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Outlining objectives for Rochester’s business community
Rochester, N.Y. — The Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce hosted its second annual legislative breakfast.It brings together local lawmakers for a spirited dis
CT officials voice concerns about Trump health care plan
Connecticut health officials and lawmakers on Thursday expressed concerns about the Trump administration’s new health care policy framework.
Trump unveils health care affordability plan
President Trump is unveiling his long-awaited health care proposal. The framework includes many proposals that Trump or Congress have pushed in recent years.
‘Absolutely no detail’: experts alarmed as Trump unveils healthcare plan
Months after Trump boasted of ‘concepts of a plan’, framework offers few specifics – and could stall in Congress
Trump lays out new framework to address health costs
The framework is an acknowledgement the GOP could face blame for health care affordability in the midterms.
Trump unveils health care affordability plan
President Trump unveiled a health care framework Thursday aimed at lowering drug prices and insurance premiums, as he seeks to address a major Republican political liability ahead of the midterm el…
Curbing Misalignment in American Politics
A broad range of views on democracy to help break the stalemate caused by partisan conflict.
Trump says he'll soon unveil framework to lower health care costs
President Donald Trump said during a speech in Detroit that his administration will unveil a framework for lowering health care costs later this week.
Prof. Dorit Reiss Wins National Award for Distinguished Service in Health Law - UC Law San Francisco (Formerly UC Hastings)
Professor Dorit Reiss, who brings legal expertise to public health debates, has received a national award for her lasting contributions to the field as a scholar, policy adviser, and mentor. Faculty Who Lead: Dorit Reiss Professor Dorit Reiss receives the 2026 Distinguished Service Award from the AALS Section on Law, Medicine and Health Care. She is a leading expert on vaccine law, advising policymakers and providing expert analysis to journalists. Reiss mentors future health law scholars and combats misinformation online through evidence-based public education. Professor Dorit Reiss, a leading voice on vaccine law and policy, has won a national award recognizing her contributions to health law. She received the 2026 Distinguished Service Award from the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) Section on Law, Medicine and Health Care. Presented at the AALS Annual Meeting in January, the award honors sustained service to public health and the health law academy through advocacy, public education, and mentorship. In presenting the award, Professor Doron Dorfman of Seton Hall Law School, chair-elect of the AALS Section on Law, Medicine and Health Care, described Reiss as “a committed public health advocate who has used her expertise to influence vaccine policy, research, and practice at both the state and federal levels for nearly two decades.” Reiss leads a widely read vaccine law listserv that provides real-time updates on litigation, regulatory developments, advisory committee proceedings, and public comment opportunities. The resource has become an important tool for lawyers, scholars, journalists, and public health professionals tracking fast-moving developments in vaccine policy. Her service extends to policymaking as well. She has supported vaccine-related legislation in California, testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee on vaccine mandates and non-medical exemptions, and serves on the Parent Advisory Board of Voices for Vaccines, a parent-led organization focused on reducing vaccine-preventable disease. Dorfman also highlighted Reiss’ active role in robust debates over vaccine safety and related laws and policies. “She directly engages misinformation by responding to anti-vaccination claims on social media with careful, evidence-based rebuttals,” Dorfman said. As federal vaccine policy undergoes significant change, Reiss has become a trusted source for major national news outlets, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN, which regularly seek her expert analysis on new policies and decisions. Dorfman noted that Reiss is widely respected for her mentorship of health law faculty and scholars. “She is consistently generous with her time—approachable, willing to provide feedback, and a mentor to many in the field, including myself,” he said. At UC Law SF, Reiss brings the spirit of public service into the classroom, helping students understand how legal frameworks translate into real-world public health outcomes. She holds the James Edgar Hervey ’50 Chair of Litigation, a position that recognizes faculty excellence in the field of litigation. The Distinguished Service Award highlights her sustained commitment to evidence-based vaccine policy, public education, and mentorship during a pivotal time for public health law.
Senators punt release of health package to end of January
A bipartisan group of senators had originally hoped to release a framework this week.
Leaders, It’s Time to Build Your Tolerance for Uncertainty
In today’s volatile business environment, leaders must develop uncertainty tolerance as a core skill. Here are three ways to do so: Anchor yourself in clear values and enduring priorities to give yourself stability when everything else is in flux; embrace experimentation, building to learn rather than over-planning; and reframe murky conditions as an opportunity for growth, rather than a threat, so you are able to row through the fog.
Framework increases Desktop prices by up to $460 due to RAM crisis
Computer brand Framework has hiked the prices on RAM for its Desktop systems and Mainframes in response to rising costs with its suppliers.
Leaked Windows 11 Feature Shows Copilot Moving Into File Explorer
Microsoft is testing a hidden 'Chat with Copilot' button in Windows 11 File Explorer, signaling deeper AI search and a coming Agent Launchers framework.
Google Photos may finally add a long-awaited video playback feature
Google Photos could soon allow users to adjust the video playback speed, and even allow date separators to be toggled off for a cleaner view.
Popular Colorado bakery tries to stay in business despite zoning conflict: "We want to keep fighting"
Has Cardinal Health (CAH) Run Too Far After A 309% Five Year Share Price Gain?
If you are wondering whether Cardinal Health's share price still offers value after a strong run, this breakdown will help you frame what the current price could be telling you. The stock recently closed at US$201.11, with returns of 1.5% over the last 30 days, a 2.2% decline year to date, and gains of 67.5% over 1 year, 176.1% over 3 years, and 309.3% over 5 years. Recent coverage around Cardinal Health has largely focused on its role as a major healthcare distributor and its exposure to...
Former Google, Apple Researchers Raising $50 Million for New Visual AI Startup
Andrew Dai, a veteran AI researcher who recently left Google DeepMind after 14 years, is launching a new startup focused on AI models that understand and process text, images, video and audio simultaneously, Dai said. The new startup, Elorian, is in talks with investors to raise a seed round of ...
Why Silicon Valley Is Obsessed With Biological Age Tests, Despite Dubious Science
Venture capitalist Meltem Demirors isn’t above the occasional splurge on bags, jewelry and other material things. But she much prefers to use her disposable income for an expanding array of exotic wellness experiments, including injecting peptides and hiring a personal longevity coach. “The only ...
Bremen Village Shops offer new retail space for small businesses
A unique opportunity for anyone getting a business off the ground..and really for anyone looking for a new shopping experience.. is happening right now in Breme
How Flatpaks & Open Source Make Steam Frame A Linux Playground
Valve's promise with Steam Frame begins with open source.
I finally found smart glasses I like wearing at CES
After getting motion sickness from most smart glasses, I'm happy to report that the Even G2 feel as good as they look.
Nevada governor leads new push to bar transgender athletes from female sports
Nevada Gov. Joe Lombardo has announced a new push to ban transgender athletes from competing in female sports around the state.
WellSpan Health Announces Comprehensive Migration of Technology Portfolio to AWS
Add to FavoritesWellSpan Health, the leading health care system serving Central Pennsylvania and Northern Maryland, today announced plans for a comprehensive cloud migration of its full technology infrastructure. Together with Amazon Web Services (AWS) as its preferred cloud provider, WellSpan will transition its applications, data and environments from traditional data centers to AWS. This migration will establish the foundation for delivering next-generation, AI-enabled health care solutions that reduce administrative burden and improve outcomes for patients across the region and beyond. Supercharging Innovation, Efficiency and Patient Outcomes WellSpan's migration of systems and clinical applications, which serve 1.2 million patients across nine hospitals and 250+ facilities, is expected to be complete by April 2026, one of the fastest full-scale migrations in the health care industry. This transformation enables WellSpan to unify disparate data systems for care teams and patients alike, achieving operational efficiencies and care improvements that fragmented systems are unable to deliver. “Our comprehensive migration to the cloud accelerates our ability to deploy new clinical capabilities that transform patient care while advancing our overall innovation strategy,” said Roxanna Gapstur, Ph.D., R.N., president and CEO, WellSpan Health. “When a physician can access complete patient imaging in seconds instead of hours, we're not just modernizing technology—we're improving patient outcomes. Our new cloud infrastructure also enables us to quickly implement solutions that will free our clinicians from thousands of hours of administrative work annually so they can focus on what they do best: caring for our communities.” The transition allows WellSpan to move away from a data center-based model and enables the rapid deployment and scale of AI technology. WellSpan’s strategic partner, General Catalyst’s Health Assurance Transformation Company (HATCo), facilitated the collaboration with AWS to support the migration. WellSpan’s transformation journey benefits from HATCo’s specialized technology solutions, as well as General Catalyst and AWS’s significant partnership to improve patient outcomes, which was announced in January 2025. “Our decision to go all-in on AWS will enable insights and innovations impossible in traditional siloed environments,” said Kasey Paulus, executive vice president and chief operating officer, WellSpan Health. “This is the largest health care technology transformation in our region's history, and it positions WellSpan to be a premier partner for technology leaders across the country.” “WellSpan is building a foundation with AWS that will improve care and outcomes for patients across their health system by bringing data together into standardized formats that are optimized for AI applications,” said Dan Sheeran, vice president and general manager, Healthcare and Life Science, AWS. “To do this, it is essential to have the most secure and compliant cloud when handling patient data, along with AWS’s built-in AI governance and responsible AI frameworks that follow the industry’s highest standards to protect patient information. We look forward to continuing to work alongside WellSpan as they unlock the cloud and AI’s full potential to deliver exceptional care to their patients.” Key Benefits of the AWS Collaboration Full Portfolio Migration: WellSpan will transition its applications and data from on-premises data centers to AWS, including full IT environments and specialized applications for functions such as nursing, cardiology, pharmacy and the company’s supply chain systems. This represents approximately 7.5 petabytes of clinical and non-clinical data and more than 300 applications—the most comprehensive health system cloud migration in the Mid-Atlantic region. Approved Architectures: AWS will deliver secure, WellSpan-specific architectures tailored to each build, ensuring compliance and reliability across the health system. Unified, AI-Ready Data: Migrating to AWS enables WellSpan to harmonize data across separate systems, transforming unstructured clinical notes and multi-modal datasets into standardized, AI-ready formats. Accelerated Results and Improved Outcomes: Automated data normalization and processing will enable the deployment of applications that reduce turnaround times for items such as analyzing medical imaging or patient records from days to minutes, helping clinicians get patient results faster and improving overall health outcomes. Reduced Administrative Burden: The transition to AWS will enable swift deployment of AI-powered solutions that reclaim thousands of hours for WellSpan’s clinical and corporate teams, allowing them to focus on patient care rather than paperwork. Elastic Infrastructure: Cloud architecture will enable WellSpan to scale computing resources dynamically, supporting seasonal demand fluctuations without infrastructure investments, as well as the rapid deployment of new services across multiple locations simultaneously. Most Secure, Compliant Cloud: AWS offers the highest network availability of any cloud provider, with more than 166 HIPAA-eligible services and certifications for global compliance standards, including HITRUST CSF. Built-in AI governance and responsible AI frameworks ensure that WellSpan’s data is protected under the industry’s most rigorous standards. Tags:News releaseInnovation and partnerships
2026 Is the Year of the RGB LED TV
The crop of next-generation TVs arriving this year has more accurate colors than ever, thanks to a fancy new kind of backlighting.
NE Wisconsin health officials, radon experts urge home testing during Radon Action Month
Counties and radon specialists are working to educate homeowners on the importance of testing and knowing your home's levels.
Citrus Burn Examined (Report 2026) Recalling Emerging Conversations on Metabolic Health and Nutrition
An increased examination of the way Citrus Burn is being framed within broader discourse on the topic of metabolic health, dietary supplements and informed wellness decisions Citrus Burn Citrus Burn Find out more about Citrus Burn and how it works exactly! St. Petersburg, Fl, Jan. 07, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The discussions concerning metabolic well-being, energy management, and the nutritional policies individuals follow in their everyday activities have been gaining popularity in the popular
Berrien County Health Dept. to open enrollment for RX Kids program in select communities
Berrien County Health Department is launching Michigan State University's Rx kids program.Beginning January 12th pregnant mothers in the cities of Benton Harbor
When Being a Family Business Becomes a Competitive Advantage
Family businesses often underestimate the strategic power of their familial identity, defaulting instead to corporate models that erode the trust and long-term relationships that set them apart. A Family-to-Family (F2F) strategy reframes customers and suppliers as multigenerational partners, strengthening loyalty, speeding decision-making, and fueling innovation in ways competitors struggle to replicate. Vitex’s transformation shows how deliberately activating “familiness” can drive resilience, growth, and market leadership—offering a blueprint for CEOs who want to turn trust into a durable competitive advantage.
The Nikon 24-105mm f/4-7.1 Is a New Kit Zoom to Pair with the Z5 II
Nikon has announced the Nikkor Z 24-105mm f/4-7.1 zoom lens for Nikon full-frame mirrorless cameras.
Intel is planning a custom Panther Lake CPU for handheld PCs
A custom-designed version of its new CPUs could make Intel-based gaming handhelds a better option this time around.
How new trade & investment corridors are reshaping business
With traditional multilateral trade frameworks under strain and global rules in flux, a more transactional style of international relations is taking hold.
Lenovo's 14th-gen ThinkPad X1 Carbon comes with a new Space Frame design
The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 14 Aura Edition and ThinkPad X1 2-in-1 Gen 11 Aura Edition come with a new design Lenovo has dubbed “Space Frame.”
Lenovo Debuts Space Frame Design in Latest ThinkPads at CES 2026
The new flagship X1 Carbon Gen 14 and companion X1 2-in-1 Gen 11 get new modular chassis for greater serviceability and longer lifespans.
The PC version of 007 First Light requires lots of expensive RAM and VRAM to run at recommended settings
IO Interactive just announced PC requirements for the upcoming James Bond game 007 First Light. It'll support NVIDIA DLSS 4 with Multi Frame Generation.
NC State’s REFRAME Project Will Harness AI To Identify Business Opportunities in Crop Leftovers
NC State is leading efforts to develop an AI-enabled platform that can help farmers, processing plants and others identify new business opportunities in the bioeconomy.
NVIDIA Announces DLSS 4.5 with Increased Image Quality, 6x FrameGen, and 240 FPS Mode
NVIDIA today announced the new DLSS 4.5 technology at its 2026 International CES media event, to improve gaming performance and image quality, bringing higher resolutions and refresh rates within reach of PC gamers. DLSS 4.5 is a major update over DLSS 4 that debuted in 2024 with the GeForce RTX 50-...
Nvidia Announces DLSS 4.5 - New Transformer Model Already Live
Ambitious "Dynamic Frame Generation" coming "Spring 2026."
Nvidia announces DLSS 4.5 with 6x Frame Generation and improved image quality
RTX 50-series owners get the best features
Amazon unveils TV line to compete in artsy market
Amazon unveiled a television designed to resemble a piece of framed art, making it the latest TV maker to emulate a sleek design popularized by Samsung.
Amazon revamps Fire TV, launches its own 'Artline' televisions with frames at CES
Fire TV's new interface focuses on your content and offers easier, speedier navigation, Amazon says.
2026 in the Frame: 6 Key Media and Entertainment Trends to Watch
This exclusive WrapPRO/NRG research report identifies the critical storylines for the year ahead, from AI to sports streaming to a pushback on franchise films.
LG TVs at CES 2026: A stunning Wallpaper set, glorious Micro RGB colors and a better Gallery TV
LG is pushing ahead with a variety of new TV concepts: A super-thin Wallpaper set, Micro RGB evolving Mini LED technology and a better competitor to Samsung's Frame TV.
Some small businesses raise prices due to tariffs, Colorado liquor store reducing them
Rapid relocation testing resilience of Marketplace Mall's displaced business owners
Many store owners once located inside the Marketplace Mall in Henreitta are settling into their new spaces on Friday.
The Brand Promise That Builds Your Business
In my forthcoming book, Branding as a Cultural Force: Purpose, Responsibility, and Resonance, I provide a framework to help small companies deliver on their word.
Medical Aid in Dying Legislation and the Limits of Prognostic Science
New York’s Medical Aid in Dying is often framed as compassion guided by medical expertise. But is the legislation prescribing a moral choice behind the mask of scientific certainty?
Pennsylvania business owner says her health insurance more than tripled after ACA premiums jumped
A One Health trial design to accelerate Lassa fever vaccines
Nature Medicine - We propose an interdisciplinary framework to address the considerable challenges that are restricting the development of vaccines for zoonotic diseases with epidemic potential.
Top trending sports stories from around the DMV in 2025
Sports: love it or hate it, it gets people talking.Commanders QB goes down with a nasty injuryThe Washington Commanders' rough season went from bad to worse af
Brookfield to Start Cloud Business to Lower Cost of AI
Private-equity firm Brookfield is starting its own cloud business, going up against tech giants like Amazon by arguing it can bring down the costs of developing AI. The firm, which has long invested in infrastructure and energy, is becoming the first major investment firm to try to lease chips ...
LG is taking on Samsung's 'The Frame' with its new 'Gallery TV'
Ahead of CES 2026, LG has announced its new “Gallery TV” which is designed to take on Samsung’s popular “The...
2026 Predictions: Apple Will Reverse Its AI Slump
As AI has completely consumed the tech industry, Apple has held back from the colossal investments in the technology its peers have been making. Wall Street, pundits and media outlets have criticized and chronicled Apple’s stumbles and seeming lack of urgency in the AI arms race.Thatincludesus. ...
LG Takes on Samsung's Frame with Gallery TV
LG's Gallery TV features a MiniLED backlight and a choice of over 4,500 artworks.
LG officially enters the art TV category with the Gallery TV
LG will now compete directly with The Frame.
Former CDC Chief Medical Officer criticizes Health Department’s handling of rising flu cases
Thieves hit multiple businesses in Clifton, targeting cash and cameras
Thieves targeted several businesses along Ludlow Avenue in Clifton.
The Best New Tech and Business Podcasts 2025
Quantity is so often the enemy of quality, a truth made plainly apparent across podcast feeds these days: Everyone and their cousin—or, rather, everyone and their Series B investor—is trying to do a lengthy chat show, seated behind high-end video cameras and the same set of Shure mics that Joe ...
petgugu to Showcase Its AI-Driven Pet Health Ecosystem at CES 2026, Featuring the World’s First Self-Flushing Smart Cat Toilet
LAS VEGAS, Dec. 26, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- petgugu, a leading pet technology company focused on AI- and robotics-enabled intelligent care systems, will introduce its full AI Pet Health Ecosystem at CES 2026 (January 6–9, 2026), at Booth 53162 in the Venetian Expo Halls A–D. The ecosystem is designed to help families better understand and manage their pets’ well-being through continuous monitoring, data insights, and automated hygiene technologies. AI Pet Health Ecosystem: A Data-Driven Framewo
Does science agree it’s better to give than receive? A doctor explains
Gift-giving is often framed as a source of stress and obligation, but a growing body of research suggests there may also be something beneficial about giving itself.
Framework Announces Another Memory Price Hike; Says It Still Charges Far Less Than Apple
Framework has announced another price hike for DDR5 memories and has stated the reason in a new blog post.
Georgia Aquarium looks back at 20 years of science, education, community in Atlanta
Over 20 years, there have been 45 million visitors to the Georgia Aquarium.
Asheville Museum of Science to be featured on 'World's Greatest!' TV series
The Asheville Museum of Science (AMOS) will soon be featured on an upcoming episode of the television series "World's Greatest!"
Colorado businesses push through power outages during holiday season
Many Colorado businesses tried to keep the doors open during the recent power shutoffs despite the drop in foot traffic. Now, they're hoping customers will return in greater numbers ahead of the coming Christmas holiday.
Scottish Open: Chris Wakelin defeats Chang Bingyu in final to win title
England's Chris Wakelin wins eight frames in a row on his way to securing the Scottish Open title with a 9-2 victory over Chang Bingyu in Edinburgh on Sunday.
1 detained, man hospitalized after shooting outside Fairfax County business
A person was detained, and a man was hospitalized following a shooting outside a business in Chantilly on Sunday morning.
Providence's East Side businesses seek to recover after Brown University shooting
While the city starts to heal after the manhunt for the Brown University gunman came to a close, small business owners are hoping to eventually recover from the
Christmas tree lot sells trees from Colorado, keeping business local and helping thin wildfire fuels
A lot in Gunbarrel is selling trees from Colorado for Christmas, and you still have time to get a native tree for your celebration. The company says its work also helps reduce the risk of wildfires in the region.
KDE Plasma 6.6 Finally Supporting Ambient Light Sensors, Fixing Windows Games With HDR
There are some nice KDE Plasma 6.6 improvements that were merged ahead of Christmas.
The Science Behind Holiday Feasting—and Why It’s Totally Fine
Modern diet culture frames holiday eating as failure, but biology, history, and psychology tell a different story—one where feasting is not a lapse in discipline, but a deeply human ritual tied to survival, memory, and connection.
AI learns to build simple equations for complex systems
A research team at Duke University has developed a new AI framework that can uncover simple, understandable rules that govern some of the most complex dynamics found in nature and technology.
Top takeaways from White House chief of staff Susie Wiles's interviews with Vanity Fair
Wiles reflected on the last 11 months in a series of interviews for a profile by the magazine. She called the article "a disingenuously framed hit piece" on Tuesday.
Inside Apple’s iPhone Road Map, From Foldable Screens to Curved Glass Cases
The iPhone family is growing again. Over the next two years, Apple is planning a major expansion of its smartphone product line that could see it selling at least seven new models of its flagship device by fall 2027, up from five iPhone models today, according to multiple people working directly ...
Diversity and representation of women on streaming TV series in sharp decline, UCLA study shows
The latest edition of the Hollywood Diversity Report released Tuesday determined that the top shows in 2024 were less culturally diverse than the previous year.
Silksong is getting a free expansion next year
Sea of Sorrow is the game’s “first big expansion.”
Public safety issues in St. Johns continue to hurt business
The owner of StormBreaking brewing says safety issues in the St. Johns area hurting their bottom line.
Fire damages Aliquippa sausage business
Smoke filled the air in Aliquippa on Monday afternoon as firefighters worked to put out flames inside an area business.
Why xAI Has an Uphill Battle Selling Grok to Businesses
Elon Musk’s xAI wants companies around the world to buy its Grok AI models as it tries to build a moneymaking business. To get there, xAI has created an enterprise AI sales group over the past half-year that has expanded to more than a dozen people. But xAI’s lack of experience in selling to big ...
Frameshift: Shari Wiseman reflects on her pivot from science to publishing
As chief editor of Nature Neuroscience, Wiseman applies critical-thinking skills she learned in the lab to manage the journal’s day-to-day operations.
OPINION: Reducing our school board election to 'union vs. business' misses the point
A recent op-ed — and a subsequent discussion on New Mexico In Focus — framed the Nov. 4 school board ...
Female athletes protesting transgender competition in sports drop lawsuit against OSAA
Two female athletes dropped a lawsuit they had filed alleging that the OSAA discriminated against them for protesting transgender competition in women's sports.
Framework Raises DDR5 Memory Prices By 50% For DIY Laptops
Framework Computer had worked to keep their memory prices lower than other laptop vendors amid the ongoing memory shortages throughput the industry worldwide
Surprise: Samsung has a new camera sensor for its next flagships after all
Samsung is apparently working on a new smartphone camera sensor that might solve shutter lag woes on future flagships.
Employers join forces at career fair to boost local business hires post-Helene
Employers gathered at the Valley Hope Church in Swannanoa on Thursday, Dec. 11, to take part in the Black Mountain Swannanoa Chamber Foundation career fair.
Thirty Years of Onion Politics: Bosnia and Herzegovina on the 30th anniversary of the Dayton Peace Agreement
The Dayton Peace Agreement ended the Bosnian War, establishing the constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It achieved its immediate aim of ending direct violence, yet ended up creating a state apparatus that obstructs social equality and economic sovereignty. This Spotlight argues that the evaluation of its success must take two problems into account: the cementation of ethnic categories as foundational levels of governance and the resulting failure to address or transform war legacies; and the institutionalized international involvement undermining democratic self-determination.
The New WHO Pandemic Treaty and Global Health Governance: Incorporating Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into PABS - Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
On May 20, 2025, the World Health Assembly unanimously adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Agreement, an international treaty designed to strengthen pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. The product of three years of arduous negotiations, the treaty marks a new era of global cooperation in public health. However, core aspects of the agreement remain unresolved—notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System, which is intended to ensure equitable access to pandemic-related materials and benefits. To support the successful implementation of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Introduction For the first time, an international treaty has enshrined the principle of “One Health,” the compelling idea that the health of animals, humans, and the environment all contribute to pandemic risks. SARS (2003), H1N1 (2009–10), Ebola (2014–16), and COVID-19 all emerged through zoonotic spillover from animal hosts—respectively, civets, hogs, and bats. Together, they underscore the need for a coordinated, cross-sectoral approach. The Pandemic Agreement responds to this call, requiring state parties to acknowledge the ecological interplay and commit to a comprehensive “One Health” strategy. Specifically, Article 5 charges governments to address “the drivers of pandemics and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease at the human-animal-environment interface,” including wild animal markets, deforestation, and antibiotic overuse. Yet the effectiveness of this “One Health” vision depends equally on the free flow of scientific information and data among countries and institutions. Just as environmental and animal health factors have been neglected in past global frameworks, so too has data sharing been marginalized, despite its centrality to timely detection and response. The Pandemic Agreement takes an important step by requiring governments to enhance data collection and cooperate with the World Health Organization (WHO). However, these provisions will remain aspirational without a robust Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) annex. The PABS system will determine whether countries and researchers can rapidly exchange pathogen samples and genetic data while ensuring equitable access to resulting research and development, including diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. Without such mechanisms, the treaty’s promise to operationalize “One Health” and strengthen global preparedness will risk becoming largely symbolic, echoing earlier failures to translate shared principles into coordinated action. Equity Concerns When the 2025 Health Assembly adopted the Pandemic Agreement, it left the difficult question of access to pathogens and the sharing of resulting benefits to be addressed in a separate agreement. Negotiations on this separate agreement, PABS, are now underway in Geneva. Yet governments remain divided over fundamental questions of equity between the countries that primarily contribute to the system and those that primarily draw from it—and consequently benefit. For example, wildlife in countries bordering the equator is likely to produce PABS materials, but companies in Europe are likely to use them to develop lucrative products. The most likely contributor countries are likely to be those biodiverse countries around the equator, such as Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia, where the number of human-mammalian viral host interactions is large. Conversely, countries most likely to benefit from this material are those with the technology, investors, and infrastructure to capitalize on genomic data, such as the United States, EU member states, and Japan. This imbalance reflects a broader pattern seen in prior international frameworks. Now, as in the past, the wealthiest countries in the world (a useful heuristic is membership of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)) disproportionately benefit from systems in which pathogens and genomic sequencing data are contributed to a common source. Under the International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (the “Plant Treaty” or “Seed Treaty”) and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Framework, companies from Europe and North America disproportionately withdraw biological samples and data for development into lucrative medical products. Their governments and companies have both statutory and contractual claims to the products that those companies correspondingly produce. PABS appears poised to follow the same pattern. The text calls for strong language on access to pathogens and associated data, but the corresponding benefits that should flow to poorer countries are couched in equivocal or non-binding language. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities To address these inequities, the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” should be formally incorporated into the negotiating agenda of the PABS annex. Common but differentiated responsibilities are often a feature of climate change negotiations. The basic principle is that, even though all countries should reduce carbon emissions, governments that became rich and powerful through massive carbon emissions (e.g., France, the United Kingdom, the United States) should have a greater obligation to address the resulting crises. Applied to PABS, it would require that governments hosting and supporting companies developing lucrative products carry greater obligations toward the cost of running the PABS system; share benefits or final medical products; and transfer technology to help countries worldwide develop their own capacities to innovate and manufacture vaccines during an emergency. For example, an annex could mandate that any company based in an OECD country that withdraws PABS material would be obligated to donate the resulting diagnostics, therapeutics, or vaccines to the WHO during a public health emergency or pandemic. Questions remain about how robust those donations would be, but the principle is that they should deliver highly significant lifesaving benefits to be equitably shared. Theoretically, this approach mirrors the PIP Framework, in which companies withdrawing influenza samples are required to pay half of the operating costs. In practice, however, the framework has fallen short. The PIP Framework Secretariat has struggled to secure payments from companies, with companies often disagreeing over how much is owed. Additionally, without another pandemic influenza to test the strength of the agreement during a public health emergency, corporate compliance with sharing mechanisms remains unknown. Even if these limitations did not characterize the PIP Framework, partially paying for operating expenses does not address the inequity in access to genetic data and pathogen samples that left less developed countries last in line for COVID-19 vaccines (and, before them, H1N1). Common but differentiated responsibilities would go further, addressing governments’ legitimate grievances regarding information sharing. It would make withdrawals of PABS material and resulting products more transparent, building trust across the board. Enforcement and Enduring Success A key implication of this approach is that the governing mechanism of the PABS must have real enforcement authority. The WHO Pandemic Agreement delegates its core governance responsibilities to a Conference of the Parties (COP)—a governing body composed of one representative from each participating government, similar to those established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement COP is charged with oversight functions but ultimately possesses no real authority to compel a government to take any action it does not wish to take. The text does not give the COP the ability to, for example, sanction a party that does not comply with either textual obligations or PABS provisions. In other words, there are no effective mechanisms in place to ensure compliance. Perhaps just as significant, establishing a meaningful enforcement mechanism within the PABS system would strengthen the WHO’s credibility and its ability to ensure compliance across global health governance. By setting a precedent for accountability, such a mechanism could enhance the organization’s authority not only within the Pandemic Agreement but also in enforcing the revised International Health Regulations and other frameworks for public health emergencies. Conclusion The PABS annex can—and should—be different. It should establish clear responsibilities for funding as well as for sharing the diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines that result from contributions to the system. The system, in turn, must include a dedicated body empowered to hold governments and the corporations they sponsor accountable for their responsibilities before, during, and after pandemics. Doing so would restore trust in the broader agreement, which was eroded as commitments were repeatedly diluted while parties scrambled to meet their own self-imposed deadlines during the Pandemic Agreement negotiations. A robust PABS Annex would cement a grand social bargain. Wealthier countries and their corporations would gain unimpeded access to scientific information essential for developing and manufacturing lifesaving medical products. As such, they would stand to gain considerable economic benefit. Yet that privilege must be matched with responsibility. The grand bargain must include not only the right to innovate, but also the duty to ensure that innovation serves all. As medical products are developed and produced through collective contributions, every person must have equal access. All human beings deserve an equitable chance to survive—to save their own life, the lives of their families, and the well-being of their communities. … Sam Halabi, JD, MPhil, is the Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor at Georgetown University’s School of Health and the Director of the Center for Transformational Health Law at Georgetown Law. He serves as the co-lead for the WHO’s Working Group on Regulatory Consideration on AI and Health’s training workstream. He earned his JD from Harvard, his MPhil from Oxford, and undergraduate degrees from Kansas State University. Lawrence Gostin, LLD (Hon.), JD, BA, is University Distinguished Professor and Founding Director and Timothy and Linda O’Neill Professor of the O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law. He is the author of Global Health Security: A Blueprint for the Future (Harvard University Press, 2021); Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 3rd ed., 2018); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010). He also directs the WHO Collaborating Center at Georgetown University. Image Credit: United States Mission Geneva, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons
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