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Cold borders, hot politics
A new POLITICO Poll finds “a sort of unrequited hatred” defining the Canada-U.S. relationship, another floor crosser shifts Mark Carney’s election math in Ottawa and Conservative MP Scott Aitchison joins the Playbook Canada podcast.
Reunions and Re-Arrests Define Venezuela’s Post-Maduro Era
Venezuelans are emerging from one of the darkest and most repressive periods in the nation’s history after US authorities captured strongman Nicolás Maduro.
ODU comeback bid denied in 10–7 defeat
Old Dominion Monarchs nearly erased a late deficit Wednesday afternoon, but Manhattan Jaspers used a clutch double play in the ninth inning to seal a 10–7 victory at the Ellmer Family Baseball Complex. Down 10–6 in the final frame, Old Dominion mounted one last push. Will Johnson sparked the rally with a leadoff home run to left field.
Hims & Hers Announces Agreement to Acquire Eucalyptus, Accelerating Its Vision to Become the Leading Global Consumer Health Platform
Eucalyptus is a consumer healthcare leader in Australia, the UK and Germany, with expanding new operations in Japan and Canada. Hims Hers Health, Inc. (NYSE: HIMS), the leading health and wellness platform, today announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Eucalyptus, an international leader in digital health, accelerating the company’s ability to bring access to high-quality, personalized care to more people across the world. As its US business continues to grow, Hims Hers will be well-positioned, upon closing of the acquisition, to expand into Australia and Japan and deepen its presence in the UK, Germany, and Canada. The terms of the transaction have been structured to preserve the financial flexibility of the company, ensuring continued control over balance sheet management and capital allocation. As its US business continues to grow, Hims Hers will be well-positioned, upon closing of the acquisition, to expand into Australia and Japan and
From The Beatles to Wilson: Iconic entertainment owned by Jim Irsay memorabilia to hit auction block
“Jim Irsay had a passion for all things that define the American experience.”
Franz Wagner injury: Magic star out indefinitely with ankle issue
One of the Magic's best players is going to miss at least three more weeks with an issue that's been a problem all year
These B2B Business Trends Are Defining 2026
Insights surrounding AI adoption, supply chain visibility, evolving B2B customer expectations, and more are uncovered in the latest report from FedEx.
Business Restructuring Review
In This Issue: The Year in Bankruptcy: 2025 A brief chronicle of the year's notable developments in corporate bankruptcy and restructuring, including business bankruptcy filings, significant court rulings, and legislative developments. [read more …] U.S. Bankruptcy Court Denies Chapter 15 Recognition of Maltese Liquidation Absent Evidence of Meaningful Activities Supporting Finding of COMI or Establishment in Malta In In re Geden Holdings, Ltd., No. 25-90138, 2025 WL 2484883 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. Aug. 28, 2025), stay pending appeal denied, No. 25-90138, 2026 WL 97993 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. Jan. 13, 2026), the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas ruled that, for purposes of recognition under chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code, although a foreign debtor may have had its center of main interests ("COMI") or an establishment in Malta when a liquidation proceeding was commenced for it in a Maltese court in 2017, the absence of any meaningful activity by the debtor's liquidator from that time until the liquidator filed a chapter 15 petition in the United States more than five years later meant that the debtor had neither a COMI nor an establishment in Malta on the chapter 15 petition date. The court accordingly denied the petition for recognition. [read more …] The Ninth Circuit's Expansive Reading of "Financial Accommodations" that Cannot Be Assumed or Assigned in Bankruptcy It is generally well understood that agreements to extend credit or provide financing to a debtor cannot be assumed or assigned in bankruptcy. Even so, the provision of the Bankruptcy Code that precludes assumption or assignment—section 365(c)(2)—also extends to "financial accommodations," a term that is not defined in the Bankruptcy Code and has been the subject of relatively few bankruptcy and appellate court rulings. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit examined the meaning of the term in In re Svenhard's Swedish Bakery, 154 F.4th 1100 (9th Cir. 2025). The court of appeals ruled that a deeply discounted settlement of pension plan withdrawal liability is a "financial accommodation" that cannot be assumed or assigned, thereby extending the reach of section 365(c)(2) well beyond conventional lending arrangements. [read more …] Pennsylvania District Court Applies "Hypothetical Test" in Determining that Patent License Agreement Is Assignable in Bankruptcy In Crivella Holdings Ltd. v. Mesearch Media Technologies Ltd., No. 2:25-cv-333, 2025 WL 2443400 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 25, 2025), the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania affirmed a bankruptcy court ruling denying a software licensor's motion for relief from the automatic stay to terminate the license agreement. The court found the license was assumable in bankruptcy under the Third Circuit's hypothetical test as a result of language in the agreement stating that it could be assigned to a "successor in interest" of the debtor without the licensor's further consent, thereby overriding federal patent law's general prohibition against the assignment of patents. [read more …] New York Bankruptcy Court Denies Motion to Terminate Chapter 15 Recognition and Dismiss Chapter 15 Case In In re Oi S.A., No. 23-10193 (LGB), 2025 WL 2806591 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Oct. 1, 2025), the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York considered whether chapter 15 recognition of a debtor's Brazilian restructuring proceeding should be terminated and the case dismissed due to the debtors' financial deterioration and inability to satisfy its restructuring plan obligations after entry of the recognition order. The court denied the motion, concluding that recognition of the Brazilian proceeding and a court-approved restructuring plan for the debtors should not be terminated under section 1519(d) of the Bankruptcy Code—according to the court, the sole authority for revocation of chapter 15 recognition—because, among other things, the restructuring proceeding was still pending, the debtors might still need relief authorized under chapter 15, and the debtors' prospects for reorganizing under a hypothetical chapter 11 case were uncertain at best. It also found that no provision of the Bankruptcy Code authorizes the dismissal of a chapter 15 case. [read more …] Newsworthy Effective January 1, 2026, Jones Day welcomed Isel M. Perez (Miami), Andrew M. Butler (New York), Sid Pepels (Amsterdam), and Anna C. Bretting (Munich) to the partnership in the Business Restructuring & Reorganization Practice. Sid Pepels (Amsterdam) has been nominated for the Future Leader Award by the Global Restructuring Review, an organization that acknowledges and honors excellence within the global restructuring and insolvency sector. This award is designed to recognize exceptional contributions made by both individuals and firms in the field. The 2026 edition of Chambers UK recognized Ben Larkin (London) in the practice area Restructuring/Insolvency and Adam R. Brown (London) in the practice area Restructuring/Insolvency: Litigation. The 2026 edition of Chambers Asia-Pacific ranked Roger Dobson (Sydney) in the practice area Restructuring/Insolvency. An article written by Corinne Ball (New York) titled "Backstop Fees for Lenders in Chapter 11 Plans: Absent Market Test, Equality of Treatment Now Required in Fifth Circuit After 'ConvergeOne'" was published on November 12, 2025, in the New York Law Journal. An article written by Oliver S. Zeltner (Houston) titled "Delaware Bankruptcy Court: No Legal Authority for Chapter 11 Plan Gatekeeping Provision" was published on November 20, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. An article written by Daniel J. Merrett (Atlanta) titled "First Impressions: Eleventh Circuit Rules that Annulment of Automatic Stay Does Not Violate U.S. Supreme Court's Prohibition of Nunc Pro Tunc Orders" was published on November 21, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. An article written by Genna Ghaul (New York) titled "Iowa District Court: Avoidance Claims Cannot Be Encumbered by Pre-Bankruptcy Liens" was published on November 20, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. An article written by Dan T. Moss (Washington/New York), Corinne Ball (New York), David S. Torborg (Washington), and Ben Rosenblum (New York) titled "New York Bankruptcy Court Rejects Challenge to Barnet Rule Permitting Foreign Debtors to Obtain Chapter 15 Recognition With Only Minimal U.S. Assets" was published on November 21, 2025, by Lexis Practical Guidance. The M&A Advisor has recognized the Silvergate Capital Corporation Bankruptcy case as the Chapter 11 Reorganization of the Year (over $5 billion) during its 20th Annual Turnaround Awards. Jones Day is listed among the professionals for the representation of Exploration Capital, which was led by Joshua M. Mester (Los Angeles). Lawyer Spotlight: Sid Pepels Sid Pepels, a partner in Jones Day's Amsterdam Office, litigates and advises clients on commercial and international insolvency matters, with a focus on complex restructurings and insolvencies. He has advised and litigated high-profile cases, including: the cross-border WHOA (Wet Homologatie Onderhands Akkoord) proceedings concerning Vroon Group and Diebold Nixdorf; proceedings on behalf of expropriated SNS Reaal bond holders against the Dutch State; the bankruptcy of Intertoys, the leading Dutch toys retailer; the restructuring of Oi, the Dutch finance vehicle of the Brazilian telecom giant; and Blokker, the leading Dutch home appliances retailer. Sid holds a Ph.D. in European insolvency law and regularly publishes in academic journals on topics of cross-border insolvency. He has been recognized in The Legal 500 Netherlands and was noted by his peers for being client-minded and a creative thinker with a "strong grasp of the law and strong interpersonal skills." Sid was also nominated for the "Future Leader" award at the Global Restructuring Review Awards 2025. He is a board member for the Netherlands Association for Comparative and International Insolvency Law and a NextGen member of the International Insolvency Institute.
Google Home's latest update brings long-requested automation tweaks and more
Google Home is getting a new update with several tweaks for automations, including new pre-defined actions, feedback tool, and more.
Hormel Foods Announces Definitive Agreement to Sell its Whole-Bird Turkey Business to Life-Science Innovations
/PRNewswire/ -- Hormel Foods Corporation (NYSE: HRL), a Fortune 500 global branded food company, today announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to...
Hormel Foods Announces Definitive Agreement to Sell its Whole-Bird Turkey Business to Life-Science Innovations
/PRNewswire/ -- Hormel Foods Corporation (NYSE: HRL), a Fortune 500 global branded food company, today announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to...
'Sales have definitely gone down' | Baldwin County bridge delays hits local business hard
Stanton: Yankees Career Is 'Definitely Incomplete' Without World Series Title
Giancarlo Stanton says his Yankees tenure feels unfinished because he has not won a championship.
Wisconsin hemp business owners want industry regulation; here's why
A new federal law signed in November 2025 is set to narrow the definition of hemp by November 2026.
The Jesse Jackson Speech That Helped Redefine the Democratic Party’s Base
In his 1984 speech at the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco, Mr. Jackson argued for a more diverse coalition for the party.
Booz Allen to Expand Global Commercial Business with Acquisition of Defy Security
Booz Allen (NYSE: BAH) today announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Defy Security as a wholly owned subsidiary.
Politics Is Everywhere, So Why Do People Feel So Powerless?
The defining feature of the last decade was that everything, from food to music, was politicized. All the while, our capacity to act collectively only grew weaker. Anton Jäger’s Hyperpolitics sets out to explain why.
North Carolina small business owners on how tariffs are negatively impacting their bottom line
Many of the gifts that define Valentine’s, especially flowers and chocolates, rely heavily on imports which have been affected by tariffs.
Analysis: Trump’s damage is done. Democrats – and Europe – are struggling to define what’s next
Democratic presidential hopefuls descended on the Munich Security Conference over the weekend as they might normally flood Des Moines, Iowa, or Manchester, New Hampshire. They found a Europe that’s all but ignoring them – and assuming leaders like Donald Trump will define the future.
Industry Executives Gather at Cregis Summit to Define the Future of Institutional Blockchain Finance
Hong Kong, Hong Kong, February 15th, 2026, FinanceWireDuring Consensus Hong Kong 2026, the 'Institutional Payment & On-Ch...
Dodgers Notebook: Ohtani's pursuit and Vesia's return define first day at camp
The Sporting Tribune's Fredo Cervantes is at Camelback Ranch for the start of Dodgers spring training and Shohei Ohtani's return to the mound.
Tariffs sour Valentine’s for North Carolina's small business entrepreneurs
Many of the gifts that define Valentine’s, specifically flowers and chocolates, rely heavily on imports which have been affected by tariffs.
Trump admin rips Mamdani, local Dems as activists override gov't move at NYC monument: 'Focused on theatrics'
Trump administration removes Pride flag from historic Stonewall monument, sparking outrage from NYC officials who defiantly re-raised the rainbow flag.
Labour factions vie for influence over Starmer’s reset after McSweeney exit
Groups sensing chance to redefine party’s direction push for progressive pivot, cabinet reshuffle and new economic tack
Costco defied Trump’s DEI directive as Target and Walmart scaled back. Business is booming
Many companies have dialed back their DEI programs since January 2025, but not Costco.
Young Women Speak Up for Women’s Sports
There is definitive scientific proof that males and females are biologically different. Acknowledging this reality is not about exclusion; it is about fairness, safety, and equal opportunity for women and girls. Scripture reminds us that “God is not a God of confusion but of peace” (1 Corinthians 14:33). Recognizing biological truth brings clarity, not division. […]
This inside-out planetary system has astronomers scratching their heads
A rocky exoplanet in the LHS 1903 system defies planet formation models, hinting that gravitational upheaval reshaped the red dwarf’s four worlds.
Spring Training open thread: February 11
Well, nobody went on the 60-Day IL today so I’d consider that a success! The night is still young so I’m definitely knocking on wood here but hopefully we’re past the bad injury luck for the time being. That clubhouse needs it and the fanbase needs it as well. Phew. Anyways, here’s a random clip. […]
PennyMac Strikes Deal For Cenlar's Subservicing Business
PennyMac Financial Services has announced a definitive agreement to acquire the subservicing business of Cenlar Capital Corporation, a move that will significantly expand PennyMac’s presence in the U.S. mortgage servicing market.
Pennymac Announces Acquisition of Cenlar’s Subservicing Business Becoming One of the Largest Mortgage Subservicers
PennyMac Financial Services, Inc. (NYSE: PFSI) (Pennymac) today announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire the subservicing business of ...
Opinion | Affordability and the ‘Epstein Class’ Will Define American Politics
The fight over inequality will define the 21st century.
Gemini Deep Think: Redefining the Future of Scientific Research
Gemini Deep Think is accelerating discovery in maths, physics, and computer science by acting as a powerful scientific companion for researchers.
Trump to Kudlow: ‘This country should have the lowest interest rates in the world’
Trump calls for "lowest interest rates in the world" during a FOX Business interview, claiming rate cuts could eliminate federal deficit and boost the economy.
City Council to vote on Downtown Entertainment District that could extend last call
Jacksonville City Council is expected to vote tonight on a proposal to create a Downtown Entertainment District, a move that could allow bars and restaurants in a defined area to serve alcohol until 3 a.m., one hour later than the current citywide cutoff.
Madison Ballet defies convention with shoulder rolls and combat boots
The ballet’s Feb. 13-15 program, ‘Re: Focus: Pointes of View’ in Overture Center, spotlights traditional techniques in nontraditional (and playful) ways.
Anas Sarwar makes his biggest political gamble - but can it pay off?
The call for Sir Keir Starmer to resign is a defining moment in Sarwar's leadership of Scottish Labour.
Ossoff rallies Atlanta crowd, putting health care at the center of Democrats' 2026 fight
U.S. Sen. Jon Ossoff from Georgia energized Atlanta supporters, spotlighting health care as a defining issue for Democrats in the 2026 election cycle.
Essentia Health, Southern Valley Fire and Rescue celebrate partnership to improve advanced emergency medical care
Essentia Health and Southern Valley Fire and Rescue today are celebrating a milestone that expands emergency medical care for the growing communities the fire department serves. Essentia Health recently contributed $40,000 to support the fire department’s purchase of two advanced defibrillator and cardiac monitor units.
Amendment narrows ‘agricultural disparagement’ language in sweeping farm bill
The amendment would align the definition with federal commodity classifications.
Impossibly powerful 'ghost particle' that slammed into Earth may have come from an exploding black hole — and it could upend both particle physics and cosmology
A supercharged neutrino that smashed into our planet in 2023 may have been spit out by an exploding primordial black hole with a "dark charge." If true, this theory could lead to a definitive catalog of all subatomic particles and unveil the elusive identity of dark matter.
Yakuza Kiwami 3 & Dark Ties review - a stuffed remake defined by its own grim connections
This is our review of Yakuza Kiwami 3 & Dark Ties on PC.
Bad Bunny’s Super Bowl halftime show performance redefined what it means to be an American patriot
In just over 13 minutes worth of music, stars and symbolism, Puerto Rican superstar Bad Bunny rewrote what it means to be American in a time of strife.
10 Burning Questions That Will Define the NFL Offseason
What's next for the Seahawks and Patriots? Who's the next surprise team? With Super Bowl LX in the books, it's time to look forward.
Revealed: The new Defiler stomps onto the battlefield
Wield six legs of absolute devastation on the battlefield.
Warcraft, Overwatch, and Diablo studio Blizzard Entertainment hits 35 years old — marks its first milestone under Microsoft Gaming
Legendary gaming firm cut its teeth with SNES and Genesis ports in the early 90s, but its legacy was locked in by three era‑defining originals that arrived between 1994 and 98.
Opinion | The powerful, personal politics of America's Olympic 'Blade Angels'
Hannah Holland: In a sport still largely defined by traditional, narrow ideas of femininity and grace, Alysa Liu and Amber Glenn are not stereotypical figure skaters.
The Sports Economy's $8.8 Trillion Potential
"Sport can reinforce today’s extractive patterns—or it can model a new definition of success," writes Sebastian Buckup.
A defiant Thomas Massie takes on the MAGA machine in heated Kentucky primary
Kentucky may be the last place in America where you can take on President Donald Trump as a hard-right Republican and carry a GOP voting card in Congress. At least for now.
How many sports bars are in Knoxville? It's hard to define
"A bar catering especially to sports fans and typically containing several TVs and often sports memorabilia" is just one definition for a sports bar.
Dingdong Announces Entry into Definitive Agreement to Sell its China Business to Meituan
Dingdong (Cayman) Limited ("Dingdong" or the "Company") (NYSE: DDL), a leading fresh grocery e-commerce company in China, today announced that it has entered into a definitive Share Purchase Agreement (the "Share Purchase Agreement") with Two Hearts Investments Limited ("Buyer"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Meituan (HKEX: 3690).
NASA’s Juno Mission Redefines Size, Shape of Jupiter
Data from NASA’s Juno mission has revealed that the solar system’s largest planet is slightly smaller and more “squashed” than previously
NBA results: February 2, 2026
Monday night in the NBA delivered drama in different ways. One team erased a huge deficit. Another leaned on a single star to survive without key players. Long losing streaks ended, and winning streaks came to a stop. Every game…
iPhone Fold Could Redefine Battery Life and Shake Up Button Design
Several iPhone Fold leaks have been reported, including a massive battery life, design elements, cameras and more.
Illinois Gov. JB Pritzker spends $5 million to boost his pick for Senate in his state
As early voting starts in the Democratic primary, the billionaire governor is spending big to help his lieutenant governor, Juliana Stratton, overcome a massive fundraising deficit.
France adopts 2026 budget after two no-confidence votes fail
New budget includes a $7.6m military spending increase and aims to cut the deficit to 5 percent by end of 2026.
Line Combinations: Stars vs. Jets
Stars' potent offense clashes with Jets' defensive grit. Key matchups and a crucial goalie duel define this playoff-charged showdown.
I've found the 3 TV shows definitely worth your time in February
I spent time studying the TV schedule and here are the top three shows you should watch this month
Anchorage parents, students react to potential sports cuts amid ASD budget snag
Anchorage School District superintendent Dr. Jharrett Bryantt’s announcement Friday about its impending $90 million deficit included a myriad of proposed cuts - many of which are athletics.
“Existential risk” – Why scientists are racing to define consciousness
Scientists warn that rapid advances in AI and neurotechnology are outpacing our understanding of consciousness, creating serious ethical risks. New research argues that developing scientific tests for awareness could transform medicine, animal welfare, law, and AI development. But identifying consciousness in machines, brain organoids, or patients could also force society to rethink responsibility, rights, and moral boundaries. The question of what it means to be conscious has never been more urgent—or more unsettling.
Why Opportunity, Not Entitlement, Will Define Alabama Football's Next Team
Forget entitlement. Alabama's evolving team thrives on earned opportunity, where hunger, not hype, fuels players ready to seize their chance and prove their worth.
Tenacia Biopharmaceuticals and Golden Age Health Partner to Commercialize ZTALMY® for CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder in Mainland China
SHANGHAI, February 01, 2026--GAH and Tenacia announce a China commercialization partnership for ZTALMY, the first approved therapy for CDKL5 deficiency disorder.
Texas overcomes early deficit for 79-69 win at Oklahoma
The Horns notched their fourth Quad 1 victory of the season with the win over the Sooners.
NOCO Healthcare’s Greeley Primary Care Redefines Community-Focused Medicine
Women-Owned, Locally Operated Practice Earns Over 330 Five-Star Reviews While Expanding Patient-Centered Services NOCO Healthcare’s Greeley Primary Care Redefines Community-Focused Medicine Women-Owned, Locally Operated Practice Earns Over 330 Five-Star Reviews While Expanding Patient-Centered Services Greeley, CO , Jan. 31, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- NOCO Healthcare is reshaping how patients experience medical care in Northern Colorado through its fast-growing Greeley Primary Care practice, known
Paul Joyce: Liverpool Won’t Allow Jones Departure
Liverpool stance firm as Curtis Jones interest surfacesLiverpool’s January posture has been defined by restraint, and the reporting from Paul Joyce of The Times sharpens that picture. With days left...
Liquid Meta and STREAMSIX Enter into Business Combination Agreement
Toronto, Ontario--(Newsfile Corp. - January 30, 2026) - Liquid Meta Capital Holdings Ltd. (Cboe CA: LIQD) (FSE: N5F) (OTC Pink: LIQQF) ("Liquid Meta") and STREAMSIX Inc., a private entertainment technology company, based in Toronto, Canada, are pleased to announce that, further to the press release issued on June 24, 2025, they have entered into a business combination agreement dated January 12, 2026, with an effective date of January 1, 2026 (the "Definitive Agreement") which outlines the terms
A breakthrough that could make ships nearly unsinkable
Researchers have found a way to make ordinary aluminum tubes float indefinitely, even when submerged for long periods or punched full of holes. By engineering the metal’s surface to repel water, the tubes trap air inside and refuse to sink, even in rough conditions. The technology could eventually be scaled up into floating platforms, ships, or even wave-powered energy systems.
Rovers game 'will not define our season', says Fuchs
Newport County boss Christian Fuchs has played down suggestions that Saturday's trip to relegation rivals Bristol Rovers is season defining.
A defining week at Davos
Davos was a standout week for Business Insider, bringing our journalism to life on the world stage through standout reporting, smart products, and high-impact events.
The Next Era of Sports and Entertainment Technology: Info-Tech Research Group Partners With SEAT to Advance Innovation and Digital Excellence Across Industry
Rapid advances in AI, analytics, and immersive technology are redefining fan experience and operational excellence across sports and entertainment...
Xavier 68-86 Seton Hall: What was that?
My first job in high school was cleaning bathrooms at a state park campground. Camping is a foul enough activity, but what people did in those bathrooms defies explanation. I say this to let you know I have stared into the dark heart of a man experiencing a bowel emergency and apparently the desire to […]
Defining Lung Health Through the Lifespan
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute is hosting the virtual workshop "Defining Lung Health Through the Lifespan" on March 4–5, 2026.
Psychiatrists plan to overhaul the mental health bible—and change how we define ‘disorder’
The American Psychiatric Association has announced big upcoming changes to psychiatry’s big book of mental disorders, the DSM
Premise Health and Crossover Health sign an agreement to create one unified company
/PRNewswire/ -- Premise Health and Crossover Health today announced that they have entered into a definitive agreement to merge. The unified organization will...
Trump’s Favorite Wedge Issue Has Finally Met Its Match
Riley Gaines definitely doesn’t want you reading this.
The unique sports collectibles that landed The Realest a $12 million investment round
The sports world is taking notice of The Realest's efforts to expand the definition of collectibles.
What Happens to Your Body When You Take Vitamin D Supplements Every Day Long Term?
A daily vitamin D supplement can support bone strength, muscle function, and balance—especially in people who are vitamin D deficient.
Hidden struggles: Cambridge scientists share the truth behind their success
In a career defined by constant questioning, self-doubt can become an occupational hazard. Now, for the first time, a group of Cambridge scientists reveal the personal struggles they’ve faced – and continue to face – as they strive for success.
Investment and Statecraft: The International Politics of Sovereign Wealth Funds - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
In 1953, Kuwait established the world’s first sovereign wealth fund to invest the country’s oil revenues and generate returns that would reduce its reliance on a single resource. Since then, over 100 separate funds have been created to preserve national wealth and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. Today, they manage over $10 trillion in global assets. In this discussion with GJIA, political economist Kathryn Lavelle explains the increasingly novel dynamics that surround fund behavior and what the world can come to expect from their growing presence in international financial markets. GJIA: When it comes to the roles sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) play in global markets and politics, what would you say makes them unique? Kathryn Lavelle: Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) operate on behalf of governments as investors. That in itself is a strange relationship. Within them, a core contest takes place between the state’s interests (or sovereign) part of the dynamic, and the money interests (or wealth) part of it, and these two aspects are frequently in contradiction, serving fundamentally different goals. SWFs are also quite fascinating because when you talk to the people who manage these funds, they have an interest in convincing you that the decisions are made almost exclusively on a financial basis—they really will go to great lengths to differentiate their government owners and those who make the management decisions. At the same time, these people ultimately answer to someone in power. Therefore, for most SWFs, it remains deeply unclear who is actually making the investment decisions and for what purposes. Of course, it is not always clear how other vehicles, such as hedge funds and private equity make the decisions they do, but I think what a lot of people find particularly disconcerting about SWFs is that they seem to act on behalf of people who have a different identity from their own. People who could be trying to manipulate politics and markets in a way that would have a long-term effect on their own populations. Regular investors come and go at will, and they only share an interest in profit as far as most of us understand. However, SWFs have that extra “sovereign” part right behind them that obscures their true interest. GJIA: These funds can be found in countries all across the globe, in both authoritarian states and democracies. Would you say SWFs differ in their goals and structures between regime-type? KL: It is not necessarily regime type that makes the goals and structures of SWFs different. It has to do with their economies. Let’s look at a country like China. There’s going to be a debate about exactly how to characterize the regime, but it is a country with many different kinds of sovereign wealth funds, and a particularly opaque state connection to each. At one time, some of the state-owned Chinese oil companies created specialized investment vehicles listed outside Chinese markets that excluded parts of the firms that were more associated with human rights violations. At the same time, the China Investment Corporation (CIC)—China’s largest SWF—draws a lot of concern, not necessarily because of its investment activities, but because of the dynamics of global politics. So, I wouldn’t really tie differences to regime types themselves in a wholesale way, but rather to how such funds are perceived and how they are structured. Saudi Arabia’s SWF is getting all kinds of attention for its involvement in Hollywood, and this takes me right back to when I was a student in the 1980s, when people were concerned about Japanese investment entities buying assets in Hollywood. They aren’t quite the same in financial terms, but it’s the same kind of concern about foreign investment that drives people to be suspicious, and the whole idea that “foreigners are influencing Hollywood.” This holds true across industries, and it reflects where politics are in places like the United States right now. One metric we can try to look at is transparency, where all the funds will tell you, “we are transparent.” The problem you’ll keep running into with this approach is how you value things. When trying to do comparative studies of equity markets, you’ll find that every country doesn’t use Generally Accepted Accounting Principles like we do in the United States. A fund may appear opaque politically and not want people to show what they’re invested in or what their intent with that investment is, but they could also just not be able to report it because of the way it was purchased, or the kinds of shares they purchased. There are some assets out there that really are difficult to put a monetary value on. GJIA: To what extent do domestic politics shape SWF behavior in both the investing “home” country and the recipient “host” country? KL: This depends on the type of fund present and also on the extent to which voters’ political views are able to influence the fund. For example, in a democratic home state like Norway, the SWF doesn’t invest in nuclear weapons or tobacco because of social concerns, but there is a continuing debate over whether it should invest in oil, even though that’s where most of the money comes from. The degree to which Norway will continue to make those investments, and whether they contradict the government’s overall climate goals, is an open question in Norwegian politics. Because of the way the fund’s governance is structured, it may not be easy to resolve. On the other hand, some people consider pension funds, like the State Teachers Retirement System (STRS) in Ohio, to be quasi-SWF. They have a very strict separation between the people who make up the management division and the fund owners. No teacher or professor would want to invest in things that may harm the future of their students. At the same time, a fund manager might see an opportunity in a diversified multinational corporation that offers a good return, despite it deriving part of its revenue from e-cigarettes. These contests are very apparent. Domestic politics can work in host countries too. A good example is Singapore’s SWF, Temasek, investing in Thailand’s telecommunications sector. If you study political economy, you already know that countries everywhere are uncomfortable with foreign ownership of their telecom sectors because a foreign entity could monitor or manipulate our communications with each other. In the case of Temasek, there was significant pushback from Thai citizens surrounding the deal, which went on to influence national political sentiment toward Singapore as a whole, underscoring the risks some SWFs may face with their investment choices. In this case, fund behavior led to the dissolution of the entire Thai government in 2006 and a subsequent coup d’état. GJIA: To address some of this unease, the Santiago Principles were established in 2009 to ostensibly promote trust and transparency. From your perspective, have these mechanisms actually changed fund behavior? KL: In international relations theory, we always like to have a clear set of norms and best practices—the orientation we want the proverbial ship to be going in. In that regard, the Santiago Principles at least got the discussion going about which direction SWFs should take at a time when people were very skittish about the growing size of these funds. Nobody wanted them to be out there and potentially destabilizing economies, so talks about disclosure, conditions for withdrawal, and the independence of managers were helpful when initiated. The biggest stumbling block was that there wasn’t exactly a good way to measure compliance with the Principles, let alone how to hold funds to them. If you read the Principles, they’re overall quite vague. In general, a fund doesn’t want to reveal how and why they make certain investment decisions because that information is proprietary—a fund makes money off of how and why it makes decisions—so how do you reconcile that with loosely-defined ideas of openness? Some decisions might have a political purpose. The bottom line is that trying to figure out and assign a score to compliance is not easy, and it is therefore the reason why the Santiago Principles never really got off the ground to the point where they could truly direct fund behavior. GJIA: Many emerging markets are looking to build their own SWFs from mineral and oil revenues. Historically, have funds shaped development trajectories in these countries? KL: I think the big story in international emerging markets investment is that the investment is increasingly no longer unidirectional. In the past multinational corporations of primarily Western background were the main form of foreign direct investment in a country. That has changed dramatically, to the point where you have companies from so-called “developing countries” taking over companies in the United States. Therefore, the landscape of international investment has changed, and I think SWFs are certainly a possibility to be the next step in the game. Historically, you didn’t need an entire financial vehicle to reinvest commodity revenues in your country, but as emerging markets get more financially sophisticated, their capacity to operate such funds has increased. SWFs would allow treasuries to move from relying on holding foreign exchange assets like cash or government bonds to having broader financial markets and targeted growth areas, while easing pressure on welfare expenditures. GJIA: With their increasing financial weight, do you see the presence of SWFs being a factor in the political choices leaders will have to make with regard to domestic and foreign policy? KL: It will depend on just how big the funds get. One of the reasons people are already apprehensive is because of their scale, and if certain SWFs in certain countries achieve a large-enough size, the presence will absolutely be cause for concern. The other factor political leaders will have to consider are their objectives. It’s not always clear how to define a SWF, or even where its activity is concentrated, but it is certainly a worry from the perspective of national security of opaque external investment. More than that, I think one of the most interesting questions going forward is whether the United States, the home to the world’s largest financial markets, will develop its own fund, for which the Trump administration announced a plan. There have also been several proposals in Congress. Were it to come into being, it would have tremendous weight. At the same time, one of the hallmarks of U.S. capitalism is a lack of government ownership of shares, so it would not be clear how such a fund would be received in domestic politics, or which direction it would take. Given how politically fragmented the country is, a Democratic administration would likely be concerned about different sectors of the economy, such as healthcare, and want investment there, rather than a Republican administration, which might prefer defense industries. No investment vehicle could thrive under conditions of such instability. Moreover, it remains unclear where the money to fund a theoretical U.S. SWF would come from. It would be a fundamentally different entity depending on whether it is financed with debt, economic surplus, commodities, or the sale of state companies, as in the case of Singapore. If it is debt, or government borrowing of some form, then the fund would have to outperform whatever the cost of that debt is, which is not an easy thing to do. I think our political leaders have enough on their plate. Our system has worked well keeping political and investment functions generally separate. We have seen different forms of business rise and fall, and even the perception of different countries, all of which funds are tied to. Unless a major SWF either starts—like in the case of the United States—or collapses—an issue that concerns the Saudis, I don’t see any political tsunamis on the horizon. . . . Kathryn Lavelle is the Ellen and Dixon Long Professor of World Affairs at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Her research explores the exchange between domestic and international and political institutions with a particular emphasis on political economy and multilateralism. Dr. Lavelle’s first book, The Politics of Equity Finance in Emerging Markets, explored the political circumstances that surround large issues of stock in the developing world. After being granted tenure at Case Western, she was awarded an American Political Science Association Congressional Fellowship and named the William A. Steiger fellow, a designation given to the most promising political scientist in her class of fellows. While in Washington during 2006-2007, she worked on the staff of the House Committee on Financial Services on issues related to domestic and international monetary policy. Dr. Lavelle holds a PhD in political science from Northwestern University; an M.A. in government and foreign affairs from the University of Virginia; and a bachelor’s degree in international economics from Georgetown University. She is a permanent member of the New York Council on Foreign Relations. This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity and length. Interview conducted by Sid Mehrotra. Image Credit: Jason Leung, Unsplash Content Licenses, via Unsplash
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