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Intel Panther Lake Teardown, 18A, BSPD, GAAFET, SemiAnalysis STEEL

Panther Lake debuts the first commercial implementation of backside power delivery (BSPDN), introduces Intel’s first iteration of gate-all-around (GAA) transistors, and showcases their advanced packaging capabilities with its Foveros-S assembly. With Panther Lake, Intel’s manufacturing arc has shifted from nebulous roadmaps to shipped silicon, a significant milestone on their long road back to competitive semiconductor manufacturing. To evaluate the extent of Intel’s comeback, we tore down Panther Lake. The SemiAnalysis STEEL teardown lab breaks down advanced datacenter and AI hardware. To learn more about our pipeline or to commission a teardown, contact sales@semianalysis.com. WE’RE HIRING: Architecture, floorplan, packaging, manufacturing, and labs experts. Opportunities from system to transistor and everywhere in between. Check out our Careers page. Our teardown traces 18A from its four-sheet RibbonFETs (Intel’s marketing name for GAAFETs) and gate stacks through contacts, frontside and backside wiring, and the bonded carrier. We explain how these material and integration choices improve gate control and reduce resistance, while adding capacitance, thermal resistance, and process complexity. Our measurements put Panther Lake’s 18A compute logic and TSMC N3E GPU logic at similar logic density. However, 18A does not lead TSMC N3P, N2 or Samsung SF2 in peak density. Panther Lake’s CPU cores are incremental updates, and the high-end GPU still uses TSMC N3E. Panther Lake assembles one compute tile, one GPU tile, and one I/O tile atop a passive base tile using Intel’s Foveros-S advanced packaging. Both compute tile variants use Intel 18A. The Xe3 GPU options are a 4-core GT1 tile on Intel 3 and a larger 12-core GT2 tile on TSMC N3E. Both I/O tile variants use TSMC N6. [1], [2] Our analysis centers on the PTL-U compute tile, both the 4-core and 12-core GPU tiles, as well as the 12-lane I/O tile. In conventional chips, power and signal are routed through the same frontside metal stack towards the device frontend. Power rails consume scarce routing resources near the transistors, while tall via stacks carry VDD and VSS from the coarse upper wires to local rails. Backside power delivery (BSPD) moves the main power network behind the transistor layer, to the backside, separating it from frontside signal routing. We covered BSPD and its impacts in 2024. [3], [4], [5] Intel’s BSPD implementation, branded as “PowerVia”, routes power through dedicated backside metals to nano-TSVs, which connect those rails to local source/drain (S/D) contacts. Implementing that separation requires Intel to build the interconnect stacks from both sides of the wafer. The frontside comprises the M0-M14 signal stack, while the backside comprises the BM0-BM5 power stack. M0 and BM0 are closest to the transistors. The nano-TSVs connect the two sides, but Intel patterns and etches each via from the front after forming the contacts. A narrow via runs from the side of the contact deep into the silicon substrate. Intel then completes the frontside signal metal stack, bonds the wafer to a carrier, flips it and removes the original substrate until the buried via tips are exposed. The backside metal stack is then deposited directly on the revealed vias. The nano-TSV and backside-via profiles taper in opposite directions because Intel forms them from opposite sides of the wafer. The transistor structures form the FEOL. Local contacts and nano-TSVs connect them to the wiring. M0 begins the frontside interconnect stack. The silicon carrier remains attached above the frontside interconnects. It supports the device wafer during substrate removal and backside processing and remains part of the finished chip’s thermal path. PowerVia removes the main power distribution from the congested frontside metals, routing supply through shorter and wider backside wires. Its lateral landing still occupies area in the standard cell, so it recovers less cell area than a direct backside contact. [3] Nano-TSVs beside the logic devices carry VDD or VSS from the backside power network, while signal connections continue upward through the frontside metals. Backside Interconnects Samsung SF2 data is included for comparison to Panther Lake’s within this article. SF2 is the incumbent GAA foundry node but lacks BSPD, serving as a useful reference to evaluate 18A. A full teardown of Samsung’s S26 products, processed on SF2, will be shared soon.Nanosheet-cut EDS comparison. The PowerVia supply path runs from the backside Cu rails through Mo-lined W nano-TSVs to the local transistor contacts. In this cross section, the tapered connection spans roughly 150 nm from the contact level to BM0. The Ta liner confines Cu and promotes adhesion to the surrounding stack; the AlOₓ etch stop controls the next dielectric etch above the rail. Dielectric beneath the ribbons electrically separates the devices from the backside wiring and removes the conducting silicon body below the channel. [6] AlOₓ serves as an etchstop (ES), enabling endpointing and protecting the underlying layers. Low-volatility aluminum fluoride reaction products resist the fluorinated plasma, allowing a thin AlOₓ film to protect the metal while the surrounding low-k dielectric is removed. [6], [7]. While the BM0 and layers above the M1 lines show double AlOx layers, Our SMIC N+3 teardown showed single AlOₓ layers. SMIC uses a simpler local AlOₓ substack, while the remaining cap and etch sequence provide the required landing protection. So why double layers? The closely spaced AlOₓ doublets provide two protected endpoints in the etch sequence. Intel documents an AlOₓ/SiN/AlOₓ stack that explains the benefit. The main dielectric plasma etch stops on the first AlOₓ film; a selective wet clear opens that film; a second plasma etch removes the intermediate SiN and stops on the second AlOₓ film. The final wet clear exposes the metal landing surface. SiN is the intermediate dielectric in Intel’s published example. [8] The second stop protects the metal through a cap breakthrough. Wide openings can etch faster than narrow ones, and etch depth varies across the wafer. Metal under an early-clearing opening would otherwise be exposed while other openings still need more etching. Staged protection widens the process window and reduces metal erosion, corrosion and void formation. [8] TSMC documents AlN/AlOₓ/SiOC/AlOₓ above Cu, with AlN blocking Cu diffusion, and a simpler AlN/SiOC/AlOₓ variant that omits one AlOx film. [9] Levels with different opening sizes, aspect ratios, pattern densities and cap materials need different etch margins. A double AlOx stop is useful where another protected endpoint justifies the added processing. The extra film adds formation, selective opening and cleaning steps, plus another set of interfaces to control adhesion, moisture, and stress. These blanket films are opened through the existing via pattern, so each film does not require another lithography mask. AlOₓ adds parasitic capacitance when it replaces lower-k dielectric; two thin AlOₓ films can nevertheless contain less AlOₓ than one thick film. Total thickness, placement, and theintermediate dielectric determine the electrical cost. Deposition chemistry also changes AlOx permittivity and residual hydroxyl content, which can oxidize the underlying metal. [7], [8], [10], [11] The backside stack separates into relatively fine BM0-BM2 wiring near the devices and coarser BM3-BM5 power distribution. The largest pitch increase occurs between BM2 and BM3. BM0’s pitch closely matches the logic-row height, fitting local power delivery to the cell rows. Higher levels aggregate current through larger conductors: routing density becomes less important than low resistance and current capacity as the network approaches the package. This hierarchy provides wide power wiring for the power delivery network without consuming scarce frontside signal-routing resources. [3] The SemiAnalysis STEEL teardown lab breaks down advanced datacenter and AI hardware. To learn more about our pipeline or to commission a teardown, contact sales@semianalysis.com. WE’RE HIRING: Architecture, floorplan, packaging, manufacturing, and labs experts. Opportunities from system to transistor and everywhere in between. Check out our Careers page. Frontside Interconnects Intel 18A combines Mo-lined W contacts and nano-TSVs with a separate backside Cu power network. Samsung SF2 keeps power on the frontside, using Ti-based contact interfaces and Ta-based barriers and Co liners around Cu wiring. In 18A standard-cell rows, backside power rails supply the devices through nano-TSVs within the cells, freeing frontside routing resources. Samsung’s M0 accommodates both power and signal connections. From the device toward M0, the connection runs through a Ti-based S/D interface, W contact fill, a Mo-lined W via, and the Cu M0 wire. Mo supplies a conductive nucleation and adhesion layer for W, replacing the resistive TiN liner used in conventional W integration. This increases the effective conduction volume within the feature while retaining W fill and its established polishing, cleaning and etching processes. Intel’s Mo/W patent describes this integration tradeoff. The nano-TSV uses the same Mo-lined W construction in the backside supply path. [12] The move from TiN to Mo is an incremental change. While a full Co or Mo fill can also reduce the volume lost to liners in very small features, it requires new integration schemes that increase complexity and risk. Cu remains attractive for wider wires due to its low resistance. As wires and vias shrink, the diffusion barrier consumes an increasing fraction of their cross-section. [12], [12], [14] Intel uses Co/Ru liners at M0-M1, Co at M2-M4, and Nb at M5-M9. The lower-level liners help Cu adhere and reduce void formation during trench fills. Applied Materials’ Endura has new thermal control that facilitate wetting process, so the thin film continuity is good enough that good capillary pressure will drive Cu atoms to the via bottom without voiding. Intel’s choice to use Nb is particularly interesting. Intel’s Nb patent describes a conductive diffusion barrier intended to reduce the barrier’s contribution to resistance relative to conventional Ta-based barriers, particularly at via bottoms where all current crosses the barrier. The patent pairs Nb in coarser levels with the option of lower-cost PVD processing. [15], [16] The upper metal layers support thicker barriers formed through physical vapor deposition (PVD) despite its worse coverage and uniformity. Meanwhile, the lower metal layers require thinner barriers deposited through conformal atomic layer deposition (ALD). Co/Ru adds another material interface and requires controlled deposition and Cu fill. Changing liners and barriers by metal layer allows Intel to optimize interconnect resistance, process complexity, and reliability. [15, 16] RibbonFET, Intel’s name for its gate-all-around FETs (GAAFETs), replaces the FinFET’s vertical fins with four stacked horizontal silicon nanosheets, allowing the gate to surround the channel on every side. The path to GAAFET begins with the planar transistor. A planar MOSFET places the gate above the channel between its source and drain. Pairing an NMOS with a PMOS transistor creates a CMOS inverter, in which the NMOS pulls the output low for a high input, and the PMOS pulls it high for a low input. The gate must retain electrostatic control of the channel to ensure clean switching. As gate lengths shrank, the drain began to compete with the gate for that control, increasing off-state leakage. Electrostatic control was restored through an architectural evolution that raised the channel into a vertical fin and wrapping the gate around three sides. Called “FinFET”, this new architecture packed more effective channel width into a smaller footprint. Further scaling made it harder to maintain both drive current and leakage within smaller cells, and reintroduced the same problems planar MOSFETs faced. Nanosheet GAAFETs close the fourth side by replacing the vertical fin with a stack of horizontal nanosheets, each surrounded by the gate. The tighter electrostatic control suppresses leakage at shorter gate lengths while stacking adds effective channel width within the cell footprint. In a FinFET process, channel width changes in discrete steps as designers must add or remove whole fins. Nanosheet width can instead be adjusted continuously within the process’s design rules. Wider sheets increase drive current, while narrower sheets reduce capacitance at the cost of drive current. Intel 18A uses stacks of four nanosheets each and varies their widths across logic and SRAM. At the process level, adding more sheets to each stack increases effective channel width and drive current, but complicates fabrication. RibbonFET vs MBCFET Samsung began GAAFET production in 2022 with SF3E, following with SF3 and now SF2. Its ‘MBCFET’ provides a useful structural comparison with Intel’s first RibbonFET implementation. [17] STEEL is digging deeper into SF2, used in the Exynos 2600, and TSMC’s GAAFET N2, used in Apple’s A20 Pro, in upcoming newsletter articles. We’re throwing some teasers on X. Let’s compare Samsung SF2’s MBCFET with Intel 18A’s RibbonFET. Subscribe Even to the untrained eye, Intel’s extra nanosheet is obvious. Intel stacks four ribbons to Samsung’s three. Samsung’s sheets are much wider in these fields, so both sheet count and width matter to the available channel perimeter. Sheet width also changes which silicon surfaces carry current. On conventional (001) silicon, wide nanosheets emphasize the broad top and bottom surfaces, favoring electron transport; the larger sidewall contribution in a narrow sheet favors hole transport. Thinner sheets improve gate control but increase confinement and scattering. This makes width and thickness part of the NMOS/PMOS balance, alongside strain and threshold voltage. [18], [19] GAAFET designs like 18A use different work-function-metal (WFM) stacks for NMOS and PMOS. Around each ribbon, a thin SiOx interfacial layer separates the silicon channel from the HfOx high-k dielectric, with La providing dipole tuning and the WFM wrapping the dielectric. NMOS uses a TiAl-based stack, while PMOS uses TiN WFM. W fills the remaining gate trench, providing a lower-resistivity path where the work-function layers are no longer needed. In this field, the PMOS stacks leave room for W between ribbons, while the NMOS stacks occupy more of those gaps. A silicon-based dielectric marks the P/N boundary, allowing the PMOS and NMOS gates, sharing the same gate trench, to be processed sequentially. Fast logic paths, retention circuits, and SRAM need a family of threshold options. Changing threshold without substantially changing device dimensions, capacitance or fabrication complexity is valuable. FinFET processes typically use different work-function-metal stacks. In a four-ribbon GAA stack, the narrow sheet-to-sheet gap limits how much WFM can fit around each channel. La in the gate dielectric creates interfacial dipoles at the SiOx/HfOx boundary, shifting effective work function and tuning threshold voltage. This gives Intel another control alongside its NMOS and PMOS WFM stacks. Low-threshold devices improve critical-path drive; higher thresholds reduce leakage elsewhere. Dipole tuning is especially useful in GAA because it changes threshold without consuming the narrow intersheet gap with thicker WFM. Precise control of La incorporation, diffusion and interface quality has long been a challenge, limiting viability in high volume production but is now seen from every leading-edge foundry. Intel’s patent describes depositing a dipole-forming oxide above HfOx and annealing it toward the interfacial oxide before completing the work-function and fill metals. This separates threshold tuning from the space available for metal. Newer research addresses the thermal cost: imec’s 2026 dipole-middle research inserts the shifter between two HfOx depositions, shortening the diffusion path while protecting SiOx during patterning. [20], [21]Matched-cut EDS, Intel 18A (left) vs. Samsung SF2 (right). Intel retains raised source/drain epi beneath its contacts, while Samsung recesses W deep into the epi to form a V-shaped Ti-lined interface. The deeper contact increases metal-to-semiconductor area and shortens the current path from the lower sheets, reducing contact and spreading resistance. It also removes epi volume and brings the contact etch closer to the channel ends. Retaining more epi preserves the material available for strain transfer, especially from SiGe into PMOS. These geometries balance contact access against stress engineering and etch margin. [22], [23] Samsung stacks three sheets to Intel’s four ribbons, and both processes use sheet width to tune drive strength. In our Samsung cross-sections, widths range roughly from 19 to 30 nm in the NPU rows and 37 to 50 nm in the CU cell. The Samsung nanosheets taper, with the widest sheet at the bottom and the narrowest at the top. Both processes use HfOx gate dielectric and Ti-based work-function stacks, with Al in the NMOS stack. In the Samsung devices shown here, the dielectric and WFM occupy the intersheet gaps, leaving W above the top sheet. Intel’s PMOS stack leaves more room between ribbons, and W fills those gaps while the thicker NMOS stack leaves W mainly in the upper trench. Gate-stack EDS maps. The W between Intel’s PMOS ribbons provides a conductive path close to the lower gates. Where WFM fills the entire gap, the gate still surrounds the channel, but voltage reaches it through the more resistive work-function films. Thinner WFM and dipole tuning preserve room for low-resistivity fill; Mo and Ru are alternative fill metals being developed for further scaling. [24] A masked, sequential WFM flow explains the different gate heights and inter-nanosheet fill. The proposed sequence below shows how separate NMOS and PMOS work-function steps produce that geometry. Enabled by the BSPDN process, Intel replaces the dense-logic silicon subfin with dielectric, removing the parasitic conduction path below the ribbons and reducing substrate-related capacitance. A retained silicon body as in classical, non-SOI, planar and FinFET designs needs junction and punchthrough-stop engineering to suppress leakage. Dielectric isolation makes that leakage less sensitive to the subfin doping profile but adds removal and fill steps. It also weakens the direct thermal path through silicon, making the contacts, metal stacks and package more important for heat extraction. [24], [26] Fluorine is concentrated around selected Intel device structures in the maps. WF6 is a standard precursor for W nucleation and fill, while barrier films protect adjacent dielectrics from fluorine attack. Low-fluorine W processes reduce the residual-F burden. Chloride-based precursors avoid introducing F during W deposition, but require control of chlorine attack, nucleation and fill quality. The integration target is a continuous, low-resistance W path with a thin protective liner and minimal chemical damage to the surrounding stack. [20], [27], [28] The SemiAnalysis STEEL teardown lab breaks down advanced datacenter and AI hardware. To learn more about our pipeline or to commission a teardown, contact sales@semianalysis.com. WE’RE HIRING: Architecture, floorplan, packaging, manufacturing, and labs experts. Opportunities from system to transistor and everywhere in between. Check out our Careers page. We measured cell height, gate pitch, metal geometry, and ribbon dimensions at the XTEM sites shown below. The tables group these dimensions by site and device polarity. Our “sheet cuts” cross the silicon channel and show the ribbons end-on. “gate cuts” run along the channel through successive gates. The 18A logic cell dimensions point to a five-track logic library while the N3E and Intel 3 cell dimensions evidence a seven-track logic library. The DDR-PHY uses wider M0 wires and much larger spacing than core logic. That trades routing density for lower wire resistance and weaker coupling between neighboring nets. The geometry suits the current delivery and coupling requirements of analog, clock, and I/O circuitry. PowerVia lets 18A combine a compact cell height with wider M0 geometry by moving the main power rails off the signal-routing tracks. That relaxes local wire scaling while preserving a small cell footprint. Cell height and gate pitch set the geometric density; pin access and routability determine how much of it a real block can use. [29] The biggest takeaway from our gate-pitch measurements is that Intel 18A compute logic and TSMC N3E GPU logic have similar density in the Bohr representative-cell model. The 18A example is 18.6% denser than the Intel 3 GPU example. Gate pitches are nearly identical across the three sites, so cell height drives most of the difference. The Bohr model combines a four-transistor NAND2 spanning three gate pitches and a 32-transistor scan flip-flop (SFF) spanning nineteen pitches, weighting their densities 60:40. The sensitivity column shows how independently changing cell height and gate pitch by ±1 nm changes the result. This compares representative cell geometries; whole-die density also depends on cell mix and placement. The 18A P-core gives M0 substantially more metal cross section than the N3E vector engine. Treating each profile as a trapezoid gives 2.63 times the area per line and 1.84 times the area after normalization by routing pitch. The larger section reduces the geometric contribution to line resistance and lowers current density for a given current. Taller and wider wires also add capacitance, so circuit delay depends on the balance of resistance and capacitance. The DDR-PHY has less metal area per routing width than the 18A core fields, while remaining above N3E. [30] Area = height × (top CD + bottom CD) / 2, including liners. Area/pitch normalizes by routing width. Taper is the symmetric sidewall angle from vertical, with the largest angle belonging to the DDR-PHY. Compute tile The measurements show how ribbon dimensions and gate-stack geometry vary across the compute tile and between NMOS and PMOS to balance channel drive, gate load and the space needed for the dielectric/WFM stack across logic, SRAM and the DDR-PHY. Width mainly changes available channel perimeter; thickness also changes electrostatic control and carrier confinement. Gate-stack thickness then determines the space left for low-resistivity fill P-core and LP E-core logic Both the P-core and LP E-core use multiple nanosheet widths. Widths are measured on high-magnification XTEMs while wider-field images demonstrate additional width choices within the LP E-core. Multiple widths are expected even within an LP E-core. Timing-critical paths, buffers and cells with different fanout need different drive strengths. The lower-magnification fields show this width diversity beyond the sites quantified in the table. L2 and L3 SRAM GAA gives SRAM designers another way to balance the pull-up (PU), pass-gate (PG), and pull-down (PD) transistors. FinFET bitcells set device strength through fin count while GAA adds nanosheet width as a sizing knob. In a 6T SRAM cell, a strong pull-down relative to the pass-gate limits read disturbance, while a strong pass-gate relative to the pull-up improves writability. During a write, the pass-gate and write driver pull the node storing “1” below the inverter trip point. During a read, the pull-down holds the node storing “0” low. Bias, threshold voltage, mismatch and assist circuitry set the remaining margin. FinFET high-current cells commonly use a PU:PG:PD fin-count pattern of 1:2:2, a device-sizing ratio rather than a current ratio. Ribbon width lets Intel balance SRAM strengths without adding whole fins. The L2 cell uses its narrowest ribbons for PU and widest for PD, improving writability and read stability respectively. Intel’s disclosed HCC operates without assist; its denser HDC uses negative-bitline write assist. Pulling the selected bitline briefly below ground increases pass-gate overdrive so it can overpower the pull-up at lower supply voltage. That buys density and low voltage writability at the cost of boosting circuitry, switching energy, and additional voltage stress that must be controlled. [31], [32] Four rectangular ribbons give the perimeter = 8 × (width + thickness), before corner rounding. PG/PU is 1.49 and PD/PG is 1.16. The L3 structures closely resemble L2 in layout and cell height. Fewer L3 nanosheet widths are tabulated because fewer high-magnification images were available. DDR PHY The DDR-PHY trades density for controlled analog behavior and reliable off-chip signaling. It contains drivers, receivers, delay circuits, and calibration logic that set drive strength, sampling time, and voltage margin. Repeated four-sheet devices with similar widths fit the use of regular transistor units for matching and programmable drive. Its wider local wiring provides room for current delivery and separation of sensitive signals, while consuming more area than a dense core-logic grid. The layout serves the memory channel’s electrical requirements as well as digital logic density. [33] The SemiAnalysis STEEL teardown lab breaks down advanced datacenter and AI hardware. To learn more about our pipeline or to commission a teardown, contact sales@semianalysis.com. WE’RE HIRING: Architecture, floorplan, packaging, manufacturing, and labs experts. Opportunities from system to transistor and everywhere in between. Check out our Careers page. Intel 3 GPU devices Vector engine logic Intel 3’s XVE logic uses two-fin PMOS and NMOS devices with power rails in M0. Its cell height and M0 pitch give a seven-track geometry, two tracks more than the 18A logic. One-fin groups also appear among the two-fin devices. Intel 3 L2 SRAM The Intel 3 L2 SRAM uses the familiar HCC sizing pattern: one PU fin, two PG fins, and two PD fins. N3E GPU devices Vector engine logic The N3E XVE field contains repeated two-fin devices with seven-track cell geometry. N3E remains a FinFET process, giving Panther Lake a direct FinFET-to-RibbonFET comparison. N3E L2 SRAM The N3E L2 SRAM uses the same PU:PG:PD fin-count pattern of 1:2:2. Panther Lake-U follows Lunar Lake’s floorplan quite closely. Both pair 4 P-cores with 4 LP E-cores and NPU, media and display engines in similar locations. Lunar Lake also uses Xe2, the direct predecessor to Panther Lake’s Xe3 GPU. This makes Lunar Lake the most direct basis for our comparisons. Arrow Lake differs in core count and uses the older Xe-LPG GPU architecture, so we only use it where it offers a more direct component-level comparison. Compute tile Panther Lake compute-tile floorplans remain sparse even months after launch. Intel 18A’s backside metal and dielectric stack must be removed without damaging the underlying structures before a clean transistor-level floorplan can be imaged. Most published die shots hide or heavily process the background, but we are quite proud of the die shot we achieved and are excited to show the work we have done. We measured the areas of the key components on the compute tile and compared them with their Lunar Lake predecessors on TSMC N3B. These help us to capture changes in block area and compare the two chips across process nodes and designs. Our total tile areas exclude the scribe-line area. The compute-plus-GPU subtotal below uses the PTL-U compute tile and GT1 GPU; it excludes the I/O tile and passive base. Individual block areas use the boundaries marked on the floorplans The compute-plus-GPU row is recomputed from the displayed PTL-U and GT1 areas. Component rows use their stated per-region counts and are not an additive partition of the whole tile. The P-core area remains almost unchanged between Lunar Lake and Panther Lake, despite L2 capacity increasing from 2.5 MiB to 3 MiB. Arrow Lake uses the same Lion Cove core as Lunar Lake but also has a 3 MiB L2. Cougar Cove fits 20% more L2 into the same P-core area. The larger private cache keeps more of each core’s working set close to its execution units, reducing access to shared L3 and DRAM. Extra capacity adds storage leakage and lookup energy, so designers balance it against avoided lower-level accesses. The shared P-core L3 cache also shrank by 14.8%. [2] Cougar Cove combines a similar footprint with Intel’s reported power-efficiency improvements. RibbonFET’s tighter channel control reduces leakage, while PowerVia reduces supply droop and allows tighter voltage guardbands. [1] Darkmont’s four-core LP E-core cluster is 5.0% smaller than Skymont’s on Lunar Lake, with most of the reduction in its L2 regions. The 1 MiB region shrank by 8.4% and the 1.5 MiB region by 14.9%. The tag arrays also use one fewer visible row. Tags identify which memory addresses the data array holds, so rearranging them changes the cache’s layout and wiring without requiring less data capacity. [2] The LP E-cores share one L2. This pools capacity and avoids duplicating all the cache machinery, but the four cores contend for its banks and bandwidth. Their separate cluster also keeps light work away from the performance cluster and its L3, allowing that larger domain to sleep. [1], [2] Cache area includes more than the storage cells. Tags identify each line, decoders select rows, sense amplifiers read the small bitline signal, and wires connect to the banks. Splitting an array into smaller sections shortens wordlines and bitlines, improving access speed, but duplicates peripheral circuits. Panther Lake’s smaller cache regions therefore reflect the complete memory implementation, including how much of each region is devoted to storage. [34] Unlike Meteor Lake and Arrow Lake, Panther Lake has no separate SoC tile. The NPU, LP E-cores, memory controllers, PHYs, media and display engines now share the compute tile. This removes an active die and keeps CPU memory traffic on one die. The cost is moving PHY and I/O-related circuitry onto 18A: drivers, receivers and analog circuits must still meet external voltage, loading and signal-integrity requirements, so their area does not shrink like dense digital logic. [1], [2] The biggest shrink comes from the NPU, which occupies 36.9% less area. NPU 5 consolidates the same total INT8 MAC count into half as many neural compute engines. Each of the three NCEs has a larger MAC array to make the complete NCE envelope 22.6% larger than an NPU 4 engine. Consolidation also halves the number of scratchpads and SHAVE DSPs, from 12 to 6. The MAC array handles matrix multiplication and convolution, while SHAVE executes vector and custom operations that fit the array poorly. [1], [2], [35] The paired floorplans identify each NCE envelope and its scratchpad, MAC, and SHAVE regions. Each measured MAC polygon is counted once per NCE in the area accounting below. The scratchpads store weights, activations, and intermediate results near the MAC arrays, allowing repeated use without fetching them again from DRAM. Halving their number delivers the largest measured area saving but leaves less local storage for the same total MAC count. Layers that no longer fit locally require smaller working tiles or more transfers of intermediate data. The benefit depends on keeping the enlarged arrays busy while managing that tighter storage budget. [36] NPU 5 also adds native FP8. Using half the operand width of FP16 reduces storage and transfer demand, helping workloads fit the smaller local memory budget. Lower precision and format-dependent range make scaling and model validation part of deployment. Hardware activation functions further reduce work that would otherwise occupy the programmable DSPs. [1], [2] Microsoft requires an NPU to deliver at least 40 TOPS for Copilot+ PCs. Both Lunar Lake and Panther Lake meet this threshold, but Panther Lake uses significantly less silicon. GPU tiles Panther Lake is Intel’s first product with Xe3, its latest GPU architecture. It offers two different GPU tiles: a smaller GT1 tile with 4 Xe3 cores on Intel 3 and a larger GT2 tile with 12 Xe3 cores on TSMC N3E. Panther Lake allows us to compare the same GPU architecture across both Intel 3 and TSMC N3E. Wildcat Lake adds a third Xe3 implementation on Intel 18A. A future newsletter will detail Xe3 and its implementation differences across all three process nodes. GT2 scales Xe3 to a different physical layout, with render slices arranged vertically instead of GT1’s horizontal arrangement. Slice placement sets the distances to shared cache banks and the D2D interface. Those wires consume area and add delay, so scaling the number of Xe cores also requires a new balance of cache placement, routing and timing. [1] What’s immediately obvious is that the GT2 tile on TSMC N3E has much smaller Xe cores than GT1. These block areas include logic, caches, and routing. An Xe core on the GT1 tile is ~69% larger than one on Lunar Lake, and ~55% larger than one on GT2. Intel 3 therefore uses substantially more area per Xe core. The block-area gap exceeds the measured logic and SRAM density gaps, bringing routing, timing targets, cell mix, and floorplan allocation into the comparison. The measured vector/matrix engine region is almost unchanged between Lunar Lake and Panther Lake’s GT2 tile. Xe3 retains eight 512-bit vector engines and eight 2048-bit XMX engines per core. Its gains also come from feeding those engines more effectively: more resident threads hide stalls, and variable register allocation lets shaders trade registers per thread against the number of threads kept active. [1] The shared L1/SLM capacity increased by 33% from 192 KiB to 256 KiB, while its area increased only 5%, raising effective density by 27%. L1 retains reused cache lines, while software-managed SLM lets a thread group share data locally. Both reduce traffic to more distant memory. Allocating more SLM per group can also limit how many groups reside on a core at once. [1], [37] The GT1 tile carries 4 MiB of L2 against 16 MiB on the GT2 tile. GT1 divides its L2 cache into four 1 MiB banks, while GT2 uses eight 2 MiB banks. Each bank contains 128 macros, but each N3E macro stores 16 KiB, twice the Intel 3 macro’s 8 KiB capacity. The N3E macro is only 54% larger while holding twice as many bits, giving it 30% higher density: ~23.7 Mbit/mm² versus 18.3 Mbit/mm². Including bank-level circuitry, the gap widens to ~16.9 Mbit/mm² on GT2 versus ~10.4 Mbit/mm² on GT1. GT2 gains density with its macros storing more bits per unit area, and those macros occupy more of each cache bank. Larger macros spread decoder and sense-amplifier overhead across more storage, while a more compact bank layout reduces the share spent on control and routing. The compromise is longer wordlines and bitlines that carry more capacitance. [34] I/O tile Panther Lake uses two I/O tile variants, both fabricated on TSMC N6. The smaller one provides 4 PCIe 5.0 and 8 PCIe 4.0 lanes and serves lower-tier systems as well as those without a discrete GPU, while the larger one adds 8 PCIe 5.0 lanes, bringing the total to 20 lanes, for discrete-GPU connectivity. Panther Lake SKUs with the larger 10- or 12-Xe GPUs use the smaller I/O tile. [38] The smaller I/O tile adds a PCIe 4.0 block and a Thunderbolt block to Lunar Lake’s I/O layout, providing four additional PCIe 4.0 lanes and another Thunderbolt 4 port. Its repeated N6 blocks retain nearly identical areas and layouts. Reusing these proven PHYs and controllers avoids porting and requalifying external interfaces on 18A, where faster digital logic offers less benefit to circuits constrained by the off-chip link. [38] SemiAnalysis’s teardown lab (STEEL) dives deep into the world’s advanced datacenter and AI hardware. To learn more about our pipeline or to commission a teardown, contact sales@semianalysis.com. We’re hiring technical experts from system to transistor and everywhere in between. Check out our Careers page. Panther Lake offers scalability and modularity through its disaggregated packaging that partition compute, GPU, and I/O silicon into separate tiles allowing for a suite of tile configurations. This partitioning makes the package part of Intel’s node economics as it determines how much leading-edge wafer area each product consumes, which functions can remain on other processes, and how much configuration freedom Intel can offer from a shared set of tiles. Furthermore, fabricating the compute and GPU tiles separately confines the new 18A process to the compute tile and allows graphics and I/O to use other, more established, and more cost-effective processes. For Panther Lake, the GPU and I/O tiles are assembled alongside the compute tile on a passive silicon base using Foveros-S. Intel’s current technology brief lists a nominal 36 µm pitch for Foveros-S. Through-silicon vias (TSVs) in the base connect the fine wiring above to the larger package connections below. The functional tiles sit side by side on that passive base in a 2.5D configuration. [39] Our cross-section through the compute and GPU tiles shows the package’s wiring hierarchy. Microbumps connect each active tile to the passive silicon base; its fine redistribution layer (RDL) carries the short, dense tile-to-tile links. TSVs carry connections through the base to the package substrate, which fans them out to the much coarser motherboard solder joints. The base supplies interconnect, while computation remains in the active tiles above it. [39] At the compute-tile edge, the higher-magnification inset shows a local microbump spacing of approximately 25.24 µm and a feature width of 12.33 µm. These local spacings are finer than Intel’s nominal Foveros-S value. The X-ray fields further confirm tighter neighboring bumps, consistent across every die-to-die area found on each tile. Additional X-ray analysis is offered after the paywall. Putting the memory controller beside the CPU removes the D2D transfer that CPU memory requests required in Meteor Lake and Arrow Lake. This avoids the extra transmitter, receiver, and link traversal, saving interface energy and latency. Panther Lake’s separate GPU still crosses a D2D link to reach DRAM, so its larger local caches also help contain package traffic. [1], [40] Smaller dies are less likely to contain a random fatal defect, and screening them before assembly prevents one bad tile from consuming a complete package of good silicon. Reuse also spreads design and qualification work across more products. Against those gains, Intel pays for the passive base, D2D circuits, extra bonding and test steps, and losses during assembly. Cost per working product across the portfolio captures the combined effect of wafer yield, reuse, test, and assembly. [29] Wildcat Lake packaging Intel launched Core Series 3, formerly Wildcat Lake, on 16 April 2026 for value mobile and edge systems. Wildcat Lake keeps 18A but removes the passive base and combines more functions on one die to simplify the package. The two products therefore reveal two distinct ways to commercialize the same leading-edge process. [41] Wildcat Lake’s 18A die combines up to two Cougar Cove P-cores, four Darkmont LP E-cores, two Xe3 cores and a smaller NPU. A separate platform-controller die supplies I/O, connected through UCIe, Intel’s first processor implementation of the standard. Consolidating graphics remove a tile boundary and the passive base, reducing assembly complexity for a modest-bandwidth value product. It also ties CPU and graphics scaling to the same die, giving up Panther Lake’s ability to swap in a much larger GPU. [42], [43] In July 2021, Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger set out an ambitious process roadmap aimed at regaining performance leadership by 2025, later described as five nodes in four years. Five years and one CEO later, Intel’s comeback story is not as unambiguously positive as Pat may have hoped. [44], [45] Intel once set the pace for process technology, bringing high-k metal gate technology and FinFETs into volume production years ahead of the rest of the industry. Its 22 nm FinFET process reached consumers with Ivy Bridge in 2012. [46] Intel’s integrated device manufacturing (IDM) model allowed its architects and process engineers to co-optimize products and processes. Starting with Sandy Bridge, Intel dominated x86, while AMD struggled with Bulldozer. That lead faltered at 14 nm and broke at 10 nm. Intel targeted a massive 2.7× density increase, but the node arrived years late and required several revisions before it could support Intel’s full lineup. This delay forced Intel to stretch 14 nm across six generations, while TSMC moved ahead in process technology and AMD recovered in x86. By 2019, Intel was still shipping 14 nm across most of its product stack, with its 10 nm client ramp focused on Ice Lake mobile processors. Meanwhile, TSMC was shipping N7 and N7+, and AMD’s Zen 2 compute chiplets used N7 to raise core counts and improve efficiency. Intel’s process failures were central to its decline, but unsound business decisions furthered their downward slide. Product delays compounded product mistakes, pushing client, server, and FPGA roadmaps off schedule. Several attempts to enter AI (Nervana and Gaudi) and networking (Tofino) also failed to establish lasting businesses. Intel’s recovery has focused on consumer CPUs and advanced packaging. Tiger Lake, Alder Lake, Lunar Lake and now Panther Lake have restored Intel’s consumer roadmap. On the process side, Intel 4 shipped with Meteor Lake, Intel 3 with Granite Rapids and Sierra Forest, and Intel 18A with Panther Lake. Intel has also made advanced packaging part of its foundry offering. However, Intel is still playing catch-up in servers. Several Xeon generations arrived years late and trailed contemporary AMD and Arm server CPUs in performance, efficiency, and core count. The process roadmap is back, but Intel does not hold the same process-technology leadership position it held prior to 10 nm. The introduction of gate-all-around nanosheets and backside power delivery are two of the biggest changes to transistor integration in a decade. Intel took on both changes at once: 18A paired its first RibbonFET with PowerVia in Panther Lake. Panther Lake is a substantial manufacturing milestone. Our cross-sections show how RibbonFET and PowerVia reshape local contacts and wiring, while the floorplans show where architectural consolidation and process choices save area. A sustained competitive lead depends on product performance, cost, yield, and the next implementation. The SemiAnalysis STEEL teardown lab breaks down advanced datacenter and AI hardware. To learn more about our pipeline or to commission a teardown, contact sales@semianalysis.com. WE’RE HIRING: Architecture, floorplan, packaging, manufacturing, and labs experts. Opportunities from system to transistor and everywhere in between. Check out our Careers page.. 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Sep 26 • 9:36 AM EDT • Technology • newsletter.semianalysis.com

Column: The price of price controls in Oregon healthcare

Oregonians want their politicians to do something about healthcare costs. The politicians have tried. One response from the state Legislature: Price controls. Limit prices and Oregonians may pay less. But […]

Sep 26 • 9:00 AM EDT • Health • bendbulletin.com

Dolph Lundgren recalls sending Sylvester Stallone to hospital during ‘Rocky IV’ filming after hitting him too hard

In his new memoir, Dolph Lundgren looked back on the injury that hospitalized his ‘Rocky IV’ costar Sylvester Stallone: ‘A streetcar named Drago’ hit him.

Sep 26 • 8:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • ew.com

Xiaomi 18 Pro series available globally: Free shipping on all imports for a limited time only

Both the Xiaomi 18 Pro and Xiaomi 18 Pro Max are already available outside China albeit not officially: Customers in Europe and many other parts of the world can order the new Leica camera flagships by importing them from Xiaomi`s home market. Here is a brief overview of the costs, your options and what to look out for.

Sep 26 • 7:49 AM EDT • Technology • notebookcheck.net

Got free health care? It's almost free at the Highlands County schools employee clinic

The new medical clinic should cost little to nothing for routine medical care and medications

Sep 26 • 6:54 AM EDT • Health • wgcu.org

Guthrie talks data center costs, health care during Owensboro business visit

Congressman Brett Guthrie toured Custom Audio-Video during a Friday visit to Owensboro, then spoke with Owensboro Times about congressional efforts addressing data center electricity costs, Medicare physician payments, and cybersecurity at rural hospitals.

Sep 26 • 1:15 AM EDT • Health • owensborotimes.com

Guthrie talks data center costs, health care during Owensboro business visit

Congressman Brett Guthrie toured Custom Audio-Video during a Friday visit to Owensboro, then spoke with Owensboro Times about congressional efforts addressing data center electricity costs, Medicare physician payments, and cybersecurity at rural hospitals.

Sep 26 • 1:15 AM EDT • Business • owensborotimes.com

Utah truckers fear cost of diesel fuel may run them out of business

Truckers across Utah watched the price of diesel fuel skyrocket to $6.60 a gallon this week. The price is a record high in Utah, and has some truckers fearing they may have to shut down their businesses.

Sep 25 • 9:53 PM EDT • Business • ksl.com

“One Tree Hill” star’s most embarrassing moment on set involves getting glass stuck ‘3 or 4 inches’ into his butt

The CW drama, which costarred Chad Michael Murray and James Lafferty, ran from 2003 to 2012.

Sep 25 • 9:03 PM EDT • Entertainment • yahoo.com

From finance to science, Burke brings experience to Putnam County

Dear Editor, With so many struggling with the triple whammy of high taxes, high food prices and high energy costs, it is good news indeed that a triple threat candidate – a...

Sep 25 • 7:28 PM EDT • Science • news.halstonmedia.com

Hardwood Hardship: Kentucky's lumber industry looks for relief

Shrinking exports, man-made wood alternatives and soaring diesel fuel costs are taking a toll on the hardwood lumber industry.

Sep 25 • 7:22 PM EDT • Politics • spectrumnews1.com

‘When’s it going to stop?’ Owner speaks out about the cost of owning a business amid rising fuel prices

Fuel prices are creating tough times for many privately owned businesses across the state, forcing some of them to make what one owner describes as “painful decisions.”

Sep 25 • 6:52 PM EDT • Business • kfyrtv.com

Health care costs a major concern for voters ahead of midterms

Sep 25 • 6:35 PM EDT • Health • pbs.org

Stockton ethics commission, political consultant registry headed for broader council review

Proposed reforms would require campaign consultants to disclose their clients and establish an independent body to investigate ethics complaints, but questions remain about costs and oversight.

Sep 25 • 6:33 PM EDT • Politics • stocktonia.org

Pappas hears from Lakes Region business owners about rising costs, fewer visitors

U.S. Rep. Chris Pappas was on the U.S. Senate campaign trail in the Lakes Region on Friday, touring businesses to discuss the impact of rising costs and fewer visitors.

Sep 25 • 6:26 PM EDT • Business • wmur.com

At NH winery hit by tariffs, Pappas calls for small business exemptions

Soaring diesel prices, higher costs for imported goods, and fewer visitors from Canada are hitting a winery in New Hampshire’s Lakes Region.

Sep 25 • 5:10 PM EDT • Business • wcax.com

Virginia businesses feel squeeze as diesel prices soar

Diesel prices in Virginia hit a record high this week and remain about 78% higher than a year ago, driving up costs for several industries.

Sep 25 • 4:21 PM EDT • Business • virginiabusiness.com

Oklahoma healthcare costs surge with premiums rising up to 75%

Oklahoma healthcare costs are rising sharply, with insurance premiums increasing up to 75% due to federal subsidy expirations and climbing medical expenses.

Sep 25 • 1:32 PM EDT • Health • journalrecord.com

Health Care Costs Part 2

Medical Ethics Experts push back on Universal Health Care initiatives.

Sep 25 • 1:17 PM EDT • Health • kttc.com

Health Care Costs Part 1

The Minnesota Health Care Coalition pushes for Universal Health Care as the cost of medical care increases.

Sep 25 • 1:16 PM EDT • Health • kttc.com

Apple Code Confirms iPad 12 Specs: A19, 8GB RAM, N1, C1X Modem

The next low-cost iPad will be equipped with an A19 chip, C1X modem, N1 networking chip, and 8GB RAM, according to details found in Apple's code by MacRumors contributor Aaron Perris. We've heard some of these same specifications in prior rumors, so this is more of a confirmation than a new leak. The iPad 11 has an A16 chip, so the upgrade to the A19 in the 12th-generation iPad will bring a noticeable improvement in performance.

Sep 25 • 1:12 PM EDT • Technology • macrumors.com

Let’s fix healthcare costs before the socialists try to do it

Senior fellow Dr. Clifford Porter proposed a series of 11 federal reforms aimed at lowering healthcare costs and increasing patient control.

Sep 25 • 12:30 PM EDT • Health • thehill.com

Republicans push for temporary export ban to lower diesel costs

Energy Secretary Chris Wright has reportedly been in contact with U.S. refineries to gauge voluntary support for a possible ban on diesel exports

Sep 25 • 12:18 PM EDT • Politics • spectrumlocalnews.com

Republicans push for temporary export ban to lower diesel costs

Energy Secretary Chris Wright has reportedly been in contact with U.S. refineries to gauge voluntary support for a possible ban on diesel exports

Sep 25 • 12:18 PM EDT • Politics • spectrumlocalnews.com

Pro-Trump TV ad paid for by U.S. government continues airing with higher spend

The ad’s cost has jumped from $14,000 to $430,000 as it runs on a variety of network TV channels in markets across the country

Sep 25 • 11:49 AM EDT • Politics • spectrumlocalnews.com

Southern Miss offering low-cost mental health screenings, support

The grant-funded program, called SOAR, serves people ages 14 to 25.

Sep 25 • 11:28 AM EDT • Health • wlox.com

What a Documentary About Cats Taught Me About Private Equity

CBHR’s Michael Goldhaber, featured in the new documentary New York Cat Crisis, explains how private equity’s roll-up of veterinary clinics is driving up pet care costs and leaving struggling New Yorkers to abandon pets they can no longer afford to treat.

Sep 25 • 11:17 AM EDT • Business • bhr.stern.nyu.edu

5 Side Hustle Businesses That Cost Almost Nothing to Start

These side hustle service business ideas can largely be launched with your skills, contacts, internet access, and time.

Sep 25 • 10:15 AM EDT • Business • inc.com

The Franklin Institute Plans Adults-Only Halloween Event Featuring Science, Horror Films

The Franklin Institute is hosting an adults-only Halloween event, Science After Hours: Fright Nite, on Friday, Oct. 16, from 7:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. This event involves costumes, drinks, music,…

Sep 25 • 10:06 AM EDT • Science • 957benfm.com

Loneliness, Isolation Can Strip Away Years Of Healthy Life, Large Study Finds

By Dennis Thompson HealthDay ReporterFRIDAY, Sept. 25, 2026 (HealthDay News) — Loneliness and social isolation can cost a person up to six years of healthy life, a new study says. Physical and mental health suffer when people feel lonely and become isolated, even if they largely stick to healthy ...

Sep 25 • 9:48 AM EDT • Health • usnews.com

Bay View business owner leans into Halloween as families search for ways to save on costs

Halloween spending is expected to hit $115 per person this year. Here's where local families can find deals on costumes and candy.

Sep 25 • 8:26 AM EDT • Business • tmj4.com

MORNING BUSINESS REPORT: Mortgage rates soar, rising vacation costs, McDonald's vs GLP-1 users

Mortgage rates rise again, families navigate high vacation costs, and McDonald's looks to attract GLP-1 users. Here's the Morning Business Report for Sept. 25.

Sep 25 • 6:14 AM EDT • Business • wfsb.com

As Health Insurance Costs Soar, Healthcare Workers Also Feel The Pinch

By Hayat Norimine and KFF Health News HealthDay ReportersFRIDAY, Sept. 25, 2026 (HealthDay News) — Joshua and Ashley Durham run a family medicine practice, and for the first time in their lives, they have no health insurance. When the Durhams began their practice in Boise, Idaho, at the end of 2023 ...

Sep 25 • 5:45 AM EDT • Health • usnews.com

This Everyday Habit Can Cost You 5 Healthy Years, and It Isn't Smoking or Skipping the Gym

We all know that poor choices about diet and exercise can shave years off your life. But so can this less known lifestyle factor.

Sep 25 • 4:00 AM EDT • Health • inc.com

Pennsylvania example shows early retirement may drastically impact health insurance costs

"If you retire early, how do you take care of insurance?"

Sep 25 • 3:21 AM EDT • Health • finance.yahoo.com

Donald Trump Receives Stark Warning from Businesses After Diesel Export Ban

President Donald Trump is weighing a diesel export ban to calm soaring fuel costs. Still, America’s most influential business lobbies say the idea would backfire badly and leave consumers paying more ...

Sep 25 • 1:22 AM EDT • Business • yahoo.com

Canada’s Tariffs Cost This Cheesemaker Nearly $1 Million in Sales. Now Its Costs Are Rising at Home

A Vermont business says the trade war between the two countries has damaged its biggest export market.

Sep 24 • 11:47 PM EDT • Business • inc.com

Costco clinches $184M in tariff refunds, with more expected

Costco confirmed it received $184 million in tariff refunds, with more on the way, according to its latest earnings call. On Thursday, the big-box retailer said the money was reinvested

Sep 24 • 10:07 PM EDT • Entertainment • thederrick.com

Debating Just How Disappointing Phoenix Suns' Last Era Was

From championship favorites to a first-round sweep, Phoenix’s star-studded experiment backfired spectacularly. High costs and chemistry issues now cement this era as a historic cautionary tale.

Sep 24 • 8:00 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com

Rising health costs concern local governments

Budgets and healthcare costs were on the minds of local government and school officials who met at Minot’s Liaison Committee meeting on Thursday, Sept. 24. One of the shared budget concerns is the rising cost of health insurance. Ward County’s employee health insurance costs increased nearly 10% for 2027. Initially, the county was looking at […]

Sep 24 • 8:00 PM EDT • Health • minotdailynews.com

Jonathan Fortney, Dan Costa honored by American Geophysical Union

Astronomy and astrophysics professor Jonathan Fortney receives 2026 Whipple Award and ecology and evolutionary biology professor Dan Costa named 2026 AGU Union Fellow

Sep 24 • 7:36 PM EDT • Science • news.ucsc.edu

Montana State Employee Health Plan Costs Change Under New Union Agreement

The State of Montana Benefit Plan faces rising medical and prescription drug costs. The state says its self-funded plan is expected to see nearly double-digit h

Sep 24 • 6:50 PM EDT • Health • nbcmontana.com

Stellantis pauses white-collar hiring

Stellantis NV has paused white-collar hiring in Auburn Hills, a reversal from earlier this year when hiring for new engineers and other roles surged. The automaker noted the cost-saving move

Sep 24 • 2:54 PM EDT • Entertainment • thederrick.com

As pharmacies across Vermont close, North Star Health opens 3 new ones

SPRINGFIELD — In the era of independent pharmacy closures and ballooning drug costs, a new pharmacy that charges less for drugs seems counterintuitive, if not impossible. But that’s exactly what North Star Health, a Federally Qualified Health Center that operates medical clinics in Vermont and New Hampshire, did when it officially launched three new pharmacies […]

Sep 24 • 11:50 AM EDT • Health • vnews.com

Jim ‘Bones’ Mackay Reveals High Cost of Being a Caddie

Mackay was Phil Mickelson’s longtime caddie.

Sep 24 • 9:58 AM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com

Is metascience being co-opted?

In July, the White House released a report that argued academia is deeply dysfunctional and in need of radical reform.Science: A New Golden Age sets out a litany of problems many academics will recognise: interminable waits for grants; short-term funding rather than support for longer, more ambitious projects; ballooning administrative requirements; pressure to publish, and many more. “The scientific machine is getting bogged down,” it says. At least on the face of it, Science: A New Golden Age is a triumph for the metascience movement, a loose-knit, global group of academics, philanthropists and think tankers that want far more testing and experimentation in how we fund public research and innovation. The report tells US research funders to set up internal metascience units to do just this. But it has also set alarm bells ringing that metascience is being conveniently deployed to help justify the defunding of US universities, which US vice president JD Vance has openly labelled “the enemy.” “Just because you have an issue with your plumbing in your house doesn't mean you light the entire house on fire and burn it to the ground,” said Colette Delawalla, chief executive of Stand Up for Science, a group campaigning against what it says are attacks on scientists by the Trump administration. No one is arguing that academia doesn’t need reform, but there’s debate over how far and how fast the system should be shaken up. Does public R&D need slow and steady evidence-based adjustment, or radical new experiments?One of the key arguments in Science: A New Golden Age is that there’s not enough funding for what it calls “mid-level” science: engineering-heavy projects that require tens of millions of dollars, involve ten to a hundred people, and last around five years. Such a project might develop a brain-computer interface for people with Alzheimer's disease, for example. As such, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) has already announced $1.5 billion to set up so-called X-Labs, effectively new research organisations to pursue breakthroughs in areas such as quantum sensing and new scientific instruments. Funding divertedBut there’s a catch: this money has squeezed NSF budgets for more traditional, fundamental research grants, Science reported in June, likely meaning less cash for university-based scientists. Science: A New Golden Age also makes various swipes at universities, accusing them of extracting overheads from scientists to fund administrative bloat. “We have become dependent on a narrow set of legacy institutions,” it says. The report doesn’t mention it, but the US government is simultaneously seeking greater powers over federal funding, which would allow political appointees at funding agencies to screen or cancel research grants mid-project. The White House is also seeking to slash the NSF’s budget by more than half in 2027, although similar cuts proposed for 2026 were blocked by Congress. Convenient hookThis has worried some that the metascience agenda could be misused as a kind of smokescreen to further weaken universities. James Wilsdon, executive director of the Research on Research Institute at University College London, said that the report contains lots of “interesting ideas” and agrees that in places, academia is a “pretty broken system.” But the risk is that metascience is being deployed as a “convenient hook” to support cuts and a “political land grab” to transfer grant power from scientists to political appointees in US funding agencies.So far, the metascience agenda hasn’t been seized on by radical right parties in Europe. But Wilsdon worries it will cross the Atlantic, politicising research reform efforts and making them more difficult to carry out. The report is already making some in Europe sceptical of the entire idea. “The system is not without flaws, but the metascience discussion is not likely to improve the system but rather to generate munition to undermine it,” said Claes de Vreese, a professor of AI and society at the University of Amsterdam. Peter Thiel protégéOfficially, Science: A New Golden Age has just one named author: Michael Kratsios, the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and a former chief of staff to Silicon Valley mogul Peter Thiel. He also served as chief financial officer of Thiel’s Clarium Capital Management. Since the 1990s, Thiel has criticised US universities for moving away from teaching what he views as the classic works of western civilisation, and drifting towards “anti-Western zealotry.” And since 2011, he has offered two-year fellowships of $250,000 to young people to skip or drop out of university, and instead start companies or pursue scientific research. “College can be good for learning about what’s been done before, but it can also discourage you from doing something new,” according to the Thiel Fellowships website. In other areas, the Trump administration has promoted academics with a longstanding interest in metascience. For example, the head of the National Institutes of Health, Jay Bhattacharya, in 2020 co-authored a study arguing the funder backs overly conservative proposals, although he achieved wider prominence as a critic of pandemic lockdowns. Careless talk costs fundingEven before the Trump administration embraced the metascience agenda, some metascientists privately wondered whether they should be careful not to overstate dysfunctions in academia, in case this gets used as ammunition against universities. But others think being cautious with criticism is pointless. After all, last year, the Trump administration sought to cut funding from US universities on an entirely different premise: supposed antisemitism on campus. “I don't think these governments need a technical metascientific excuse to attack the universities, they will want to do so anyway,” said Will Stone, a researcher at Science Works, a new think tank advocating for a “metascience revolution” in the UK. “I think researchers should report what they find, even when the findings may be used to advance policies they disagree with,” echoed Russell Funk, a researcher at the University of Minnesota, who in 2023 co-authored a highly influential paper that argued scientific papers were becoming less disruptive over time. No justificationThat said, Funk thinks that metascientific research certainly doesn’t justify a weakening of universities. Instead, scientists need “time, resources and stability to pursue unfamiliar ideas,” he said. “Taking away those conditions works against the very goal the reforms are supposed to achieve.”The Institute for Progress, a Washington DC-based innovation policy think tank that has championed X-Labs and metascience units, also says that reforms should complement, not supplant, universities. “Unpredictable, unreliable, and reduced federal funding to researchers is destabilising to the very foundations of research and development and is bad,” said Jenn Gustetic, the institute’s director of metascience and R&D policy.Evolution or revolution?This points to a much bigger divide in the metascience community: how far and how fast should public R&D be shaken up? Does it need evolution or revolution? For example, Science: A New Golden Age says the science system relies too heavily on traditional “workhorse” project grants, the type that pay out around $250,000 a year to fund “hypothesis-driven science by small teams on tractable questions.” However, in criticising project grants, the report “decisively picks one side of a debate that is far from settled,” David Hilmer Rex, a metascientist based in Denmark, has written. In June, Pierre Azoulay, a metascientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, defended project grants, saying that the alternative of X-Labs “merits scepticism.”A-B testingOne challenge in metascience is that it’s easier to generate evidence for some types of change than others. Most straightforwardly, research funders can run A-B tests on different ways of awarding money. For example, Germany’s Volkswagen Foundation recently trialled distributed peer review, where applicants rate each other’s proposals, and measured its results against traditional review panels. Distributed peer review made quicker decisions, although awarded money to largely different ideas. However, much of the focus of the metascience movement has been on founding fast-moving and free-acting new research organisations and funders, in contrast to the alleged stodginess of mainstream academia or public innovation grants. A culture of speed and freedom are the animating principles behind Germany’s Sprind or the UK’s Advanced Research and Invention Agency (Aria).Related articlesViewpoint: it's time to experiment with how Europe funds science European researchers sound the alarm that Trump rule changes will hit cooperationHowever, while it’s possible to closely study previously successful bodies, such as the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Darpa), for historical clues to their secret sauce, it’s impossible to guarantee in advance that the likes of Sprind or Aria will actually work as hoped. But advocates of new organisations say this inherent uncertainly shouldn’t stop us trying. “If we wait for definitive proof that something will work before we try it, I don't know where your proof is coming from,” said Stone. Trade-offsUp until now, experiments in metascience haven’t generally come with hard trade-offs over money. In the US, new ideas such as focused research organisations have often been funded by billionaire philanthropists. In Europe, new innovation agencies such as Sprind and Aria, or the Netherland’s new National Agency for Disruptive Innovation, haven’t needed explicit cuts elsewhere in the research system. But with the $1.5 billion establishment of X-Labs by the NSF, the trade-offs are becoming clearer. Some metascientists privately wonder whether a smaller pilot would have been more appropriate, given that the idea is untested. The Institute for Progress counters that the $1.5 billion X-Labs budget is spread out over a decade, so will account for less than 2% of the NSF’s annual budget. “It’s important to remember that [Darpa] was once an institutional experiment as well. Now it’s one of the most cited innovative funding models in the world,” said Gustetic.As for Europe?The US isn’t the only country placing metascience at the heart of its research strategy. Science: A New Golden Age looks admiringly at the UK, which in 2024 set up a Metascience Unit to scrutinise how it funds research. In Brussels, it’s more of a mixed picture. In 2018, the EU set up the European Innovation Council to funnel grants and equity to start-ups, although it’s sometimes criticised for awarding money too slowly. Recently, the council has started experimenting with challenges, where teams of inventors compete to overcome a technological challenge. The European Commission also wants to experiment with partially randomising grant winners, to cut down on bureaucracy. However, the Commission’s own advisers have said the EU’s own research schemes are too conventional. They want the Commission to establish a new dedicated unit to scrutinise and experiment with funding. But there’s no sign of a such unit emerging in Brussels’ plans for the next Horizon Europe programme, which from 2028 is set to distribute more than €160 billion over seven years. Sam Bogerd, director of breakthrough innovation at the Brussels-based Arq Foundation, an AI-focused think tank that also looks at metascience, says that Europe might have the opposite problem to the US: universities and basic research funding are still reasonably well supported, but there’s not enough experimentation. “We're not taking a close enough look at where this money can achieve the most, and I am worried that the good ideas around metascience will be tainted politically by their association with the Trump administration,” he said. He’s still lobbying for the Commission to set up an experimental unit. But in the meantime, the Arq Foundation plans to do its own research, and is currently hiring two metascience researchers to run the rule over how Brussels spends research funding.

Sep 24 • 8:00 AM EDT • Science • sciencebusiness.net

AI tools generated nearly $1 billion in extra costs, Blue Cross insurers say

AI tools are raising health spending for insurers by nearly $1 billion over two years, as providers bill for more severe patient care, according ​to a Blue Cross Blue Shield Association study released Thursday.

Sep 24 • 6:03 AM EDT • Health • reuters.com

How the fate of a rural hospital could help flip the House

In one Virginia race and others, Democrats are highlighting the rising costs of health care and possible closures of facilities, putting Republicans on defense.

Sep 24 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • washingtonpost.com

German business morale rises more than expected in September, Ifo finds

German business morale rose more than expected in September, a survey showed on Thursday, signalling ​that Europe's largest economy is weathering an energy ​price shock that has pushed fuel costs ⁠to record highs.

Sep 24 • 4:05 AM EDT • Business • reuters.com

German business morale rises more than expected in September, Ifo finds

German business morale rose more than expected ​in September, a survey showed on Thursday, signalling that Europe's largest economy is weathering an ‌energy price shock that has pushed fuel costs to record ⁠highs.

Sep 24 • 4:05 AM EDT • Business • ksl.com

Disney+ and Hulu Now Cost More than $20 a Month without Ads

Disney is again raising prices for several streaming subscription tiers, pushing the cost of its ad-free Disney+ and Hulu plans past $20.

Sep 24 • 2:00 AM EDT • Entertainment • wktv.com

Covering the Cost: The cost of perimenopause and mid-life women’s health on the economy

Annalisa Burgos talks with Kelly Yamamoto, co-founder of women’s mid-life healthcare provider Magnolia Collective Wellness, and Jennifer Ablan, editor in chief of Hawaii Business Magazine, about the investment gap between men’s and women’s health, especially during mid-life years.

Sep 23 • 11:53 PM EDT • Health • hawaiinewsnow.com

Columbus City Schools teachers warn health insurance plan costs could double in 2027

Columbus City Schools teachers are warning that they could be in a financial crisis soon due to rising health insurance costs.They said their healthcare insura

Sep 23 • 10:43 PM EDT • Health • abc6onyourside.com

Admiral to cut 500 UK jobs in £100m cost drive

The Cardiff-based insurer says the cuts are about efficiency, not AI. It is the latest in a run of UK insurers shrinking headcount as motor margins tighten

Sep 23 • 10:25 PM EDT • Business • insurancebusinessmag.com

Costa Mesa businesses trying to dump trash service get buried in bills

Joe Miracle, owner of Bay Auto Service on Newport Boulevard, has tried to cancel his service with Ware Disposal since April. But the bills keep piling up long after the collection stopped.

Sep 23 • 8:08 PM EDT • Business • latimes.com

Meta Brings FDA-Cleared Hearing Enhancement To Its Smart Glasses

After a free trial it'll cost $150 to add on, or require a Meta One subscription.

Sep 23 • 7:29 PM EDT • Technology • engadget.com

As health insurance costs soar, some Idaho healthcare workers pay for medical care out of pocket

Joshua and Ashley Durham run a family medicine practice, and for the first time in their lives, they have no health insurance.

Sep 23 • 6:57 PM EDT • Health • spokesman.com

Beacon Health System appears to have new round of layoffs, according to statement

Beacon Health said it is navigating significant financial pressures, lower reimbursement rates from insurance companies, and rising costs of providing care.

Sep 23 • 5:57 PM EDT • Health • wndu.com

N.C. State QB CJ Bailey takes positive approach after costly Vanderbilt fumble

The third-year starter says the team has showed him support to help him move forward for Saturday's visit from Appalachian State.

Sep 23 • 5:14 PM EDT • Sports • spectrumlocalnews.com

As pharmacies across Vermont close, North Star Health opens 3 new ones

The pharmacies take advantage of the health center’s federal designation that allows them to pay less for drugs, charge patients lower costs and still meet their bottom line.

Sep 23 • 5:09 PM EDT • Health • vtdigger.org

Disney+ and Hulu raise prices again as Disney steers subscribers toward bundles

Ad-free Disney+ and Hulu now cost $21.49 a month each, up $2.50, while the ad-free bundle rises to just $21.99. Here's what's changing and when.

Sep 23 • 3:15 PM EDT • Entertainment • latimes.com

Barcelona face a fresh challenge with their increasing wage bill

FC Barcelona are once again entering territory they know all too well. The Catalans’ wage bill is increasing and, although the club maintain that the situation is under control and that squad costs ...

Sep 23 • 2:30 PM EDT • Sports • sports.yahoo.com

Time of Use Rate for Small and Medium Businesses Now Available

We’re excited to announce that our Time of Use (TOU) rate option for customers with services on Small and Medium Business rates is now available! Just like the residential TOU rate, this optional rate encourages shifting electricity use away from peak hours, giving your business more ways to manage costs and support a cleaner, more […]

Sep 23 • 2:25 PM EDT • Business • powerlines.seattle.gov

Harry Shum Jr. says it ‘means the world’ to see “iCarly” costar Miranda Cosgrove support him on ‘DWTS’

The season 35 competitor also celebrated the presence of his “Shadowhunters” and “Crazy Rich Asians” costars.

Sep 23 • 1:59 PM EDT • Entertainment • yahoo.com

Verizon is investing $70 million in free AI training for job seekers and small businesses

The telecom company is partnering with IBM, Google, Microsoft, Anthropic, and OpenAI to offer no-cost AI courses through community nonprofits

Sep 23 • 1:58 PM EDT • Business • qz.com

As health insurance costs soar, healthcare workers feel the pinch

Nationwide, 7% of all healthcare workers were uninsured in 2024, compared with 11% of all adults under 65, according to a KFF analysis.

Sep 23 • 1:53 PM EDT • Health • ocregister.com

'Mental flexibility' is science's best predictor of lasting willpower. Here's how to improve yours

Psychologists are now finding that mental flexibility, not pushing through at all costs, is the real key to perseverance.

Sep 23 • 1:30 PM EDT • Science • sciencefocus.com

Brandi Glanville’s Never-Ending Health Battle Gets Yolanda Hadid Assist

Brandi Glanville has received support from her former RHOBH costar Yolanda Hadid as she continues treatment for a mysterious facial condition. The 53-year-old said the issue began after she filmed Rea...

Sep 23 • 1:13 PM EDT • Health • yahoo.com

RFK Jr. reportedly moves money from Office of Minority Health to pay for his security detail

The security costs to protect the controversial health services secretary have reached $17 million a year, up from $10 million.

Sep 23 • 1:12 PM EDT • Health • aol.com

A City That Works: Chicago’s housing shortage demands a rethink of our building code

Zoning changes are only part of the answer. Chicago also needs to rethink building rules that add costs while offering limited safety benefits.

Sep 23 • 12:34 PM EDT • Business • chicagobusiness.com

Lili Reinhart explains importance of ‘startling’ sexual harassment scene in “The Love Hypothesis”

The actress tells EW that she and costar Arty Froushan did not “shy away” from bringing the moment to life.

Sep 23 • 12:29 PM EDT • Entertainment • yahoo.com

Missouri Consumers Could See Health Insurance Premiums Rise by as Much As 26% In 2027

Missourians who buy their own health insurance and many people covered through small-business plans could see premiums increase between 10% and 26% in 2027. Preliminary rate filings submitted to the Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance show higher costs may be on the way for consumers. Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance Director Angie Nelson […]

Sep 23 • 12:25 PM EDT • Health • missourinet.com

Costco investing in another city in D-FW with 'business' store

Sep 23 • 12:15 PM EDT • Business • yahoo.com

Costco investing in another city in D-FW with 'business' store

Sep 23 • 12:15 PM EDT • Business • yahoo.com

Costco investing in another city in D-FW with ‘business’ store

The massive retailer is adding shops in the region.

Sep 23 • 10:44 AM EDT • Business • yahoo.com

Matthew McConaughey rips 'Brothers' costar Woody Harrelson for Emmy stage mishap

Matthew McConaughey has a new favorite thing to rip his “Brothers” costar Woody Harrelson about: the duo’s Sept. 14 Emmy stage performance on live TV.

Sep 23 • 10:03 AM EDT • Entertainment • centraloregondaily.com

Rising diesel prices squeeze Tallahassee small businesses and county services

A gallon of diesel currently tops $6 in Tallahassee, squeezing small businesses and driving up costs for county public works and EMS.

Sep 23 • 9:48 AM EDT • Business • wtxl.com

Lonely? Socially isolated? It may cost you 6 healthy years of life

The numbers paint a grim picture. Roughly half of all U.S. adults are lonely, according to a 2023 report, and nearly as many feel socially isolated. Though just as serious as other health risks, loneliness ...

Sep 23 • 8:40 AM EDT • Health • medicalxpress.com

Last call: Bellingham’s Rock and Rye Oyster House announces last day of business

Owners told The Herald the closure is due to rising rent costs, high labor costs, increasing utilities.

Sep 23 • 8:35 AM EDT • Business • bellinghamherald.com

Disease outbreaks may cost the world 17,500 health workers each year

How epidemics are deepening health worker shortages in the countries that can least afford them.

Sep 23 • 8:00 AM EDT • Health • gavi.org

Women's Health Care Affordability Challenges

As health care costs dominate the national political conversation, our 2026 KFF Women’s Health Survey shows the toll those costs are taking on women. Our new nationally representative survey of women and men ages 18–64 finds costs remain a major barrier for women, specifically — causing everything from delayed care to rationed medications to cuts in spending on basic needs.

Sep 23 • 8:00 AM EDT • Health • kff.org

As health insurance costs soar, some Idaho healthcare workers pay for medical care out of pocket

This story was first published by KFF Health News on Sept. 22, 2026. Joshua and Ashley Durham run a family medicine practice, and for the first time in their lives, they have no health insurance. When the Durhams began their practice at the end of 2023 — he as a primary care physician and she […]

Sep 23 • 6:10 AM EDT • Health • idahocapitalsun.com

Economic Frustration Tests Trump’s Standing With Rural Voters, New KFF-AP Poll Finds

Rural voters rank the cost of living and cost of healthcare as top issues they want to hear about from midterm candidates as they face a tightening pocketbook pinch.

Sep 23 • 6:01 AM EDT • Health • kffhealthnews.org

Health insurance premiums on Colorado’s individual market to rise 10% in 2027

Next year, the average cost increase for people receiving state assistance will be about $20 per month, the Division of Insurance said. If Colorado hadn’t passed that assistance, the increase would be $69.

Sep 23 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • denverpost.com

KFF/AP Survey Probes Rural Voters’ Increasing Anxieties About the Rising Cost of Living, Including Health Costs, Heading into the Midterm Elections

Rural voters’ frustrations about the cost of living in their community are growing and appear to be chipping away at Republicans’ enthusiasm to vote as the midterm elections near, a new KFF/AP Survey of Rural Voters finds.

Sep 23 • 6:00 AM EDT • Health • kff.org

Euro zone business activity posts surprise upturn in September, PMI shows

Business activity across the euro zone accelerated this month at its fastest rate in over three years, confounding expectations for a slowdown, but firms faced ​a steeper rise in operating costs, a survey showed.

Sep 23 • 4:05 AM EDT • Business • reuters.com

Trump's diesel export dilemma

Soaring fuel costs are increasing pressure on US President Donald Trump to curb diesel exports ahead of November's midterm elections. But what may seem like an easy fix could unleash a chain reaction that ultimately leaves American consumers and the global economy worse off.

Sep 23 • 2:00 AM EDT • Politics • reuters.com

Entertainers face mental health pressures behind the Las Vegas spotlight

More than one in 10 Nevadans work in the hospitality or entertainment industry, and experts say the pressure of that work can come at a high cost for the people who make it happen.

Sep 22 • 9:41 PM EDT • Entertainment • fox5vegas.com

Entertainers face mental health pressures behind the Las Vegas spotlight

More than one in 10 Nevadans work in the hospitality or entertainment industry, and experts say the pressure of that work can come at a high cost for the people who make it happen.

Sep 22 • 9:41 PM EDT • Health • fox5vegas.com

Burbank business owner says fraudulent Zelle transfers cost her $2k

The physical therapist, who has had a business account with Bank of America for 20 years, said the bank’s responses were unsatisfactory. Carolyn Johnson reports for the NBC4 News at 5 p.m. on Tuesday, Sept. 22, 2026.

Sep 22 • 9:15 PM EDT • Business • nbclosangeles.com