Logan Paul's show.
Behind the Lines: A Fine Line Between Sports, Entertainment and Reality
My studious, shy, parochial school-attending granddaughters, Jayne and Norah, have a not-so-secret appreciation of violent, combat sports, at least theatrical combat. For a Christmas present, Staci and Adam surprised the girls with tickets to the WWE Live Holiday Tour at Pittsburgh’s PPG Paints Arena on December 27. Yes, the reflective eight-year-old Jayne, who competes in […]
Kai Trump Says She Wants to ‘Stay Out’ of Politics
The president’s granddaughter told Logan Paul that she would “never run” for office.
Kai Trump: President, Harris should meet ‘in the middle’
Kai Trump, the granddaughter of President Trump, said former Vice President Harris should meet “in the middle” with the president to help address political extremism. “I think if both sides met in …
Local Business Spotlight: Cedar Grove Veterinary Clinic
For nearly a decade, Cedar Grove Veterinary Clinic has provided care for dogs, cats, lizards, guinea pigs, and other unique pets in Grand Marais. The clinic, owned by Dr. Nadder Samari, DVM, and his wife, Lee, began in 2017 and has been a staple in the small town since opening. “We fell in love with...
Colorado chose politics over public safety and now our communities pay the price
By Chris Richardson and Max Brooks This week, federal authorities arrested Jose Barrera-Bolanos in Denver. He is an illegal immigrant who had already been convicted of sexually assaulting a child. That fact alone should stop every parent, grandparent and lawmaker in Colorado in their tracks. This was not a minor offense. This was not a […]
Grand jury indicts former Duke Health nurse charged with sex crimes against patients
The former nurse is facing a long list of charges, including sexual battery, involving three women who were patients in May and December of 2025.
Florida State University celebrates grand opening of Herbert Wertheim Center for Business Excellence
Florida State University began 2026 by celebrating a new era of world-class business education with a grand opening of the Herbert Wertheim Center for
Telehealth companies swoop in to offer Wegovy pill
In this edition of STAT's Health Tech: Telehealth jumps on the Wegovy pill bandwagon, Neuralink's grand vision collides with reality, and more
Dinner theater returns to Des Moines with The Ingersoll’s grand debut
The Ingersoll revives dinner theater in Des Moines with art deco style, live music, and a full dining experience after a 22-year hiatus.
Grand jury indicts former Duke Health nurse charged with sex crimes
Jomil Tugado is accused of performing sex acts with patients who were incapacitated. Officials said patients who have witnessed or experienced inappropriate conduct at Duke Health can report that to the hospital hotline at 919-385-3575.
Creepy-crawly science that matters
Written by Douglas C. TowneWhen Karen Clark was a child traveling with her grandfather, the late ASU Professor Herbert L. Stahnke, she didn’t realize how unusual their evening routines were.“When we arrived at our destination, we always hunted outside for scorpions that glowed under our black light,” says the retired nurse. “It wasn’t until later that I learned that normal people didn’t do that. But scorpions were my grandfather’s passion.”
Six Flags Qiddiya City, Six Flags Entertainment Corporation’s first destination outside North America, is now officially open
CHARLOTTE, N.C. — Six Flags Qiddiya City, Saudi Arabia’s first-of-its-kind theme park and entertainment destination, celebrated its grand opening Dec. 31 by welcoming guests from across the Kingdom…
'Today' cohost Sheinelle Jones grieves new family loss just months after husband's death
'Today' cohost Sheinelle Jones shared that her grandmother died on New Year’s Eve at 96. The sad news comes just seven months after the death of the journalist's husband, Uche Ojeh, after a cancer battle.
Man arrested after breaking into the same business on multiple occasions
Police say David Douglas Steadman, 52, has been charged with grand larceny and the entry of a building other than a dwelling.
Alger County snowmobile stops say business was ‘slow’ in December
Grand Marais Tavern owner Jessica Flynn thinks a more widespread snow across the region led to a slower December.
31 Of The Biggest And Coolest 2026 Games We Can't Wait To Play
Grand Theft Auto 6, Wolverine, Slay The Spire 2, Resident Evil Requiem, and much, much more are set to arrive this year
Spies, scares and supercars: Our most anticipated games of 2026
Grand Theft Auto VI, Cairn and 007: First Light are among Dawn's most anticipated games this year.
The Most Anticipated Games of 2026
2026 is shaping up to be a huge year for games, with major sequels, long-awaited releases, and big new projects already lined up.
Six Flags Qiddiya City, Six Flags Entertainment Corporation's First Destination Outside North America, is Now Officially Open
/PRNewswire/ -- Six Flags Qiddiya City, Saudi Arabia's first-of-its-kind theme park and entertainment destination, celebrated its grand opening Dec. 31 by...
Top 12 Long Beach Sports Moments Of 2025
Long Beach saw it all in 2025—from the 50th anniversary of the Long Beach Grand Prix to high school state championships and NCAA national champions. Take a look at the Top 12 moments that defined Long Beach sports over the past year: No. 12: The Long Beach Grand Prix Turns 50 No. 11: Long Beac
Redistricting fallout and Beau Bayh's campaign: The top political stories to watch in 2026
Will Joe Hogsett run for another term? And what happens to the grand jury investigation into Micah Beckwith's office? What we're watching in 2026
Business owners hopeful that rain at Grand Park's New Year's celebrations won't wash away profit
Tatiana Schlossberg, granddaughter of JFK and cousin of Health Secretary RFK Jr., dies of cancer at 35
Her death comes just weeks after she publicly revealed in The New Yorker that she had been diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia.
Tatiana Schlossberg, environmental journalist and JFK’s granddaughter, dies at 35 after terminal cancer diagnosis
Tatiana Schlossberg, an environmental journalist who was a granddaughter of President John F. Kennedy, died on Tuesday, her family announced. She was 35.
'Stranger Things' Couples, Ranked by How Much Chemistry They Actually Have
The grand finale arrives on Netflix December 31, so here's one last look back at the characters' most inconsistently important aspect: their love lives.
ACA subsidy cuts to hit Texas border counties the hardest
In the Rio Grande Valley, 98% of ACA enrollees received an advanced premium tax credit that lowered their monthly payments. Those subsidies will decrease Jan. 1.
I'm an 83-year-old yoga instructor. I'm not your typical grandma — I still work to feel fulfilled and supplement my Social Security.
Barbara Brown, 83, works as a yoga instructor at nursing homes in Richmond, Virginia. She said her work has been fulfilling, though she needs to work.
Call Your Grandparents This Holiday Season—for Their Health
Call Your Grandparents This Holiday Season—For Their Health: Everyday conversations across generations may boost older adults’ sense of purpose
2025 IN REVIEW: A big year for business in west Washington County
Business was booming in and around Hillsboro and Forest Grove in 2025. This year included the addition of a list of new eateries — both local and national chains — […]
‘Wicked: For Good’ is coming to Prime Video on December 30—here’s how to watch it
Watch the sequel to ‘Wicked,’ starring Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande, on Prime Video.
Grand Rapids malls invest in new attractions to overcome ongoing traffic challenges
Woodland Mall in Kentwood and Rivertown Crossings in Grandville have each continued to invest in new tenants and upgrades.
Sitting out the $1.7 billion Powerball? Let these stats about just how unlikely winning is comfort you
The chances of winning the Powerball Grand Prize is much smaller than being struck by lightening, killed in a shark attack, or born on a Leap Day.
The disunity of science is a feature, not a bug
Mathematical models wield miraculous power, but mistaking them for reality has trapped science in a destructive quest for a “Theory of Everything.” Physicist and philosopher Ragner Fjelland argues that this leads to bloated, Frankenstein theories kept alive by clumsy, ad-hoc amendments, which reduce rather than boost science’s power. Fjelland calls for a radical shift in our attitude: we must reorientate towards creating entirely new theories, celebrating rather than lamenting disunity and diversity in science. Science, from the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century to the present day, has more or less developed in a “reductionist” way. The fundamental assumption is that all sciences may be ordered in a hierarchy that can be represented as an upside-down pyramid. At the top we find the human sciences, and at the bottom physics. Strong (or “ontological”) reductionism maintains that all theories at one level can be completely reduced to the lower level, all the way down to theories of atoms and elementary particles, or whatever is “at the bottom.” In the end, all diversity in the world can be unified in one fundamental theory. Hence it is called a final theory, or a Theory of Everything.One of the central figures in developing the idea of a Theory of Everything is the Dutch theoretical physicist Gerard 't Hooft, who received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1999 for his work. He emphasizes the non-empirical status of the theory:There exists no closely resembling alternative theory. This means that any slight change brought about in the rules would make the theory unlikely or inelegant. The theory will be a "package deal": take it, or leave it. This should hold both for the local laws and for the boundary conditions.This endeavor is not new. On the contrary, it goes all the way back to the birth of Western philosophy 2,500 years ago. The Babylonians made regular astronomical observations during a period of 600 years, from 747 BCE until 150 ACE. They developed mathematical techniques to predict astronomical phenomena, but they made no attempts at explaining them. However, the Greeks developed models, both material and theoretical, to explain the observed phenomena.The best example is Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. Here he introduces a divine craftsman, the Demiurge, who has constructed the universe according to an original plan. Plato seems to have thought that the original plan is what is actually real, while the material world is merely an imperfect realization of it. He therefore does not, in the Timaeus, reconstruct the material universe, but the original plan, which can then be used to explain the material universe.Plato’s aim in producing a theoretical model is to reconstruct the original plan. That is what he carries out in Timaeus—and some modern physicists have embarked on the same project. For example, Einstein’s basic attitude is reflected in the title of Abraham Pais’ biography: “Subtle is the Lord...,” echoing Einstein’s comment, “Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not.” In an interview Einstein compared our situation to a child who enters a huge library. The child knows that someone has written the books, but he does not know the languages in which they are written. He suspects that there is a mysterious order, but he does not know what it is.___“We have all been working in what Husserl called the Galilean style; that is, we have all been making abstract mathematical models of the universe to which at least the physicists give a higher degree of reality than they accord the ordinary world of sensation.”Steven Weinberg, Nobel Prize in Physics (1979)___This Platonist view is contrary to a widespread impression of science, symbolized by the picture of the “father” of modern science, Galileo Galilei, with his telescope. According to this impression, Galileo liberated himself from the dominating metaphysics of his day—basically Aristotelian philosophy—and constructed a telescope that he directed towards the sky, showing that Jupiter has four moons. He also performed experiments with bronze balls rolling down inclined planes and found the law of freely falling bodies.However, in other cases Galileo emphasized the unreliability of our senses. It is easy to see why. He defended Copernicus’ heliocentric hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, we are not at rest at the center of the universe, but moving at a tremendous speed through space. Why don’t we observe this motion? Galileo praises Copernicus because “with reason as his guide he resolutely continued to affirm what sensible experience seemed to contradict.” In other places he directly refers to Plato. SUGGESTED VIEWING The quest for a final theory With Michio Kaku Galileo’s Platonism goes back to his early writings. In The Assayer, published as early as 1623, Galileo compared the universe to a grand book that is written in the language of mathematics, and “its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it.” Therefore, things that cannot be described by mathematics—for example, colors, smells and odors—are not real. They are merely subjective.This division into subjective and objective, advocated by Galileo and his younger contemporary René Descartes, is normally associated with a mechanistic world view, which is regarded as the opposite of Platonism. When we reduce something to, for example, molecules and atoms, we move “downwards.” In contrast, the Platonist moves “upwards,” to abstract entities. However, it only shows that when we address fundamental questions, we should be careful in applying everyday spatial metaphors like “up” and “down.”___Nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world.___The endeavor of finding a Theory of Everything has been heavily criticized. In 2006, the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin published “The Crisis in Fundamental Physics.” He argued that one of the most fundamental principles of science is that we should only regard theories as scientific if we have the possibility to show that they are false by experiments. Although he did not refer to Karl Popper, other critics have referred to Popper and argued that a theory is not scientific if it cannot be falsified (see for example Ellis & Silk 2014).These were not the first physicists to be anti-reductionists. In 1972, the journal Science published an article by the physicist Philip Anderson with the title “More Is Different.” This is the kind of article a scientist would normally write only after he has won a Nobel Prize. However, Anderson won the Nobel Prize for physics five years later, in 1977. The article is amazing, not primarily because it argues in favor of anti-reductionism in general, but because it argues for anti-reductionism within physics itself. Anderson’s conclusion was:At each stage entirely new laws, concepts, and generalizations are necessary, requiring inspiration and creativity to just as great a degree as in the previous one. Psychology is not applied biology, nor is biology applied chemistry.We may say that Plato started the “unity of science movement,” based on Euclidean geometry as the model of all knowledge. A distinguishing mark of geometry is that all possible constructions can be reduced to a few fundamental principles. We have to acknowledge that this approach has limitations. In general, we can easily model technological systems. In addition, we may construct simplified and idealized models that capture important aspects of systems, from various perspectives and for various purposes. But nature is complex, and we cannot in general construct mathematical models that adequately describe the world. In a complex system, each level has its distinct, emergent, properties that are characteristic of this level. Therefore, a complex system should be investigated at different levels and from different perspectives. Instead of exclusively pursuing a scientific ideal based on the unity of science, we should acknowledge the diversity—or even the disunity—of science.
Kalamazoo salon owner faces financial uncertainty after car crash damages business
WWMT-TV Newschannel 3 provides local news, weather forecasts, notices of events and entertainment programming for Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Battle Creek, South Haven, Paw Paw, Portage, Otsego, Texas Township, Oshtemo, Plainwell, Allegan, Holland, Saugatuck, Holland, Wayland, Kentwood, Middleville, Hastings, Marshall, Three Rivers, Sturgis, Constantine, Coldwater, Albion, Wyoming, Hudsonville, Allendale, Byron Center, Hudsonville, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Sparta, Rockford, Belding, Greenville, Ionia, Cedar Springs and their surrounding areas.
I own a pet toy company, and my 3 kids work for me. I told them they needed to work somewhere else before joining.
Raised in a home where work and family blurred, Mark Hirschberg built his own company — and he hopes his grandkids continue the tradition.
Sports Medicine Welcomes Elizabeth Murphy to Staff
RIO GRANDE VALLEY – The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) Department of Intercollegiate Athletics announced on Monday the hiring of Elizabeth Murphy as an associate athletic trainer.
Launch Family Entertainment closes out 2025 with record growth, six new openings, and accelerated multi-unit development
WARWICK, R.I. – Launch Family Entertainment (Launch), a leading indoor family entertainment franchise, is ending 2025 with major development milestones, including six new park openings, 13 secured …
$20,000 worth of collectibles stolen ahead of grand opening celebration at La Verne business
The thief ransacked the card collectible store overnight, getting away with thousands of dollars worth of vintage sports items and Pokémon trading cards.
Ben Shapiro: In all of politics, this is the dumbest assumption
The motive matters. The ideology matters.
Faith-based entertainment sees a revival in Hollywood. Defining what it is can be a challenge
At the movies this fall, Josh O’Connor plays a hot priest with a complicated past, Keanu Reeves is an angel who lost his wings and Elizabeth Olsen has a romantic
Bowen Yang tearfully bids farewell to ‘Saturday Night Live’ with the help of Cher and Ariana Grande
Bowen Yang got teary-eyed during the final sketch on Saturday’s episode of “Saturday Night Live,” which was his last.
Bill to improve rural veteran health care sees support from North Dakota providers
The bill from Sen. Kevin Cramer (R-N.D.) and Sen. Tim Sheehy (R-Mont.) seeks to make health care more accessible to veterans living in rural areas.
Park Bo-gum Surprises as KBS Entertainment Awards Grand Prize Contender
Park Bo-gum Surprises as KBS Entertainment Awards Grand Prize Contender Actors hosting role on The Seasons sparks curiosity amid diverse nominees including Kim Jong-min and Jun Hyun-moo
Grand jury: Man's fraudulent service dog business scammed families out of nearly $600K
The president of a since-shuttered Raleigh company that provided service dogs to those with medical concerns appeared in court on Friday, years after he was charged with fraud.
Naomi Osaka leaves Evolve, tennis agency she co-founded, after three years
Former world No. 1 and four-time Grand Slam champion Osaka launched the agency with Stuart Duguid in 2022.
Sports reporter’s 3-year-old opened door for grandpa who then found couple dead in home: report
The 3-year-old son of Alabama sports reporter Christina Chambers reportedly opened the door for his grandfather, who then discovered Chambers and her husband dead in a suspected murder-suicide.
Rory McIlroy wins Sports Personality of the Year 2025 award
Rory McIlroy is crowned BBC Sports Personality of the Year for 2025 after clinching the career Grand Slam and helping Europe win the Ryder Cup in the USA.
Coordinating holidays with multiple divorced families is tough. At 72, I'm learning when to let go.
For decades, I've juggled exes, step-grandparents, shifting traditions, and multiple households. Managing a blended family takes emotional labor.
Lady Gaga, Ariana Grande among 'Entertainment Weekly' Entertainers of the Year
Both Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande have had big years — scoring hit records, appearing in film and television projects, announcing tours and earning award nominations — so it's no surprise they both made Entertainment Weekly's Entertainers of the Year list for 2025.
Sky Sports remains exclusive home of The Masters Tournament with more live coverage than ever before
Sky Sports will remain the exclusive home of the Masters tournament in a new multi-year extension with Augusta National Golf Club; the 2026 Masters will take place from April 6-12 as Rory McIlroy returns as defending champion after completing the career Grand Slam in 2025
'Survivor' to hide immunity idols in all 50 states for 'Survivor 50'
'Survivor' to hide immunity idols in all 50 states for 'Survivor 50', with the nationwide scavenger hunt leading to one grand prize. Full details here.
Jack Smith set for private interview with lawmakers about Trump investigations
Smith is expected to discuss both of his investigations of Trump but will not answer questions that call for grand jury materials
GRFD, Corewell Health team up on emergency response to cut down ER visits
A new six-month pilot program was launched Tuesday to help reduce the number of emergency room visits and better coordinate emergency response in Grand Rapids.
Nick Reiner reportedly stormed off after Bill Hader shut him down at Conan O'Brien's party before murders
In the aftermath of Nick Reiner’s arrest for the murders of his parents, Rob and Michele Reiner, details of the holiday party the trio attended the night before keep coming out.
Trilith entertainment zone, ‘next-generation’ cinema near grand opening
Following years of design tweaks and construction, the full scope of a public-accessible Trilith project described as a new metro Atlanta epicenter for arts, culture, and entertainment is just weeks from its world premiere. Officials with Trilith LIVE, the entertainment and special events component of the massive New Urbanism project a half-hour south of Atlanta, today announced their grand opening season will officially kick off Jan. 15.
Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone, Gabby Thomas among those owed six figures by bankrupt Grand Slam Track
Sydney McLaughlin-Levrone, Gabby Thomas, Melissa Jefferson-Wooden and four other Olympic medalists are among those owed six-figure sums by Grand Slam Track, the racing league that filed for bankruptcy earlier this month.
From grandpa to gridiron: Philip Rivers' inspiring NFL return
Philip Rivers has returned to the NFL as a grandfather, nearly five years after his last touchdown
New McGregor Avenue business cuts grand opening ribbon
It didn’t take long for the first new business to open up along the refurbished McGregor Avenue Corridor.
He created Grand Theft Auto. Now he's back with a novel about an AI that hijacks your mind
A Better Paradise is a dystopian vision of the near future in which an AI-led computer game goes rogue.
Experts: Sharyland Business Park will bring great value to Anzalduas Bridge area
Video coverage of all the remarks made from the podium at Killam Development's ribbon-cutting ceremony.
"Grand Pro Circuit" is a new retro open-wheel sim aiming for 1980s realism
A low-poly look, manual gearboxes and no assists meet tyre temps, changeable weather and mechanical failures in this Steam-bound open-wheel throwback
The Game Awards’ grand finale reveal was a game you’ve never heard of coming out in a month
Highguard comes from the creators of Apex Legends and Titanfall
Dayton RollHouse reopens with new entertainment space
DAYTON, Ohio (WDTN) – RollHouse celebrated the grand reopening of its fully renovated Dayton location on Thursday, Nov. 11. RollHouse is known for blending authentic local hospitality with premium …
Local business owner introduces monthly hands-on AI workshops
GRAND JUNCTION Colo. (KREX)- A local business owner and educator is launching a new AI training series designed specifically for small business owners in Grand Junction. Nick Gumpert, owner of the UPS Store on 12th Street and Patterson Road, is introducing a monthly lineup of hands-on artificial intelligence workshops beginning in February. Gumpert said after […]
Justice Department fails to reindict Letitia James for a second time
A grand jury, for a second time, declined to bring a new indictment against Letitia James, the New York attorney general who defeated President Donald Trump and his company in court, according to multiple sources.
Penske Entertainment establishes formal Independent Officiating Board for IndyCar
Comprised of three members tasked with presiding over the IndyCar Series and its Indy NXT development series, the IOB reports to a new non-profit entity, IndyCar Officiating, Inc, created by Penske Entertainment.
Meet the 77-year-old Vietnam pilot still in love with lacrosse — and scoring on opponents 50 years younger (photos)
Jon Ryan was awarded a Purple Heart in Vietnam, has kept bees for nearly 50 years and never misses a week in a lacrosse league where many of the players are young enough to be his grandchildren.
The New WHO Pandemic Treaty and Global Health Governance: Incorporating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into PABS - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
On May 20, 2025, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an international treaty designed to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. The product of three years of arduous negotiations, the treaty marks a new era of global cooperation in public health. However, core aspects of the agreement remain unresolved—notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System, which is intended to ensure equitable access to pandemic-related materials and benefits. To support the successful implementation of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Introduction For the first time, an international treaty has enshrined the principle of “One Health,” the compelling idea that the health of animals, humans, and the environment all contribute to pandemic risks. SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009–10), Ebola (2014–16), and COVID-19 all emerged through zoonotic spillover from animal hosts—respectively, civets, hogs, and bats. Together, they underscore the need for a coordinated, cross-sectoral approach. The Pandemic Agreement responds to this call, requiring state parties to acknowledge the ecological interplay and commit to a comprehensive “One Health” strategy. Specifically, Article 5 charges governments to address “the drivers of pandemics and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease at the human-animal-environment interface,” including wild animal markets, deforestation, and antibiotic overuse. Yet the effectiveness of this “One Health” vision depends equally on the free flow of scientific information and data among countries and institutions. Just as environmental and animal health factors have been neglected in past global frameworks, so too has data sharing been marginalized, despite its centrality to timely detection and response. The Pandemic Agreement takes an important step by requiring governments to enhance data collection and cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO). However, these provisions will remain aspirational without a robust Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) annex. The PABS system will determine whether countries and researchers can rapidly exchange pathogen samples and genetic data while ensuring equitable access to resulting research and development, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Without such mechanisms, the treaty’s promise to operationalize “One Health” and strengthen global preparedness will risk becoming largely symbolic, echoing earlier failures to translate shared principles into coordinated action. Equity Concerns When the 2025 Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement, it left the difficult question of access to pathogens and the sharing of resulting benefits to be addressed in a separate agreement. Negotiations on this separate agreement, PABS, are now underway in Geneva. Yet governments remain divided over fundamental questions of equity between the countries that primarily contribute to the system and those that primarily draw from it—and consequently benefit. For example, wildlife in countries bordering the equator is likely to produce PABS materials, but companies in Europe are likely to use them to develop lucrative products. The most likely contributor countries are likely to be those biodiverse countries around the equator, such as Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, where the number of human-mammalian viral host interactions is large. Conversely, countries most likely to benefit from this material are those with the technology, investors, and infrastructure to capitalize on genomic data, such as the United States, EU member states, and Japan. This imbalance reflects a broader pattern seen in prior international frameworks. Now, as in the past, the wealthiest countries in the world (a useful heuristic is membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)) disproportionately benefit from systems in which pathogens and genomic sequencing data are contributed to a common source. Under the International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the “Plant Treaty” or “Seed Treaty”) and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, companies from Europe and North America disproportionately withdraw biological samples and data for development into lucrative medical products. Their governments and companies have both statutory and contractual claims to the products that those companies correspondingly produce. PABS appears poised to follow the same pattern. The text calls for strong language on access to pathogens and associated data, but the corresponding benefits that should flow to poorer countries are couched in equivocal or non-binding language. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities To address these inequities, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Common but differentiated responsibilities are often a feature of climate change negotiations. The basic principle is that, even though all countries should reduce carbon emissions, governments that became rich and powerful through massive carbon emissions (e.g., France, the United Kingdom, the United States) should have a greater obligation to address the resulting crises. Applied to PABS, it would require that governments hosting and supporting companies developing lucrative products carry greater obligations toward the cost of running the PABS system; share benefits or final medical products; and transfer technology to help countries worldwide develop their own capacities to innovate and manufacture vaccines during an emergency. For example, an annex could mandate that any company based in an OECD country that withdraws PABS material would be obligated to donate the resulting diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to the WHO during a public health emergency or pandemic. Questions remain about how robust those donations would be, but the principle is that they should deliver highly significant lifesaving benefits to be equitably shared. Theoretically, this approach mirrors the PIP Framework, in which companies withdrawing influenza samples are required to pay half of the operating costs. In practice, however, the framework has fallen short. The PIP Framework Secretariat has struggled to secure payments from companies, with companies often disagreeing over how much is owed. Additionally, without another pandemic influenza to test the strength of the agreement during a public health emergency, corporate compliance with sharing mechanisms remains unknown. Even if these limitations did not characterize the PIP Framework, partially paying for operating expenses does not address the inequity in access to genetic data and pathogen samples that left less developed countries last in line for COVID-19 vaccines (and, before them, H1N1). Common but differentiated responsibilities would go further, addressing governments’ legitimate grievances regarding information sharing. It would make withdrawals of PABS material and resulting products more transparent, building trust across the board. Enforcement and Enduring Success A key implication of this approach is that the governing mechanism of the PABS must have real enforcement authority. The WHO Pandemic Agreement delegates its core governance responsibilities to a Conference of the Parties (COP)—a governing body composed of one representative from each participating government, similar to those established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement COP is charged with oversight functions but ultimately possesses no real authority to compel a government to take any action it does not wish to take. The text does not give the COP the ability to, for example, sanction a party that does not comply with either textual obligations or PABS provisions. In other words, there are no effective mechanisms in place to ensure compliance. Perhaps just as significant, establishing a meaningful enforcement mechanism within the PABS system would strengthen the WHO’s credibility and its ability to ensure compliance across global health governance. By setting a precedent for accountability, such a mechanism could enhance the organization’s authority not only within the Pandemic Agreement but also in enforcing the revised International Health Regulations and other frameworks for public health emergencies. Conclusion The PABS annex can—and should—be different. It should establish clear responsibilities for funding as well as for sharing the diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that result from contributions to the system. The system, in turn, must include a dedicated body empowered to hold governments and the corporations they sponsor accountable for their responsibilities before, during, and after pandemics. Doing so would restore trust in the broader agreement, which was eroded as commitments were repeatedly diluted while parties scrambled to meet their own self-imposed deadlines during the Pandemic Agreement negotiations. A robust PABS Annex would cement a grand social bargain. Wealthier countries and their corporations would gain unimpeded access to scientific information essential for developing and manufacturing lifesaving medical products. As such, they would stand to gain considerable economic benefit. Yet that privilege must be matched with responsibility. The grand bargain must include not only the right to innovate, but also the duty to ensure that innovation serves all. As medical products are developed and produced through collective contributions, every person must have equal access. All human beings deserve an equitable chance to survive—to save their own life, the lives of their families, and the well-being of their communities. … Sam Halabi, JD, MPhil, is the Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Health and the Director of the Center for Transformational Health Law at Georgetown Law. He serves as the co-lead for the WHO’s Working Group on Regulatory Consideration on AI and Health’s training workstream. He earned his JD from Harvard, his MPhil from Oxford, and undergraduate degrees from Kansas State University. Lawrence Gostin, LLD (Hon.), JD, BA, is University Distinguished Professor and Founding Director and Timothy and Linda O’Neill Professor of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. He is the author of Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future (Harvard University Press, 2021); Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2018); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010). He also directs the WHO Collaborating Center at Georgetown University. Image Credit: United States Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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