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Red Wings Star Center Breaks Silence on Trade Request
Detroit Red Wings star Dylan Larkin has finally addressed the media after previously requesting a trade from the team. The post Red Wings Star Center Breaks Silence on Trade Request appeared first on HEAVY.
New York Yankees Urged to Make Bold Paul Goldschmidt Decision
The New York Yankees, much like all the other postseason teams in MLB, will have to make tough decisions when it comes to their October roster. It’s a 26-man roster in October across MLB, and no team can carry more than 13 pitchers. How a club opts to round out its roster is entirely up […] The post New York Yankees Urged to Make Bold Paul Goldschmidt Decision appeared first on HEAVY.
New York Knicks star Jalen Brunson to make an appearance on 'Law & Order: SVU' this fall
New York Knicks star Jalen Brunson will make a guest-starring appearance on “Law & Order: SVU” this fall | KCBS All News 106.9FM and 740AM
New York Knicks star Jalen Brunson to make an appearance on 'Law & Order: SVU' this fall
New York Knicks star Jalen Brunson will make a guest-starring appearance on “Law & Order: SVU” this fall | Talk 1370
Carolina Hurricanes Announce Eric Robinson News During Training Camp
Thursday, September 17, is an important day on the NHL calendar, as teams across the league have begun the training camp portion of their season. That is the case for the defending Stanley Cup champion Carolina Hurricanes. After the lengthy title run, the Canes are dealing with a handful of injuries, but all things considered, […] The post Carolina Hurricanes Announce Eric Robinson News During Training Camp appeared first on HEAVY.
Denver Broncos Starter’s Agent Claps Back Over Backlash
Denver Broncos starter Alex Singleton has come under fire after a dismal Week 1 performance, and his agent is lashing out. The post Denver Broncos Starter’s Agent Claps Back Over Backlash appeared first on HEAVY.
ICE agent accused of shooting a man and lying about it arrested in Minnesota
An ICE agent accused of shooting a man during an immigration crackdown was arrested Thursday in Minnesota, where he made his first appearance in court on charges of felony assault.
‘Godfather of AI’ warns Congress has ‘maybe a year’ left to regulate AI
There appeared to be a lot of talk about artificial intelligence and little progress on Capitol Hill this week. But members remain hopeful that Congress can act.
Patriots Waive Former Florida State OL Following Veteran Visit: Report
The New England Patriots are opening another spot on the practice squad, and the timing makes their recent offensive line activity worth watching.Per Andrew Callahan of the Boston Herald, New England is waiving rookie offensive lineman Jacob Rizy from the practice squad. The move comes one day after the Patriots hosted veteran interior lineman Xavier […] The post Patriots Waive Former Florida State OL Following Veteran Visit: Report appeared first on HEAVY.
Vikings Get Encouraging Kyler Murray Update Ahead of Sunday
The Minnesota Vikings quarterback situation has been a hot topic of discussion as they get ready to face the Chicago Bears on Sunday. Now, NFL Network’s Rapoport has another update for Vikings fans, as Kyler Murray’s health is a topic of discussion.The quarterback has made encouraging progress throughout the week. He returned to practice as […] The post Vikings Get Encouraging Kyler Murray Update Ahead of Sunday appeared first on HEAVY.
Why Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) Stock Is Down Today
Flutter Entertainment (FLUT) is down 4.4% today. Here is some analysis on what might have caused this price movement.Analysis: The sell-off appears tied more to sector pressure than to any fresh company-specific setback. This could be because investors are still digesting legal and regulatory uncertainty around sports-event prediction markets, while recent balance-sheet concerns and a sharp drop in peer shares added to the pressure.Details:FLUT f
Chiefs news: Patrick Mahomes reveals meaning behind clock emoji tweets
The Kansas City Chiefs recently started out their season with a bang by defeating the Denver Broncos in blowout fashion on Monday Night Football. This game marked the return of quarterback Patrick Mahomes after an ACL injury cut his season short last year, and he had some strong moments in his first game back. Mahomes has become known for posting […] The post Chiefs news: Patrick Mahomes reveals meaning behind clock emoji tweets appeared first on ClutchPoints.
4 Jaguars Players To Watch Vs. Denver Broncos
A sneaky AFC matchup entering Week 2 that isn’t getting a lot of recognition is the Jacksonville Jaguars traveling to Denver to take on the Broncos at Mile High. Jacksonville is coming off a 34-10 win over the Cleveland Browns, while the Broncos are reeling from an ugly 31-10 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. […] The post 4 Jaguars Players To Watch Vs. Denver Broncos appeared first on Stadium Rant.
Cardinals Taking Expected Approach with Jeremiyah Love Entering Seahawks Week
Jeremiyah Love is headlining the rookies to keep an eye on this year, and it is for a team that no national rankings have high expectations for: the Arizona Cardinals. That alone tells a lot about the potential he flashed in the preseason games before he unfortunately sprained his ankle. His rough recovery timeline had […] The post Cardinals Taking Expected Approach with Jeremiyah Love Entering Seahawks Week appeared first on HEAVY.
National Book Awards: Marlon James, Louise Erdrich and Karl Ove Knausgaard make long lists
Marlon James' novel “The Disappearers,” about the persecution of gay men in 1980s Jamaica, is nominated for a National Book Award | Talk 1370
National Book Awards: Marlon James, Louise Erdrich and Karl Ove Knausgaard make long lists
Marlon James' novel “The Disappearers,” about the persecution of gay men in 1980s Jamaica, is nominated for a National Book Award | WWL
49ers news: Kyle Shanahan's 'crap' admission about Australia trip
The San Francisco 49ers delivered a dominant performance in Week 1 . San Francisco won a huge divisional matchup against LA, crushing them 27-7 in Australia . One 49ers coach was willing to admit that the transition back to a normal schedule was quite challenging for the team. Shanahan admitted that he “felt like crap” throughout the entire weekend […] The post 49ers news: Kyle Shanahan's 'crap' admission about Australia trip appeared first on ClutchPoints.
Fan favorite ‘Yellowstone’ character to appear on ‘Marshals’ Season 2
FORT WORTH, Texas — A fan favorite “Yellowstone” character will appear on “Marshals.” CBS announced Wednesday, Sept. 16, that Jefferson White will reprise his role of Jimmy Hurdstrom on “Marshals”
Jack’s Daily: NHL Camps Begin; Storylines To Watch; Blackhawks Signing
Just like that, the Chicago Blackhawks 2026 training camp is here, and the first official practice session is already underway […] The post Jack’s Daily: NHL Camps Begin; Storylines To Watch; Blackhawks Signing appeared first on Chicago Hockey Now .
Alex Ovechkin on Russian political ad appearance: 'I support my country'
Alex Ovechkin was asked about his appearance in a political video in his native Russia. "They asked me to do that and I said yes," he said.
Arsenal gets vindicated over Gabriel incident against Chelsea
Arsenal were perceived to have got away with it when Gabriel was not sent off against Chelsea after he kicked towards Emiliano Martinez during a goalmouth scramble and did not appear to be aiming at t...
'Room for improvement' after solid Saints start
Manager Simo Valakari is not surprised by St Johnstone's solid start to the Scottish Premiership season but admits "there is a lot of room for improvement as well". As they look to continue their positive start at home to Falkirk on Saturday, Valakari and his players appear to be keeping their feet firmly on the ground. Finn Valakari is braced for a tough challenge this weekend against a Falkirk side that got their first league win of the season in midweek with a 2-1 home success over Hearts.
Popular comic coming to Turlock theater. See the iconic character he made famous
He’s also appeared in TV shows and films, and leads a nonprofit called Laughter Heals.
HOMETOWN ENTERTAINMENT: David Arquette to appear at Berglund Center for Scream anniversary event
"Scream" anniversary screening and Arquette conversation set for Oct. 8
Barcelona make major decision regarding teenage defender’s playing position
Pau Cubarsi’s technical ability is useful to Barcelona, but Hansi Flick’s coaching staff appear to have drawn a fairly firm line over where they want the teenager playing.According to RAC1 (h/t FC...
A UCLA-led study published in Science Advances in 2025 found that African forest elephants are indispensable planters of ebony trees — the wood traditionally used for piano keys and guitar fretboards — and in parts of the Congo Basin where elephants have been hunted out, there are 68 percent fewer ebony saplings
The disappearance of African forest elephants from Congo Basin forests is quietly unraveling the future of the wood that lines piano keys and guitar fretboards.
XBOX @ Tokyo Game Show 2026: All the Announcements, Including an Appearance by Hideo Kojima
Tokyo Game Show is a celebration of the creators, developers, and communities shaping the future of gaming. As we celebrate 25 years of XBOX and over 20 years in Japan, Tokyo Game Show is an opportunity to recognize the players, creators, and developers who have helped define gaming culture. During the XBOX Tokyo Game Show […]
'It will be a tricky game'
Manchester City boss Enzo Maresca says he expects a "tricky game" against Championship side Norwich City in the Carabao Cup on Thursday evening, and has hinted at rotating his starting XI. Maresca confirmed he will hand goalkeeper Geronimo Rulli his first competitive appearance for the club since signing from Marseille in the summer.
A Sports Memorabilia Startup Let Fans Own a Piece of History. Then the Business Vanished
Collectable offered fractional shares of iconic memorabilia. When a new owner took the reins, users say their investments disappeared—along with the assets.
Henderson 'gets the best out of us'
Crystal Palace midfielder Adam Wharton has said goalkeeper Dean Henderson signing a new deal is "great news for the club". Henderson, 29, has made 119 appearances since arriving at Selhurst Park from Manchester United in August 2023 and signed a new deal with the club until 2030 on Wednesday. Wharton has won the FA Cup, Conference League and Community Shield alongside his fellow England international since his own arrival in the winter of 2024, and has praised the Palace captain's presence in the dressing room.
Brewers' nightmare seeding, matchup scenarios for 2026 MLB Playoffs
The Milwaukee Brewers have already completed their first objective by clinching a fourth consecutive National League Central title. Their remaining games are not ceremonial. Milwaukee still needs to secure the postseason route most likely to keep its historic season alive. The Brewers head into Thursday at 95-57, three games ahead of the Los […] The post Brewers' nightmare seeding, matchup scenarios for 2026 MLB Playoffs appeared first on ClutchPoints.
Red Wings Are Showing Warning Signs of a Lost Season
The market is bearish on the Detroit Red Wings, pointing towards what seems to be a lost season for the winged wheel. The post Red Wings Are Showing Warning Signs of a Lost Season appeared first on HEAVY.
Panthers Have Little Room for Error After 2025-26 Collapse
The market is hardly bullish on the Florida Panthers getting back to its Stanley Cup-winning form this season. The post Panthers Have Little Room for Error After 2025-26 Collapse appeared first on HEAVY.
Chargers Tabbed Potential Suitor for $44 Million “Quality” Defender
The Los Angeles Chargers are named as a potential suitor for a defensive line after the Week 1 loss to the Cardinals. The post Chargers Tabbed Potential Suitor for $44 Million “Quality” Defender appeared first on HEAVY.
Saints Lose 10-Year Starter to Month-Long Surprise Injury
The New Orleans Saints are already working on bouncing back from a loss to begin the 2026 NFL season. They certainly didn’t need such negative injury news to emerge Wednesday night. Turns out that one of the Saints’ most reliable players is going to have to miss an extended length of time. According to ESPN’s […] The post Saints Lose 10-Year Starter to Month-Long Surprise Injury appeared first on HEAVY.
Vikings’ J.J. McCarthy Gets Blunt Outlook After Kyler Murray Injury
The concussion to Minnesota Vikings starting QB Kyler Murray will likely mean Carson Wentz starts against the Chicago Bears in Week 2, though nothing is official. Meanwhile, J.J. McCarthy will be the backup if Wentz starts against Chicago.McCarthy will need to be ready to enter the game at any point, given what happened to Murray […] The post Vikings’ J.J. McCarthy Gets Blunt Outlook After Kyler Murray Injury appeared first on HEAVY.
Broncos Get Clear Message From Trevor Lawrence Before Jaguars Rematch
Trevor Lawrence left a teammate’s birthday party at halftime. What he studied afterward explains the Jaguars’ focus before facing the Broncos. The post Broncos Get Clear Message From Trevor Lawrence Before Jaguars Rematch appeared first on HEAVY.
Blue Jays’ Spencer Miles Doing Something No One Else Is
The word faith means, by definition, belief without evidence. The Toronto Blue Jays had faith in Spencer Miles. He had hardly pitched in professional baseball when the Blue Jays took him in the Rule 5 Draft. As far as evidence goes, there wasn’t a ton. Toronto clearly had pitch data that they liked, but sample […] The post Blue Jays’ Spencer Miles Doing Something No One Else Is appeared first on HEAVY.
Bills Get Good News on Starting Linebacker After Injury Scare
The Buffalo Bills cleared linebacker Terrel Bernard to play against the Detroit Lions. The post Bills Get Good News on Starting Linebacker After Injury Scare appeared first on HEAVY.
Carolina Hurricanes Get Major News Regarding Top Trade Target
The Winnipeg Jets announced on Wednesday evening that goaltender Connor Hellebuyck has been suspended by the team after failing to report to training camp for the team. About a month ago, the 3X Vezina winner made a bombshell statement that indicated he wanted a trade from the Jets. Well, it seems the development has reached […] The post Carolina Hurricanes Get Major News Regarding Top Trade Target appeared first on HEAVY.
Lionel Messi Makes History With Inter Miami on Wednesday
Lionel Messi made history again with Inter Miami. The Argentine star’s latest major achievement came in the Campeones Cup match between the Herons and Liga MX side Cruz Azul. Inter Miami and Cruz Azul faced each other in this final, which aims to crown the best team in North America. It pits the MLS Cup […] The post Lionel Messi Makes History With Inter Miami on Wednesday appeared first on HEAVY.
Winnipeg Jets Turn Heads With Unexpected Connor Hellebuyck Decision
The Winnipeg Jets are set to start Training Camp without the attendance of goaltender Connor Hellebuyck, who had publicly requested a trade late last month. By all reports, Hellebuyck isn’t going to report for the start of Camp.And now, those reports have been confirmed with what the Jets have announced just minutes ago.The Winnipeg Jets […] The post Winnipeg Jets Turn Heads With Unexpected Connor Hellebuyck Decision appeared first on HEAVY.
Seahawks Sam Darnold Injury Update: Sports Doc Predicts ‘Realistic’ Return Date
A sports doctor predicted a “realistic” return date for Seahawks quarterback Sam Darnold as he works his way back from injury. The post Seahawks Sam Darnold Injury Update: Sports Doc Predicts ‘Realistic’ Return Date appeared first on HEAVY.
Get a first look at Monster Hunter Wilds running on Nintendo Switch 2
Some of the first gameplay of the new Nintendo Switch 2 version of Monster Hunter Wilds has now emerged. Capcom recently showed off this version ahead of its appearance at the 2026 Tokyo Game Show. Thanks to GameSpot, we have 17 minutes of footage. Everything shown here is for handheld mode, so we’ll need to wait a bit longer to...
Baker Mayfield Makes Admission on Revenge Game vs. Browns
Former Cleveland Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield got honest on facing his former team in Week 2. The post Baker Mayfield Makes Admission on Revenge Game vs. Browns appeared first on HEAVY.
Maple Leafs’ Matthew Knies Comes Clean On Trade Rumors
The Toronto Maple Leafs have undergone several meaningful changes in recent months under the leadership of new general manager John Chayka, including in the front office, behind the bench, and on the ice.Chayka has certainly put his mark on the organization since taking over from Brad Treliving, who was terminated from his position as general […] The post Maple Leafs’ Matthew Knies Comes Clean On Trade Rumors appeared first on HEAVY.
Maxx Crosby Sends Strong Message After Turbulent Raiders Offseason
Las Vegas Raiders superstar defensive end Maxx Crosby opens up about the craziest NFL offseason of his career. The post Maxx Crosby Sends Strong Message After Turbulent Raiders Offseason appeared first on HEAVY.
Universal Pictures Appears to Be Getting Cold Feet on Elon Musk Movie
The Comcast-owned studio is not yet committing to rolling out Alex Gibney's movie that it paid millions to acquire for non-North American release before the political winds shifted.
Kings news: LA announces new captain after Anze Kopitar's retirement
The Los Angeles Kings are without Anze Kopitar for the first time since his NHL debut in 2006-07. 20 years of reliable leadership and production are no more, with Kopitar having retired after the 2026 Stanley Cup Playoffs. However, Los Angeles has named a new captain, and the honor goes to a longtime teammate of the former captain. The Kings have […] The post Kings news: LA announces new captain after Anze Kopitar's retirement appeared first on ClutchPoints.
Jets news: Connor Hellebuyck suspended amid ongoing trade request
The Winnipeg Jets are working through the Connor Hellebuyck trade situation . Hellebuyck has not been traded at this time. However, the Jets star made his trade request public before training camp opened. Now, there is another twist in the story. Winnipeg has announced that Hellebuyck has been suspended by the team. He has not reported for training […] The post Jets news: Connor Hellebuyck suspended amid ongoing trade request appeared first on ClutchPoints.
Browns QB Deshaun Watson Calls Out Unfair Expectations
Cleveland Browns quarterback Deshaun Watson believes he's facing unfair expectations. The post Browns QB Deshaun Watson Calls Out Unfair Expectations appeared first on HEAVY.
Nick Sirianni Delivers Clear Reason For Eagles’ Andy Dalton Decision
Following training camp, the Philadelphia Eagles stunned many when they kept four quarterbacks on the roster. There was an assumption that Cole Payton could have a hard time staying on board if the Eagles didn’t cut or trade one of Andy Dalton or Tanner McKee. Everybody stayed on board, which then raised the important question: […] The post Nick Sirianni Delivers Clear Reason For Eagles’ Andy Dalton Decision appeared first on HEAVY.
Texans Expecting Good News on Jadeveon Clowney Before Bengals Game
The Houston Texans are working through the week awaiting final word on Jadeveon Clowney before facing the Cincinnati Bengals. The post Texans Expecting Good News on Jadeveon Clowney Before Bengals Game appeared first on HEAVY.
Bucs QB Baker Mayfield Gets Candid on Facing Browns Again
Week 2 will mark the second time that Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Baker Mayfield will face the Cleveland Browns after the team drafted him first overall and traded him after his fourth NFL season. However, it will be his first time as the Buccaneers’ starting quarterback, and the first time since he signed two significant […] The post Bucs QB Baker Mayfield Gets Candid on Facing Browns Again appeared first on HEAVY.
Pair of Packers Starters Suddenly Land in Concussion Protocol
The Green Bay Packers hit the practice field on Wednesday in preparation for their Week 2 matchup against the New York Jets. They will look to bounce back from a disappointing season opening loss to the Minnesota Vikings. It won’t be easy, as Green Bay will be back on the road once again, and the […] The post Pair of Packers Starters Suddenly Land in Concussion Protocol appeared first on HEAVY.
NASA’s New Horizons spots signs of liquid nitrogen flowing on Pluto
Scientists have found the first evidence that liquid may have flowed across Pluto’s surface in the recent past. Dark features on the enormous Sputnik Planitia glacier appear consistent with liquid nitrogen rising through cracks from deep beneath the ice. Computer models show that nitrogen could melt at the glacier’s base and travel upward like fluid through small conduits. The finding reveals that Pluto may be much more geologically active than its frozen appearance suggests.
Chicago Cubs Announce Dansby Swanson Update Before Braves Series Finale
Chicago Cubs manager Craig Counsell announced an update on shortstop Dansby Swanson before Wednesday's game against the Braves. The post Chicago Cubs Announce Dansby Swanson Update Before Braves Series Finale appeared first on HEAVY.
Marlins’ Gusto Looks to Build on Career-Long Start
Ryan Gusto will try to carry the momentum from his best start of the season into Wednesday’s series finale against the Arizona Diamondbacks in Phoenix. Gusto will make his 17th start (22nd appearance) of the season and second career start against the Diamondbacks. He allowed three hits and a walk wh
Local trucking business owner feels the ‘full impact’ of diesel prices has yet to be felt by trucking companies or customers as prices hit record highs
It should come as no surprise that gas prices are continuing to climb and it doesn't appear they will be desce...
Nebraska Senate candidate responds to leaked audio criticizing Trump voters: ‘We’re all angry right now’
Nebraska independent Senate candidate Dan Osborn on Wednesday appeared to confirm the authenticity of a leaked recording in which he is purported to criticize voters who support President Donald Trump.
OutKick Adds Former Seattle Times Sports Columnist Matt Calkins
"While my decision to leave The Seattle Times wasn’t easy, I’m beyond excited to start this new chapter at OutKick." The post OutKick Adds Former Seattle Times Sports Columnist Matt Calkins appeared first on Barrett Media.
Washington Commanders Linked to Potential Move for Impact Playmaker
The Washington Commanders came up just short of pulling off a major upset in Week 1 action against the NFC East rival Philadelphia Eagles. When all was said and done, the Commanders came up two points short after a failed two-point conversion that would have tied the game with just 1:01 remaining in the fourth […] The post Washington Commanders Linked to Potential Move for Impact Playmaker appeared first on Gridiron Heroics.
What Does the Science of Climate Change Really Look Like?
Editor’s Note: This is the second in a three-part series on how the Right should think about environmental and climate policy. Read Chris Barnard on Reclaiming Environmental Policy from the Left. More than a decade ago, the world’s governments negotiated and signed the Paris Climate Agreement, committing to hold global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius. In the following years, climate had immense cultural power. Greta Thunberg emerged. Fortune 500 companies established net-zero plans. The U.S. got the Inflation Reduction Act. Then the pendulum swung back. President Donald Trump returned to the Oval Office, speaking of green energy as a “scam” and carbon footprints as a “hoax” and on all matters of international policy emphasizing bilateral engagement and power over globalism and cooperation. The technology companies that had been at the forefront of net-zero pledges and green leadership discovered the importance of all-of-the-above power to their visions for artificial intelligence and began quietly postponing or removing their targets. On the left side of the political spectrum, rising concerns about inflation and cost pushed climate lower down in the stated priorities of voters and stump speeches of politicians. The moment is ripe for a reset on the politics of climate change and for conservatives especially to chart a course that acknowledges and addresses the real challenges in plausible ways. So what should we think about climate change as we enter a post-peak climate era? If it is neither an apocalypse nor a hoax, what will hold up as a durable view of climate change? And how does it project onto the concerns and priorities of the right-of-center’s emerging coalition? New to Commonplace_? Subscribe below to get the magazine in your inbox._ Subscribe A Solid Foundation As the politics and economics of climate careened over the past ten years, the physics carried on regardless. In 2015, the year the Paris Climate Agreement was adopted, the world emitted 41.2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide. By 2025, emissions had risen only 2.4%, to 42.2 gigatonnes, because falling emissions from land use offset increasing emissions from fossil fuels. But slow growth in annual emissions is not rapid decline, let alone net-zero, so carbon dioxide kept accumulating in the atmosphere, going from 399 to 426 parts per million. Global temperature kept rising too, from about 1.1 degrees Celsius above the 1850–1900 average in 2015, to 1.4 degrees above it in 2025. None of this should surprise anyone. Even most prominent skeptics, like the authors of the 2025 report commissioned by the Trump administration’s Department of Energy, accept the basic physics. Carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere at industrial volumes accumulates and traps heat that would otherwise escape to space. That heat warms the upper ocean and increases temperatures at the surface. Increased ocean heat and melting of land ice cause sea levels to rise. Changes in the climate become noticeable to us as subtle shifts in temperature and precipitation, seasons arriving early or late, changes in the surrounding ecosystem, and weather extremes. The much more meaningful debate is not about whether these things are happening, but about what it all means for human societies. (While it is a proxy measure of overall risk, no one experiences global surface temperature.) This debate invokes at least three interesting questions: how much today’s warming is showing up in regional climate trends, how much more warming we should anticipate, and how extreme weather events can be understood in the context of climate change. Recent scientific advances give us new insights into each of these, but there is still much to learn. This is the context in which the next generation of conservative leaders will be the first to deal with significant climate change as a fact, not a forecast. It will be with them for their entire careers. Our evolving scientific picture of climate change will come from weather and climate records stretching further into the past, new kinds of observations in the present, better modeling tools for the future, and simply more time to observe the emergence of climate signals and their tangible effects on ecosystems and communities in the United States and around the world. The policy landscape will be shaped by not only the impacts of changes in the climate, but also by the ways in which societies respond and by the emergence of new technologies for both altering the trajectory of emissions and adapting to new climate realities. Global climate records now show the fingerprints of warming in different phenomena around much of the world. The IPCC, in its most recent assessment report, documents warming trends over all land regions, even as natural variability adds substantial variance to local trends. And the highest temperature extremes have become more intense and frequent, almost everywhere, since the 1950s. Scientists are highly confident that these changes are attributable to human influence. But confidence in detecting trends and attributing them to human influence degrades across heavy precipitation events; drought trends are heterogeneous and not attributable to human activity with great confidence. For hurricanes, tornadoes, and other severe storms there is even less confidence in trends or their relationship to climate change. In general, a fair summary of the evidence is that for well-observed phenomena, like surface temperature or heavy rainfall, with a clear relationship to warming, our multidecadal observations are consistent with human influence overcoming natural variability over long time periods and extremes increasing. For regions that are sampled more sparsely, or phenomena with a higher noise-to-signal ratio, we will need to observe them longer to understand the magnitude of the climate signal or improve dynamical understanding using models and observations together. But for Climate For those who can’t wait, we also have new techniques that attempt to understand the role climate change has in influencing particular extreme events. When the climate is changing and disaster strikes, it is natural to ask whether that disaster was somehow “caused” by climate change. For scientists and policymakers acting in good faith, answering that question helps develop a more accurate picture of the problem, how it may be getting worse, and what preparations we should be making to respond to it. It may, at some point, give some weight to how liability is assigned by courts or adaptation funding is distributed by society. But how we ask this question is extremely important. It is easy to get the analysis wrong by discounting the role that meteorology plays. As meteorologist Theodore Shepherd explained in a clear 2016 review of climate attribution methods, “if a weather or climate event is truly extreme in the present climate, then perforce it requires unusual meteorological conditions, which means that climate change is at most a contributing factor.” Share Scientists have two ways to probe climate as a contributing factor, both of which have entered media coverage of extreme weather events. One asks a probabilistic question: How much more likely is a particular event (e.g., a temperature record over a particular area) amid global warming? The answer involves using historical records and computer simulations to estimate the likelihood of such an event in both a changed and a preindustrial climate. The findings are less about the specific event, and more about events of that nature. The other question is: How has the changed climate affected the specific event in question? Here, scientists try to understand what a similar event would have looked like in the preindustrial climate. This is sometimes called the storyline approach, where the story is the specific meteorological details of the event. These methods offer ways to test the intuition of scientists about real weather extremes. In late June and early July of 2021, a persistent high-pressure ridge, or heat dome, set up over the Pacific Northwest and an extraordinary heat wave affected the area from Oregon to British Columbia. For six days, it shattered temperature records across the region and hundreds died from heat-related causes, in an area where such high, and persistently high, temperatures were well outside of experience and many live without air conditioning. Scientists have studied its connection to climate change using multiple approaches. This specific event was created by a rare combination of meteorological factors, a strong high-pressure ridge created the conditions for extreme heat, which occurred on top of higher average temperatures in the region from global warming. Probabilistic analyses showed that climate change increased the likelihood of such an event by at least 8-fold to more than 100-fold. One standout example found that such an event had effectively zero probability of occurring in the preindustrial climate. The enormous range in these assessments reflects how hard it is to estimate probabilities of events at the tail of the historical record. Estimates of the effect on the temperature of the event are more clustered. A recent review paper documents how multiple methodologies have found a positive influence, roughly 1-2 degrees Celsius of an anomaly that exceeded 15 degrees, of climate change on the temperature magnitude of the event. Multiple studies have investigated and found some positive influence of climate change in other extreme events. Attribution studies found climate likely increased the heavy rainfall that accompanied Hurricane Helene in North Carolina and surrounding regions in 2024. The extensive fires that struck Los Angeles in 2025 illustrate how the causal chain can become messy, though. Studies do detect a positive influence of climate on the event’s likelihood, but while climate change likely contributed to underlying aridity, it would not have played a role in the heavy winds or land practices that preceded disaster. These event attribution studies will become more common for extreme, or damaging, weather events. They can be produced quickly, and often are reported before peer review. As the Pacific Northwest heatwave example shows, when multiple methods converge on a positive attribution, the finding should probably carry some weight even if you have to be careful about accepting the results from a single study. I expect that as climate change proceeds and the climate thus departs further from a preindustrial counterfactual, the influence will become more detectable across a variety of extreme events and more easily identified. This will be used to cast blame, but can also be used to inform how communities and society adapt to ongoing change. We May Still Be Surprised One positive development, insofar as less climate change is better, has been that our central estimates for future climate change should probably be revised downward. Mostly, that is because the high-end warmings that scientists regularly analyzed about ten to 20 years ago, driven by high emissions throughout the twenty-first century, now appear to be somewhere between unlikely and impossible. At one time, the upper end of mainstream climate projections extended well into 4 to 6 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of this century, which, models suggest, would have wrought enormous real-world damage. Current energy and policy trends now point toward 2.5 or 3 degrees. Damages and risks are commonly modeled as increasing steeply with more warming, so this is already a better-than-previously-expected outcome for the climate (which is independent of the physical response to emissions). But we should maintain a wide range for plausible outcomes and prepare for the possibility of being surprised. Emissions trajectories are subject to deep uncertainty, the physical climate response is still developing, and whatever change occurs in the climate will then be mediated through unpredictable economic, social, and political institutions. Over the past decade, the pace of warming surprised some keen observers and appeared to accelerate, though not yet outside the range of expectation provided by climate models. The reasons for that apparent acceleration are being actively studied (as was the apparent pause in warming from 1998 to 2012), but no single driver has emerged. Some blame it on the El Niño, variability which would have no bearing on climate. Some think it is a result of factories in East Asia and global shipping fleets cutting aerosol emissions, which in the strongest version of the argument would indicate higher climate sensitivity to carbon-dioxide emissions. Others are more measured, not yet ready to draw solid conclusions as to whether climate projections require revision. We will have to see. Long-Term Thinking Climate change asks us to think over long time scales. But the pace of human-driven warming is compressing a large global change into a century. Changing weather patterns and extreme events are already causing adjustment costs and damages and will do more. Adaptation will help, but it is not free. For some communities, these costs will erode livelihoods and well-being, and may force migration. Are we prepared for large-scale managed retreats in the United States? Thankfully, American wealth, geographical diversity, and moderate climates may leave us better prepared than many around the world. But wealthy countries can still suffer serious disruption from narrowly concentrated costs, even if they appear entirely manageable in aggregate. Readers of Commonplace are familiar with the challenges of rapidly adapting to economic forces. The displacement that came from the China Shock is barely perceptible in aggregate GDP and employment data, but it affected millions of people and those people were far less mobile than economic models tended to assume. Deindustrialization rippled through the nation with enormous effects for not only our economic vitality, but also our national security. The forces surrounding climate change may not be so different; the world gets richer and must accept some diffuse costs. Those may be modest overall, but cause all manner of unpredictable effects with which policymakers must cope. In the case of the China Shock, our faith in a growing pie served us poorly. We’ll need to do better on climate. Leave a comment
Packers sign 320-pound defensive tackle to the practice squad
The Packers are taking a look at bolstering depth along the defensive line. According to Bill Huber of Packers on SI, the Packers have signed former Indianapolis Colts defensive tackle Eric Johnson to the practice squad. Packers Sign DL Eric Johnson Johnson, 6-foot-4 and 320 pounds, has appeared in 51 career games while producing 41 [...]
Scientists Observe Quantum Entanglement In The Extreme
An international team of researchers witnessed a strange phenomenon of quantum physics in Z bosons, massive particles that vanish almost as soon as they appear.
High school science teacher discovers rare T. Rex tracks: 'A real pivotal moment'
Kent Hups could not contain his excitement when he came across several giant three-toed track prints that appeared to be T. Rex footprints in North Dakota.
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Truth and Politics in the Age of Post-Truth
Get E-International Relations delivered to your inbox, free of charge. As you sign up, consider becoming a paid subscriber, or make a donation, to support our work. Subscribe This is an excerpt from Global Politics in a Post-Truth Era. You can download the book free of charge from E-International Relations. The term post-truth is by now so ubiquitous in describing the state of politics in the Western world and even beyond that the most pressing issue of the day appears to be about making democracy work in the era of post-truth rather than questioning the normalisation of the term itself in the first place. The critical turning point appeared to have occurred in 2016 when the term was chosen by the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘The Word of the Year.’ On its website, the Dictionary notes the transformation of post-truth from ‘being a peripheral term to being a mainstay in political commentary and connects ‘the spike in frequency’ directly with the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the election of Donald J. Trump in the United States – both occurring in 2016. Paired with the noun ‘politics,’ post-truth is defined as an adjective ‘relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.’ The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term to a 1992 essay in The Nation by the playwright Steve Tesich as he reflected on the 1980s Iran-Contra scandal and the 1990–91 Gulf War: We are rapidly becoming prototypes of a people that totalitarian monsters could only drool about in their dreams. All the dictators up to now have had to work hard at suppressing the truth. We, by our actions, are saying that this is no longer necessary, that we have acquired a spiritual mechanism that can denude truth of any significance. In a very fundamental way we, as a free people, have freely decided that we want to live in some post-truth world (Tesich 1992, 13; emphasis added). He then continued, The Gulf War is over but the war at home goes on. The gulf between rich and destitute widens – between those of us who live in a modern post-industrial nation and those of us who live in the Third World countries of our inner cities. The present administration’s response to this internal crisis has shifted from benign to malignant neglect. The current levels of misery and decomposition of our cities and the economic gulags of our ghettos are acceptable. Since there is only so much hope to go around, there is a freeze on hope. The have-nots have now been reclassified as never-will-haves (Tesich 1992, 13). In the context of Tesich’s essay, truth includes both facts, as in what happens, and ‘moral absolutes,’ as in the ‘self-evident truths mentioned in our Constitution’ (Tesich 1992, 14). Together, these two notions of truth entail the obligation to both act and react. The two passages cited above show that even in the early post-Cold War years, Tesich was already deeply concerned that the American people are neither prepared to act on truth nor react to truth that is disconcerting, or what he calls ‘bad news’ (Tesich 1992, 12). Accordingly, Tesich’s insight as captured by the term post-truth is not that truth is irrelevant to what we know, but rather it is irrelevant to how we act. In contrast, ‘post-truth politics,’ as defined by Oxford as a term that pitches ‘objective facts’ against ‘emotion and personal belief’ such that the latter appears to have overtaken the former in shaping ‘public opinion’ and thereby, democratic politics. When Tesich’s post-truth politics and its current usage are juxtaposed, the two are in fact not identical in terms of what truth is and how it relates to politics. Against such consideration, this chapter provides a critical survey of selected historical events and theoretical considerations for the purpose of gaining a more nuanced understanding of the relation between truth and politics. Truth and Language One notable impact of post-truth politics is that language is being overtly deployed as a political weapon not only by politicians and those in power, but among the general population. It seems that once facts are irrelevant to the validity of what is being said, language becomes the platform for an all-out political contest in which what is said is no more than an act of will expressed as an assertion of power and/or an exercise in defiance. As early as in the writings of Thucydides (460–400 BCE), the vulnerability of logos – which is the human capacity for rational discourse in tumultuous times – was already noted. Thucydides belonged to a school of Greek thought which maintained that language is conventional and that the association between name and things is a result of ‘human use and habit’ rather than ‘nature or divine dispensation’ (Connor 1984, 99). The conventional nature of language means that it is incapable of providing its users with any independent criteria for judgement. In Thucydides’ study of the Peloponnesian War (431–405 BCE), the subversion of logos as seen in the manipulation of language was introduced through his account of the civil war in Corcyra (Thucydides 1972, 236-245). The war first broke out in 427 BCE between the pro-Athenian democratic faction and the pro-Spartan oligarchic faction before it spread to the rest of the Greek world. There was a general breakdown of law and order, resulting in extreme violence and death. Language underwent changes that were reflective of the events of the time. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) translated Thucydides’ description of the situation as follows: The received value of names imposed for signification of things, was changed into arbitrary. For inconsiderate boldness, was counted true-hearted manliness: provident deliberation, a handsome fear: modesty, the cloak of cowardice: to be wise in everything, to be lazy in everything... he that had been so provident as not to need to do the one or the other, was said to be a dissolver of society, and one that stood in fear of his adversary. In brief, he that could outstrip another in the doing of an evil act, or that could persuade another thereto that never meant it, was commended (Hobbes 1839–1845, 8: 348; Thucydides 1972, 242-243). What concerned Thucydides most was that the meanings of words are no more than linguistic conventions that require logos to support them. The Corcyrean civil war was a reminder that such capacity cannot be assumed. This is why history understood as an authentic account of what happens matters. Guided by logos, the historian’s task is ‘the search after truth’, which is established through ‘the absence of the fabulous,’ including ‘the rejection of myth and unverifiable stories’ (de Jonge 2017, 2). Thus, history plays an important role in facilitating the stability of language – without which distinctions and judgements cannot be rendered communicable. Just like Thucydides, Hobbes was a nominalist who subscribed to the view that there is no inherent meaning to words. Hobbes’ state of nature, where there is no common authority, is precisely one in which distinctions cannot be made. As Hobbes put it, there is ‘no Mine and Thine distinct’ nor is there distinction between ‘the notions of Right and Wrong, Justice and Injustice’ (1968, 188; emphasis in original). This is clearly an unsustainable condition for everyone. Behind Hobbes’ famous words that life in the state of nature is ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short’ is his uncompromising argument for the ‘Leviathan’, which is described by the late American political theorist, Sheldon Wolin (1922–2015), as the ‘sovereign definer’ (Hobbes 1968, 186; Wolin 2004, 238–243). Accordingly, the social contract is importantly a ‘linguistic contract’ that binds all parties to ‘general names agreed upon’ (Peters 1979, 125; Hobbes 1968, 111). Through Thucydides and Hobbes, we can identify a line of thinking that sees politics as a contestation over the use of language, which is based on shared conventions and norms. Thus understood, politics is not a collective quest for the true nature of our being or an epistemological exercise in pursuit of true knowledge. Rather, politics is about humans living with one another by finding a shared language to communicate with one another on matters that affect them all. Truth is in that sense contingent on what is being said as opposed to setting the standard for it. In other words, truth is the embodiment of shareability among us. While truth as such ensures the viability of a political entity, truth by no means represents a normative standard to adjudicate among contesting actors in what they say, let alone in what they do. During Thucydides’ times, ancient China was also experiencing a tumultuous time as the ruling Zhou dynasty deteriorated into the period of the Warring States (481–221 BCE). This was when the rulers of Zhou no longer presided over the territories brought under its control through conquest. Instead of professing allegiance to the Zhou royalty, the lords of these territories became kings themselves to rule over their own land. The period was one marked by endless military campaigns as each of the seven major states aimed to conquer the rest (Lewis 1999). Yet, the period was also known for its intellectual vibrancy as different thinkers challenged the restoring of order among these warring states – including offering ideas and advice to rulers on good governance. Among these thinkers was Confucius (551–479 BCE). His thought, which came to be known as Confucianism, went on to become the state ideology of China from the Han dynasty (206 BCE–222 CE) until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 when China became a republic. The founding text of Confucianism was the Analects, which is a collection of dialogues between Confucius and his students as recorded by them. One key concept Confucius advanced is the ‘rectification of names’. Though the term only appears in one exchange in the Analects, it is considered a major aspect of Confucius’ thought. Generations of Confucian scholars from past and present, including Western academics, have debated over its interpretation (Makeham 2003). The passage in question reads as follows: Zi Lu said: ‘The monarch of the state of Wei wants you to govern the country, what is the first thing you plan on doing?’ Confucius said: ‘First it is necessary to rectify the names.’Zi Lu said: ‘Is that really what has to be done? You are being too pedantic, aren’t you now? How will you rectify these names?’Confucius said: ‘Zhong You, you are too unrefined. A gentleman, faced with a matter that he does not understand, takes a skeptical attitude. If names are not correct, one cannot speak smoothly and reasonably, and if one cannot speak smoothly and reasonably, affairs cannot be managed successfully. If affairs cannot be managed successfully, rites and music will not be conducted. If rites and music are not conducted, punishments will not be suitable. And if punishments are not suitable, the common people will not know what to do. So, when the gentleman uses names, it is necessary to be able to speak so that people understand. If one can say it, one can definitely do it. A gentleman should not be careless with words’ (Analects 13:3 in Cao 2016, 148). This translation is offered by the contemporary philosopher Cao Feng. As Cao notes, the passage is what started the whole debate over ‘exactly what kind of names did Confucius... wish to rectify’ (Cao 2016, 148). Of the three major groups of interpretation examined by Cao, beginning with classical Confucian scholarship, one is arguably the most influential and certainly most pertinent to the issue of language and politics. This is the interpretation that was first associated with the Neo-Confucian master, Zhu Xi (1130–1200), who argued that the ‘rectification of names is simply the rectification of politics’ (Cao 2016, 149). Within this interpretive framework, rectification has the dual functions of correction and prescription by ensuring that predetermined hierarchical roles are strictly adhered to through following ‘the system of rites and propriety’ (Cao 2016, 151). In addition, the rectification of names entails ‘using names to rectify actuality’ (Cao 2016, 151). Yet Cao rejects this whole body of interpretive works by arguing that these were ideas developed later. Instead, Cao suggests the following: The original meaning of Confucius’ rectification of names may, then, be quite simple. Confucius did not mean to establish a concrete, normative system of “names”; rather, Confucius was simply the first person in history to realize or remark upon the importance of language in politics. As a politician, he noticed and foresaw the impact that the indeterminacy, ambiguity, and arbitrariness of names would have on politics. Confucius recognized the political consequences of language’s not accurately expressing meaning or not being accurately received by people. He realized the great role that names, as a means of distinguishing right and wrong and establishing norms, could play in society and politics (Cao 2016, 168). Scholarly debates aside, Cao’s view has the advantage of identifying an interpretation of this controversial exchange in the Analects that enables its readers to extrapolate from it the observation that the meaning of words depends as much on their users as on their interpreters; neither of which can be predetermined. Accordingly, a good ruler is someone who can speak without ambiguity to his subjects and make good his words through actions. Stated differently, Cao’s view on what concerned Confucius then, who was living through times of protracted political upheaval, is that language is an indispensable political tool for those in power and can be deployed by both good and bad rulers alike. To sum up, this historical survey shows that politics as a war of words is by no means a distinctive marker of contemporary politics nor the Western world. Be it ancient or current, east or west, language is subject to manipulation to serve political purposes and when there is an outright war of words that defies existing norms, it is indicative of a political situation in which people no longer share a language and truth becomes irrelevant. Accordingly, political order entails stability in language use. Truth and Politics As previously noted, current use of the term post-truth as an adjective to the term ‘politics’ suggests that once there was a time when politics aligned with truth. Indeed, if we start with Plato’s Republic as the key founding text of Western political thought, we see that the ideal polis (city-state of ancient Greece) is where truth and politics converge, and justice is achieved. Written around 380 BCE when Athens was still coping with its defeat by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War, the Republic is a defence of the rule of the ‘philosopher king’, defined as someone who is ‘guided by the truth’ and is ‘always and in every way’ in pursuit of the truth (Plato 1974, 490a). For Plato, truth converges with virtues and hence, letting the philosopher take charge of politics is to let the wisest and the most virtuous lead the less wise and the less virtuous even if it requires compulsion (Plato 1974, 499b). In Plato’s words, ‘…until the philosophers attain power in a city there will be no respite from evil for either city or citizens…’ (Plato 1974, 501e). The uncompromising rule of philosopher-kings is made palatable by the claim that we are all ‘earth- born brothers’ with random mixtures of gold, silver, bronze and iron, but only the gold can rule (Plato 1974, 414–415). Understandably, academic debates over the interpretation of Plato’s Republic revolve around the question of whether truth as attained in philosophy can be realised in politics as action and whether such a connection is even desirable. Without getting into the details of these scholarly exchanges, I suggest that they all share the concern that truth acquired through the rigorous process of philosophical reasoning is not without problem when applied to the real world of living humans. This is because not all humans are philosophers – and indeed, in Plato’s view, not everyone is capable of becoming a philosopher given the protracted and arduous training that one needs to endure to become one. Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), a highly influential political philosopher of the twentieth century, notes that ‘Plato was the first to introduce the division between those who know and do not act and those who act and do not know’ and that such a separation has remained ‘at the root of all theories of domination’ (Arendt 1958, 223, 225). What Arendt points out in this remark is not the gap between theory and practice, but rather that Plato provides the normative ground for those who know the truth to tell those who do not know what to do. Arendt herself took on the challenge of understanding the relationship between truth and politics through her analysis of Nazism and Stalinism. Arendt’s insight, which was controversial when The Origins of Totalitarianism was published in 1951, was to identify Nazism and Stalinism as representative of a new form of political rule – totalitarianism – making it distinct from ‘other forms of political oppression... such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship’ (Arendt 1973, 460). Arendt defines totalitarianism as a self- contained system of ideas driven by their ‘logic’ and marked by a mode of reasoning called ‘ideological thinking.’ Ideological thinking as such is a distinctive form of political reasoning defined by three characteristics. First, ideological thinking claims to provide a ‘total explanation’ of all historical happenings, encompassing the past, the present, and the future. Second, while ideological thinking is an attempt to account for ‘factual reality’ in its totality, this mode of thinking is paradoxically divorced from reality and experience. This is because experience, being rooted in specificity, is clearly limited in its claim to totality. It follows that as its third characteristic, ideological thinking aims to emancipate thought from the limitation imposed by experience through a ‘specific method of demonstration.’ The method involves arranging facts into an ‘absolutely logical procedure’ that starts from an ‘axiomatically accepted premise’. It is, in short, a ‘process of deduction from a premise’ – which is the only possible movement in the realm of logic that leads to one definitive conclusion. This is how the ‘logicality of ideological thinking’ provides the basis for total explanation and the ‘principle of action’ for totalitarian movement (Arendt 1973, 468–474). Stated differently, totalitarianism is a form of uncompromising idealism that exists in one’s head irrespective of shared reality as experienced. It is the perverse form of what Arendt later refers to as ‘rational truth’, which is the product of the ‘speculative mind’ that belongs to philosophy, mathematics and the sciences. The ‘speculative mind’ is the mind working on its way to generate axioms and theories by relying on the cognitive capacity of the human brain (Arendt 1977, 231). The presence of others has no bearing whatsoever on rational truth. In contrast, ‘factual truth’ is what happens when humans are ‘living and acting together’ (Arendt 1977, 231). Factual truth is therefore particular and temporal by definition. But more importantly, factual truth is ‘political by nature’ because it can only be validated in the context of the human community (Arendt 1977, 238). In other words, factual truth is about humans in their plurality rather than in their singularity. For factual truth to be sustainable, we need what Arendt calls ‘common sense’ – understood as ‘community sense’ (Arendt 1982, 72). There is also another distinction about truth that Arendt makes which is pertinent to understanding how totalitarianism works. The issue is whether the so-called totalitarian ideology is simply an unnecessarily cumbersome way of saying that it is an all-round and polished lie. Here, Arendt calls totalitarian ideology the ‘modern lie’ – in contrast to the ‘traditional lie’. The latter is restricted by two conditions: that it is a lie about the ‘particulars’ and that it deceives only the ‘enemy’ – which means that the liar is not engaged in self- deception. The modern lie, however, involves a ‘complete rearrangement of the whole factual texture’. It also intends to deceive everyone alike, to the extent that those who initiate the lie eventually ‘fall victims to their own falsehood’ (Arendt 1977, 249–254). This distinction between the traditional and modern lie is important. It indicates that not only is totalitarianism a lie, but the lie is in fact too big to fit into the standard meaning of the word. To tell a lie from truth, we need a common standard. In the case of a traditional lie, the common standard is precisely ‘the fabric of factuality’. As such, a lie always appears as a ‘tear’ to that fabric. Yet, modern lies require making a surrogate reality with a completely different context for facts to fit ‘without seam, crack, or fissure, exactly as the facts fitted into their original context’. Arendt notes that as long as those who concoct the surrogate reality are prepared to engage in self- deception to ‘create a semblance of truthfulness’, there is nothing to prevent ‘these new stories, images, and non-facts from becoming an adequate substitute for reality and factuality’ (Arendt 1977, 253–254). Totalitarianism therefore requires a person to stand outside of the system itself in order to make sense of it. Arendt points out that it is futile for us to argue with (for example) a Nazi or a Stalinist on race or class. To confront totalitarianism requires more than just a confrontation with specific facts. It is a more fundamental confrontation between reality as experienced and its total rejection. This means that Nazism and Stalinism are more than radical ways of conducting racial conflict or class struggle. Rather: Totalitarian politics – far from being simply antisemitic or racist or imperialist or communist – use and abuse their own ideological and political elements until the basis of factual reality, from which the ideologies originally derived their propaganda value– the value of struggle, for instance, or the interest conflicts between Jews and their neighbours – have all but disappeared (Arendt 1973, xv). Accordingly: The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (that is, the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (that is, the standards of thought) no longer exist (Arendt 1973, 474). Who then is the ‘ideal subject’ of totalitarianism? Although there is a revival of interest in Arendt’s observation on truth and politics since the onset of post- truth politics, not enough has been said about her reply to the question (Hyvönen 2018; Klinkler 2018; Lee 2019; Zerilli 2020). Yet if we take a look at Arendt’s portrait of this ideal subject, her view is even more pertinent to our current challenge. As a self-contained system of ideas that is detached from experience, totalitarian thinking offers consistency in ways that reality cannot. Arendt notes that this kind of consistency is especially appealing to those who have lost a sense of bearing in the world (Arendt 1973, 353). They constitute what she calls the ‘masses’. The ‘mass man’ is thus a highly isolated and atomised individual, who is ‘obsessed by a desire to escape from reality’ (Arendt 1973, 318, 352). In his ‘essential homelessness’ the mass man can ‘no longer bear its accidental, incomprehensible aspects’ (Arendt 1973, 352). This longing for escape from reality is a ‘verdict against the world’ in which one is ‘forced to live’ but ‘cannot exist’ (Arendt 1973, 352). Such a situation is ripe for the ‘revolt of the masses’ against ‘common sense,’ which is ‘the result of their atomisation, of their loss of social status’ and with it, the ‘whole sector of communal relationships in whose framework common sense makes sense’ (Arendt 1973, 352). In short, the masses are people who are considered to be ‘superfluous or can be spared … [who] cannot be integrated into any organisation based on common interest’ (Arendt 1973, 311). Whether one agrees with Arendt’s analysis of the social conditions in the interwar years that led to the formation of the ‘masses’, her portrait of the ‘mass man’ is a powerful account of what can happen to an individual who has become disposable to the society that they used to belong to. Hand in hand with this phenomenon is indeed the collapse of ‘common sense’ that leaves the dislodged individual scrambling for reconnection. By offering the masses a substitute reality validated by the ‘logic of an idea’ rather than by experience, totalitarianism makes it possible for them to live in a world where there is no condition of plurality. Between ‘facing the anarchic growth and total arbitrariness of decay’ and ‘bowing down before the most rigid, fantastically fictitious consistency of an ideology’, the masses will likely ‘choose the latter’ (Arendt 1973, 352). A world created by ideology, then, is more attractive to the masses not because ‘they are stupid and wicked, but because in the general disaster this escape grants them a minimum of self- respect’ by conjuring up ‘a lying world of consistency which is more adequate to the needs of the human mind than reality itself’ (Arendt 1973, 353). Moreover, it is precisely this ability to guarantee consistency that makes it possible for the leaders of totalitarian movements to demand ‘total, unrestricted, unconditional and unalterable loyalty of the individual member’ (Arendt 1973, 323). While this chapter is not a study of the social factors that led to specific contemporary developments such as the result of the Brexit referendum or the election of Donald Trump in 2016, Arendt’s ‘mass man’ seem to have found their counterparts among the supporters of Brexit and Trumpism. Studies of voters’ profiles in both events point to a disproportionate share of supporters from white male lower income backgrounds without university educations. These are individuals who have either already lost their jobs to globalisation or who are at high risk of losing their job with very little capacity to be retrained for the twenty-first century market economy of advanced industrialised states (BBC 2016; Pew Research Center 2018). In short, these displaced workers are part of the tapestry forming the modern equivalent of Arendt’s ‘mass man’ – ready to be the recruits of totalitarianism. Conclusion If we step back to take a more comprehensive approach to the relationship between truth and politics, both historically and theoretically, it is not so obvious that 2016 is a defining moment. From ancient China and ancient Greece to our so-called post-truth age, the indeterminacy of language appears to be a persistent political challenge. Language is always open to manipulation by its users to serve power. Nonetheless, the tendency these days is to single out the ubiquity of social media and the proliferation of Internet platforms as the incubator for the countless cyberwars of words that in turn fuel the real world of politics. In this context, language is no longer the conveyor of objective facts and accurate information, but rather the medium for expressing subjective opinions and feelings, as captured by the Oxford Dictionary’s definition of the term ‘post-truth politics’. In contrast, the historical approach used in this chapter shows that it is in fact too easy to point the figure at the Internet and digital communication for the political challenge that we face today. What is being suggested here is that with or without the Internet, language, be it used to convey facts or emotions, is simply a tool for communication that humans have invented. While language per se cannot adjudicate what is true or not true, what is right or wrong, it embodies such capacity when language is a shared norm. That shared norm cannot be sustained without some semblance of cohesion in any given community. Any war of words, irrespective of its platform, is indicative of the breakdown of such cohesiveness. Returning to the original context in which the term post-truth politics was first used by Steve Tesich helps to identify the important distinction between truth as the standard for knowledge and truth as the standard for action. The two do not necessarily coincide. Placed in the context of the history of political thought, this distinction is in fact at the heart of Plato’s Republic. Yet when the philosopher as the quintessential bearer of truth becomes king, the polis that he rules over is far from the ideal of a just state that it purports to be. Instead, it is one that is held together by lies and coercion. What Arendt reveals through her study of Nazism and Stalinism is that it is dangerous for the kind of truth that philosophy generates – ‘rational truth’ – to become the guide to politics. Politics guided by rational truth can only be uncompromising and follows a logic of its own that cannot afford the ambiguity and indeterminacy of reality as lived experiences of humans. A world of post-truth politics can be an opportunity for a new kind of politics if it is indeed about dismantling the idea that truth is the ideal that politics should strive for. But as it stands, the post-truth politics of today is more about invoking a past that never exists to judge the presence as a crisis in naming when the real crisis is about rebuilding a shared space that has room for all – be they of the left, right or centre; cosmopolitan or parochial; civic-minded or self-centred; liberal-minded or bigoted. Politics is and always will be about striving for that space, without which no human can thrive. References Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Arendt, Hannah. 1973. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Rev. ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Arendt, Hannah. 1977. “Truth and Politics.” In Between Past and Future, 227–264. New York: Penguin Books. Arendt, Hannah. 1982. Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, edited by Ronald Beiner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2016. “Brexit vote: The breakdown.” BBC News, December 7, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-38227674 Cao, Feng. 2016. “A New Examination of Confucius’ Rectification of Names.” Journal of Chinese Humanities 2: 147–171. https://doi-org.subzero.lib. uoguelph.ca/ doi/ 10.1163/23521341-12340032. Connor, W. Robert. 1984. Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press. de Jonge, Casper C. 2017. “Dionysius of Halicarnassus on Thucydides.” in The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides, edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.17 https://www-oxfordhandbooks-com.subzero. lib.uoguelph.ca/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199340385 Hyvönen, Ari-Elmeri. 2018. “Careless Speech: Conceptualizing Post-Truth Politics.” New Perspectives 26 (3): 31–55. https://www.proquest.com/ scholarly-journals/careless-speech-conceptualizing-post-truth/ docview/2204515132/se-2?accountid=11233. Hobbes, Thomas. 1839–1845. The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, edited by Sir William Molesworth. London: John Bohn. Vol. 8. Klinkner, Melanie. 2018. “Reasonable Truth.” International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 14 (3): 393–99. doi:10.1386/macp.14.3.393_7. Lee, Haiyan. 2019. “When Nothing Is True, Everything Is Possible: On Truth and Power by Way of Socialist Realism.” PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134 (5). Cambridge University Press: 1157–64. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.5.1157 Lewis, Mark E. 1999. “Warring States Political History.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy, 587–650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Makeham, John. 2003. “Zheng ming (Rectification of names).” In RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism, edited by Xinzhong Yao. Vol. 2: 813-814. New York: Routledge. Oxford Languages, n. d. “Word of the Year 2016.” Accessed 19 August 2017. https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/ Peters, Richard. 1979. Hobbes. Westport: Greenwood Press. Pew Research Center. 2018. “An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters.” Report, August 9, 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/ politics/2018/08/09/an-examination-of-the-2016-electorate-based-on- validated-voters/ Plato. 1974. Republic. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett. Tesich, Steve. 1992. “Watergate Syndrome: A Government of Lies.” The Nation: 12-14. January 6/13, 1992. Thucydides. 1972. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Rex Warner. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. Wolin, Sheldon. 2004. Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Westen Political Thought. Expanded Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zerilli, Linda M. G. 2020. ‘Fact-Checking and Truth-Telling in an Age of Alternative Facts.’ Le foucaldien 6, no. 1: 2, 1–22. Theresa Man Ling Lee is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Guelph (Canada). Lee is a political theorist who specializes in contemporary political thought. Her research and teaching areas include continental philosophy, Marxism and critical theory, feminism, postmodernism, philosophy of social science, psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, human rights, disability studies, modern Chinese political thought and comparative political theory. Lee has published on a wide range of subjects in these areas, including intercultural pedagogy and the challenges of teaching as a person with multiple minority designations in a Canadian university classroom.
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