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Ravens - Saints: How to Watch, Predictions, and More
Everything to know about the Baltimore Ravens' home opener against the New Orleans Saints.
Week 3 HQ: Live college football updates, news, highlights, analysis
Week 3 of the college football season is here, and we'll keep you posted on all the action on Saturday.
Atlético Madrid Vs Real Madrid, Expected Lineups and Team News
The highly anticipated Madrid derby kicks off Sunday at 4:15 PM CEST, featuring Atlético Madrid against Real Madrid in a crucial La Liga fixture.
Denmark hails 'binding' Greenland deal with Trump
The terms of the deal are uncertain, and Denmark says its sovereignty remains intact
Highlights: Wauwatosa West gets past Wauwatosa East in football
Wauwatosa West used turnovers and touchdowns to come back and beat Wauwatosa East, 22-21.
Broncos vs. Jaguars: Video preview from NFL.com
Check out the league's official video preview for the Broncos-Jaguars matchup in Week 2.
Flagstaff Festival of Science 2026: Message from the president
Just as the Festival of Science does today, Route 66 connected places, people and ideas. The Mother Road provided a new opportunity to explore and inspired countless people as they
Jacob Render heads to Darlington on loan
Leeds United can confirm Academy forward Jacob Render has joined Enterprise National League North side Darlington on a short-term youth loan.The versatile attacker has made seven appearances for Scott...
Domenico Tedesco out of contention for Gladbach head coach job
According to information from BILD, Domenico Tedesco currently has no intention of accepting the Borussia Mönchengladbach coaching job. Even with the extended three-week long international break, is...
Why Hansi Flick keeps substituting Pedri despite his importance
Hansi Flick’s handling of Pedri has become one of the less obvious features of Barcelona’s success since the German took charge.The midfielder, who recently made his 250th Barcelona appearance, re...
Warriors Add 2 Intriguing Prospects, Cut 6-Foot-10 Forward
The Golden State Warriors added two intriguing prospects and cut a 6-foot-10 forward as training camp roster competition heats up. The post Warriors Add 2 Intriguing Prospects, Cut 6-Foot-10 Forward appeared first on HEAVY.
Yankees at Diamondbacks live updates. Carroll dropped in lineup
The Arizona Diamondbacks open a three-game series against the New York Yankees on Friday, Sept. 18, at Chase Field.
Sphere Entertainment (SPHR) Stock May Be Above Fair Value On Cash Flow
Sphere Entertainment has had a powerful share price run in recent years, which naturally raises a question for anyone looking at the stock today. Are investors now paying a price that its future cash flows can reasonably support, or has enthusiasm run ahead of the underlying economics? The share price has returned about 298.0% over the past 3 years, which puts a lot of weight on the cash flow profile that underpins any intrinsic value estimate. The business model relies heavily on converting...
‘Astronomical’: Las Vegas business owners react to record diesel prices
‘Astronomical’: Las Vegas business owners react to record diesel prices
Phoebe Dynevor marries Cameron Fuller in secret south of France wedding
Phoebe Dynevor, the original diamond of the season, is officially off the marriage mart! The “Bridgerton” star, secretly married fellow actor Cameron Fuller in a lavish ceremony at a chateau
Espanyol star’s release clause to increase after Spain NT call
The board at La Liga outfit Espanyol look set to imminently see their clever work behind the scenes on the transfer front rewarded.This comes after star goalscorer Roberto Fernández was afforded a ma...
Last call for former Cheers owner
After seven wild, crazy, entertaining, exhausting and unforgettable years, Cheers Bar & Grill is officially changing hands,. according to the current owner.Chee
Barcelona star confirms plans to retire at the club
All of a Barcelona persuasion will no doubt be delighted to learn of the latest comments laid out by Raphinha regarding his future with the club.This comes after the Brazilian revealed his intention t...
NASA spacecraft discovers a huge new crater on the moon
Scientists have discovered a crater on the moon that's bigger than the Roman Colosseum, the result of a powerful impact two years ago.
Manor Solomon's contract examined after West Ham exploits
West Ham star Manor Solomon and Nuno Espirito Santo
Gabriel, 15, in Barcelona amid speculation over future
Man Utd youngster JJ Gabriel travels to Barcelona as some of Europe's biggest clubs continue to vie for his signature.
Are the Chiefs back?
What did Kansas City prove with their dominant win Monday night against Denver?
Kilmarnock v Hearts: Pick of the stats
Kilmarnock have lost all three of their home league games this season, last losing four in a row in the Scottish Premiership in August 2017, and last doing so within a single campaign in May 2015. Hearts have scored a league-high four goals from set-pieces (excluding penalties) in the Premiership this season, while Kilmarnock have conceded the most from non-penalty set-pieces (5). After their 1-0 victory in March, Kilmarnock are looking for back-to-back home wins over Hearts in the league for the first time since March 2014.
Posh teenager Shofowoke aiming for Premier League
Peterborough United's 17-year-old striker Bolu Shofowoke says he is fully focused on the Posh after links with a host of top-flight clubs.
Inter and Juventus Share a Few Future Targets
Following last summer’s shake-up, Juventus intend to sign more Italian players, something that Inter have been doing for years. The two rivals are set to compete for several talents.According to Tut...
Clemson QB Tait Reynolds Fires off Strong Message to Team
Clemson Tigers quarterback Tait Reynolds has sent a strong message to his team before his first start.
The adviser urging Trump to reject AI safety fears
David Sacks has clashed with safety advocates. He’s no fan of Anthropic or OpenAI. Here’s what he wants.
Republican 'cavalry' arrives with a Trump-backed $150 million ad blitz in key races
To counter a difficult political environment, two Trump-aligned super PACs have reserved more than $150 million in ads — primarily in deep red House and Senate races that have now become competitive.
Eagles news: Jordan Mailata dismisses Jeffery Simmons' Jalen Hurts slander
The Philadelphia Eagles are gearing up for their clash against the Tennessee Titans at Nissan Stadium on Sunday. The Eagles are coming off a narrow escape against the Washington Commanders , 24-22, in Week 1. Philadelphia quarterback Jalen Hurts dusted off a sluggish start and made big plays in the fourth quarter to complete the hard-earned win. […] The post Eagles news: Jordan Mailata dismisses Jeffery Simmons' Jalen Hurts slander appeared first on ClutchPoints.
Lions Defense Gets Exposed in Embarrassing Loss to Bills
The Lions just got exposed. Detroit’s defense allowed 41 points, couldn’t stop Josh Allen or James Cook, and looked completely overmatched against a legitimate Super Bowl contender.
Five targets for Isaac TeSlaa
Isaac TeSlaa was targeted five times on Thursday night; he caught two of them for 26 yards in the loss.
Connections: Sports Edition today: Hints and answers for Sept. 18, 2026, puzzle No. 725
Welcome to Connections: Sports Edition Coach — a spot to gather clues and discuss (and share) scores.
The Erie SeaWolves Have Built a Double-A Winning Tradition
While Detroit stumbles, their Double-A affiliate secures a fifth straight championship berth. A dramatic three-run blast fueled the comeback, proving the Tigers’ winning culture thrives in Erie.
Marysville police shut down 21 illicit massage businesses in trafficking crackdown
Six business license applications were denied, and one applicant withdrew a request to open.
Bills' Ed Oliver Headlines Week 2 Inactives Against Lions
Buffalo Bills star defensive tackle Ed Oliver is a surprise scratch against the Detroit Lions.
Possible measles exposure reported at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, health officials say
Health officials in Philadelphia are warning about possible measles exposures in the CHOP NICU.
Chris Brown speaks up after politician walks back public recognition
On Sept. 12, U.S. Rep. Jasmine Crockett and Texas Rep. Venton Jones honored Chris Brown and Usher during their concert in Arlington, Texas. The incident sparked public backlash because of Brown’s history of domestic violence.
DiLorenzo answers questions from voters on heating costs, business experience
Republican 1st Congressional District candidate Anthony DiLorenzo answered questions from voters Thursday in a taping of "Conversation with the Candidate."
Big 10 Pick 6: Learning Process
Last week was a bloodbath for pickers and projection systems. Oregon lost to Oklahoma State, the Huskies barely squeaked out a win over Utah St, Michigan bounced back from their disastrous Week 1, human sacrifice, dogs and cats living together… MASS HYSTERIA! All that considered, I will live with a 4-2 record (2-4 ATS). As […]
Phillies Reportedly Claim Former World Series Champion Pitcher
The Philadelphia Phillies have reportedly claimed a former World Series winning pitcher.
Details: Real Madrid’s plan for Man United sensation JJ Gabriel
An insight into the plans of those behind the scenes at La Liga giants Real Madrid to integrate JJ Gabriel into the club’s setup has come to the fore online.This of course comes amid an ongoing purs...
Missouri U.S. Senator Schmitt, Arkansas’ Calipari back bill to overhaul college sports payment system
The bill, called the Protect College Sports Bill, has already been approved by the Senate. If it passes, it will increase federal regulations on paying college athletes.
Warriors Sign Pair of Promising Guards to Training Camp Deals
The Warriors are sticking to their 'Strength in Numbers' mantra heading into training camp.
Politics follow you at work - no matter if you’re talking about it or not
Findings based on workplace surveys conducted during 2024 presidential primary season
Susquehanna awarded nearly $400K from National Science Foundation
Susquehanna University has been awarded a $388,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to fund research on aquatic microorganisms.
Shailene Woodley's stylist responds to 'super rude and mean' reaction to the actor's Emmys outfit
In a pair of social media posts, Karla Welch hit back at critics who panned the "Paradise" star's red carpet look.
Barcelona release Joan García injury statement
La Liga giants Barcelona have on Thursday unveiled a statement, regarding the wellbeing of star goalkeeper Joan García. This comes after the former Espanyol man sparked concern in Catalunya’s capit...
Xbox’s clever disc-to-digital feature was 15 years in the making
Microsoft’s controversial Xbox One bets are paying off more than a decade later.
Kansas arrives in London ahead of historic Arizona State matchup
Kansas arrives in London ahead of historic Arizona State matchup
Tennessee's new Music Advisory Council will boost advocacy and tourism
Governor Bill Lee is among the state officials behind an initiative to support music industry professionals.
Detroit Lions Reveal Uniform Combo for TNF vs. Bills
The Detroit Lions have revealed their uniform combination for Thursday Night Football against the Buffalo Bills.
Steve Belichick reportedly resigns as North Carolina's defensive coordinator
Giants add needed heft before their first real road test
The Giants did not make Wednesday’s roster move to generate a headline. They signed defensive tackle Josh Tupou from the […]
Saints vs. Ravens: Quarterback Matchup
Saints and Tyler Shough will face off against former league MVP in Lamar Jackson and the Ravens
Kilmarnock v Hearts: Pick of the stats
Kilmarnock have lost all three of their home league games this season, last losing four in a row in the Scottish Premiership in August 2017, and last doing so within a single campaign in May 2015. Hearts have scored a league-high four goals from set-pieces (excluding penalties) in the Premiership this season, while Kilmarnock have conceded the most from non-penalty set-pieces (5). After their 1-0 victory in March, Kilmarnock are looking for back-to-back home wins over Hearts in the league for the first time since March 2014.
The Apple Watch Series 12 is the start of a new wearable era
Looks like the same watch, but Apple has big plans.
Koumas 'a good stylistic match' for an Iraola team
Liverpool.com journalist Matt Addison has said young forward Lewis Koumas "certainly made the most" of his opportunity to start Tuesday's Carabao Cup win over Tottenham. The 20-year-old played 86 minutes, was relentless in leading the press from the front, and was denied a goal by a fine save from Spurs goalkeeper Martin Dubravka. "I thought he was excellent," Addison told BBC Radio Merseyside.
Raleigh law firm moves to new office after 40 years on Glenwood Avenue
Manning Fulton law firm relocates Raleigh headquarters to 18,500-square-foot space at GlenLake Office Park after four decades.
Dundee v Motherwell: Pick of the stats
A Dundee player leads the 2026-27 Scottish Premiership for tackles (Ryan Finnigan, 23), interceptions (Owen Bevan, 12) and possession won (Ethan Hamilton, 38). Motherwell have lost their past two league games by an aggregate score of 5-0. The Steelmen could lose three in a row for the first time since February 2025 (5), and could do so without scoring for the first time since December 2018 (3).
Heartland Whole Health Institute tests ways to expand health care
The institute is testing ways to expand access and lower costs.
Doral business owners say increased ICE activity is hurting business
5 things we now know about prostate cancer
This disease is highly treatable if caught early—but in its earliest stages, prostate cancer often has no symptoms, allowing it to develop without detection. Learn more about this common cancer and how Johnson & Johnson is innovating across both early-stage and advanced disease.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4 Campaign Trailer Reveals Death Stranding Star Mads Mikkelsen
Activision has revealed Casino Royale and Death Stranding star Mads Mikkelsen as a major antagonist in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 4.
How Ohio’s business climate became a flashpoint in the governor’s race
Experts say Ohio's business climate—and Vivek Ramaswamy's tax proposals—are far more complicated than thought.
Anton Stach named in Jürgen Klopp's first Germany squad
Leeds United midfielder Anton Stach has been named in Jürgen Klopp’s first Germany squad since the former Liverpool boss took charge of the national team.Klopp announced his first selection as Germ...
2. Bundesliga Preview: VfL Wolfsburg vs. SV Darmstadt 98
Florian Kohfeldt will return to Volkswagen Arena on the opening day of matchday 6 in 2. Bundesliga. The 43-year-old had an unsuccessful stint in Wolfsburg after his coaching breakthrough with Werder B...
Is Japan’s Okinawa finally moving on from anti-base politics?
Frustrated by economic hardship, Okinawans have rallied behind a new governor, leaving long-standing anti-base resistance in disarray.
Snap is launching a new Specs AI tool, and it’s coming to iOS and Mac
Try it in preview in the Specs iOS app.
Top Health Nominees Break With RFK Jr. as Measles Cases Surge
Two leading health nominees are declining to fully endorse Robert F. Kennedy Jr.’s views on vaccines.
Painful endgame for Gray as stale Hibs slump
A club hero, David Gray ends his time as Hibs head coach not to the sound of euphoria from fans, but to the sound of a support collectively exhaling in relief, writes Tom English.
NYC teachers union flexes political muscle in bid to unwind Hochul support for Trump voucher plan
The teachers unions and their allies questioned the Trump administration’s motivations, warning the new program could divert enrollment and per-pupil funding from public schools, and redirect resources to private schools with less…
Nine alleged scammers banned from entering Entertainment District
Metro Nashville Police has barred alleged members of the Krooks gang from a "safety zone" in downtown, including one of the busiest parts of Broadway.
High school science teacher discovers rare T. Rex tracks: 'A real pivotal moment'
Kent Hups could not contain his excitement when he came across several giant three-toed track prints that appeared to be T. Rex footprints in North Dakota.
Charges pending after marijuana and THC products seized at Bristol business, police say
Charges are pending after police seized numerous illegal items at a smoke shop, according to the Bristol, Tennessee Police Department.Police said they recently
Veterans Put Military Skills to Work in Business: Entrepreneurs Share How Service Helped Shape Careers
Starting a new business can be challenging and intimidating. For military veterans who take the entrepreneurial leap, however, the training and experiences they gained in the service can provide valuable tools for success — along with some challenges of their own. Five local business owners shared their experiences transitioning from military service to entrepreneurship during
F1: The Movie Review | Your Entertainment Escape Ep. 21
Fresno and Central Valley news, weather and sports
With sports, new costs and old challenges vex UNC system
UNC system's 15 athletic departments all ran deficits in 2024-25, prompting board discussion on the broken college sports model and need for federal action.
Ahmed leads Gloucs recovery against Middlesex
Daz Ahmed's unbeaten 90 helps Gloucestershire recover from 128-7 to stay in the game against Middlesex.
West Nile virus death confirmed in Georgia, health department says
So far, the department has confirmed eight human cases of the virus this year — but that number is expected to rise.
IMAGine That!: Celebrating National Play-Doh Day
IMAG History and Science Center is honoring National Play-Doh Day with a look at its origins and the science behind the iconic dough.
Day Game Bantering
The Jays and Tigers play at 3:00 Eastern. The Jays, either during or after last night’s game, decided to change around the starting pitching plans for the rest of the way. And, Max, no pressure, but you need to get us some innings tonight. I really expected some pitching moves this morning. I’m still expecting […]
Sara Haines misses ‘The View,’ cohosts have odd exchange about her absence
Whoopi Goldberg and Joy Behar had an odd exchange about Sara Haines’ absence on ‘The View’ today: ‘She’s not sick,’ Behar said. ‘All we’ve got to tell them is that she’s not here,’ replied Goldberg.
Arsenal 18yo called up as manager criticises rules
Michael O’Neill has criticised the circumstances surrounding Ceadach O’Neill’s position after the Republic of Ireland moved to persuade him to switch allegiance.Photo by Alex Caparros/Getty Imag...
The iPhone 18 Pro’s big camera update is all about the small gains
I put the iPhone 18 Pro’s ambitious new camera system to the test.
Truth and Politics in the Age of Post-Truth
Get E-International Relations delivered to your inbox, free of charge. As you sign up, consider becoming a paid subscriber, or make a donation, to support our work. Subscribe This is an excerpt from Global Politics in a Post-Truth Era. You can download the book free of charge from E-International Relations. The term post-truth is by now so ubiquitous in describing the state of politics in the Western world and even beyond that the most pressing issue of the day appears to be about making democracy work in the era of post-truth rather than questioning the normalisation of the term itself in the first place. The critical turning point appeared to have occurred in 2016 when the term was chosen by the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘The Word of the Year.’ On its website, the Dictionary notes the transformation of post-truth from ‘being a peripheral term to being a mainstay in political commentary and connects ‘the spike in frequency’ directly with the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the election of Donald J. Trump in the United States – both occurring in 2016. Paired with the noun ‘politics,’ post-truth is defined as an adjective ‘relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.’ The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term to a 1992 essay in The Nation by the playwright Steve Tesich as he reflected on the 1980s Iran-Contra scandal and the 1990–91 Gulf War: We are rapidly becoming prototypes of a people that totalitarian monsters could only drool about in their dreams. All the dictators up to now have had to work hard at suppressing the truth. We, by our actions, are saying that this is no longer necessary, that we have acquired a spiritual mechanism that can denude truth of any significance. In a very fundamental way we, as a free people, have freely decided that we want to live in some post-truth world (Tesich 1992, 13; emphasis added). He then continued, The Gulf War is over but the war at home goes on. The gulf between rich and destitute widens – between those of us who live in a modern post-industrial nation and those of us who live in the Third World countries of our inner cities. The present administration’s response to this internal crisis has shifted from benign to malignant neglect. The current levels of misery and decomposition of our cities and the economic gulags of our ghettos are acceptable. Since there is only so much hope to go around, there is a freeze on hope. The have-nots have now been reclassified as never-will-haves (Tesich 1992, 13). In the context of Tesich’s essay, truth includes both facts, as in what happens, and ‘moral absolutes,’ as in the ‘self-evident truths mentioned in our Constitution’ (Tesich 1992, 14). Together, these two notions of truth entail the obligation to both act and react. The two passages cited above show that even in the early post-Cold War years, Tesich was already deeply concerned that the American people are neither prepared to act on truth nor react to truth that is disconcerting, or what he calls ‘bad news’ (Tesich 1992, 12). Accordingly, Tesich’s insight as captured by the term post-truth is not that truth is irrelevant to what we know, but rather it is irrelevant to how we act. In contrast, ‘post-truth politics,’ as defined by Oxford as a term that pitches ‘objective facts’ against ‘emotion and personal belief’ such that the latter appears to have overtaken the former in shaping ‘public opinion’ and thereby, democratic politics. When Tesich’s post-truth politics and its current usage are juxtaposed, the two are in fact not identical in terms of what truth is and how it relates to politics. Against such consideration, this chapter provides a critical survey of selected historical events and theoretical considerations for the purpose of gaining a more nuanced understanding of the relation between truth and politics. Truth and Language One notable impact of post-truth politics is that language is being overtly deployed as a political weapon not only by politicians and those in power, but among the general population. It seems that once facts are irrelevant to the validity of what is being said, language becomes the platform for an all-out political contest in which what is said is no more than an act of will expressed as an assertion of power and/or an exercise in defiance. As early as in the writings of Thucydides (460–400 BCE), the vulnerability of logos – which is the human capacity for rational discourse in tumultuous times – was already noted. Thucydides belonged to a school of Greek thought which maintained that language is conventional and that the association between name and things is a result of ‘human use and habit’ rather than ‘nature or divine dispensation’ (Connor 1984, 99). The conventional nature of language means that it is incapable of providing its users with any independent criteria for judgement. In Thucydides’ study of the Peloponnesian War (431–405 BCE), the subversion of logos as seen in the manipulation of language was introduced through his account of the civil war in Corcyra (Thucydides 1972, 236-245). The war first broke out in 427 BCE between the pro-Athenian democratic faction and the pro-Spartan oligarchic faction before it spread to the rest of the Greek world. There was a general breakdown of law and order, resulting in extreme violence and death. Language underwent changes that were reflective of the events of the time. The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) translated Thucydides’ description of the situation as follows: The received value of names imposed for signification of things, was changed into arbitrary. For inconsiderate boldness, was counted true-hearted manliness: provident deliberation, a handsome fear: modesty, the cloak of cowardice: to be wise in everything, to be lazy in everything... he that had been so provident as not to need to do the one or the other, was said to be a dissolver of society, and one that stood in fear of his adversary. In brief, he that could outstrip another in the doing of an evil act, or that could persuade another thereto that never meant it, was commended (Hobbes 1839–1845, 8: 348; Thucydides 1972, 242-243). What concerned Thucydides most was that the meanings of words are no more than linguistic conventions that require logos to support them. The Corcyrean civil war was a reminder that such capacity cannot be assumed. This is why history understood as an authentic account of what happens matters. Guided by logos, the historian’s task is ‘the search after truth’, which is established through ‘the absence of the fabulous,’ including ‘the rejection of myth and unverifiable stories’ (de Jonge 2017, 2). Thus, history plays an important role in facilitating the stability of language – without which distinctions and judgements cannot be rendered communicable. Just like Thucydides, Hobbes was a nominalist who subscribed to the view that there is no inherent meaning to words. Hobbes’ state of nature, where there is no common authority, is precisely one in which distinctions cannot be made. As Hobbes put it, there is ‘no Mine and Thine distinct’ nor is there distinction between ‘the notions of Right and Wrong, Justice and Injustice’ (1968, 188; emphasis in original). This is clearly an unsustainable condition for everyone. Behind Hobbes’ famous words that life in the state of nature is ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short’ is his uncompromising argument for the ‘Leviathan’, which is described by the late American political theorist, Sheldon Wolin (1922–2015), as the ‘sovereign definer’ (Hobbes 1968, 186; Wolin 2004, 238–243). Accordingly, the social contract is importantly a ‘linguistic contract’ that binds all parties to ‘general names agreed upon’ (Peters 1979, 125; Hobbes 1968, 111). Through Thucydides and Hobbes, we can identify a line of thinking that sees politics as a contestation over the use of language, which is based on shared conventions and norms. Thus understood, politics is not a collective quest for the true nature of our being or an epistemological exercise in pursuit of true knowledge. Rather, politics is about humans living with one another by finding a shared language to communicate with one another on matters that affect them all. Truth is in that sense contingent on what is being said as opposed to setting the standard for it. In other words, truth is the embodiment of shareability among us. While truth as such ensures the viability of a political entity, truth by no means represents a normative standard to adjudicate among contesting actors in what they say, let alone in what they do. During Thucydides’ times, ancient China was also experiencing a tumultuous time as the ruling Zhou dynasty deteriorated into the period of the Warring States (481–221 BCE). This was when the rulers of Zhou no longer presided over the territories brought under its control through conquest. Instead of professing allegiance to the Zhou royalty, the lords of these territories became kings themselves to rule over their own land. The period was one marked by endless military campaigns as each of the seven major states aimed to conquer the rest (Lewis 1999). Yet, the period was also known for its intellectual vibrancy as different thinkers challenged the restoring of order among these warring states – including offering ideas and advice to rulers on good governance. Among these thinkers was Confucius (551–479 BCE). His thought, which came to be known as Confucianism, went on to become the state ideology of China from the Han dynasty (206 BCE–222 CE) until the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911 when China became a republic. The founding text of Confucianism was the Analects, which is a collection of dialogues between Confucius and his students as recorded by them. One key concept Confucius advanced is the ‘rectification of names’. Though the term only appears in one exchange in the Analects, it is considered a major aspect of Confucius’ thought. Generations of Confucian scholars from past and present, including Western academics, have debated over its interpretation (Makeham 2003). The passage in question reads as follows: Zi Lu said: ‘The monarch of the state of Wei wants you to govern the country, what is the first thing you plan on doing?’ Confucius said: ‘First it is necessary to rectify the names.’Zi Lu said: ‘Is that really what has to be done? You are being too pedantic, aren’t you now? How will you rectify these names?’Confucius said: ‘Zhong You, you are too unrefined. A gentleman, faced with a matter that he does not understand, takes a skeptical attitude. If names are not correct, one cannot speak smoothly and reasonably, and if one cannot speak smoothly and reasonably, affairs cannot be managed successfully. If affairs cannot be managed successfully, rites and music will not be conducted. If rites and music are not conducted, punishments will not be suitable. And if punishments are not suitable, the common people will not know what to do. So, when the gentleman uses names, it is necessary to be able to speak so that people understand. If one can say it, one can definitely do it. A gentleman should not be careless with words’ (Analects 13:3 in Cao 2016, 148). This translation is offered by the contemporary philosopher Cao Feng. As Cao notes, the passage is what started the whole debate over ‘exactly what kind of names did Confucius... wish to rectify’ (Cao 2016, 148). Of the three major groups of interpretation examined by Cao, beginning with classical Confucian scholarship, one is arguably the most influential and certainly most pertinent to the issue of language and politics. This is the interpretation that was first associated with the Neo-Confucian master, Zhu Xi (1130–1200), who argued that the ‘rectification of names is simply the rectification of politics’ (Cao 2016, 149). Within this interpretive framework, rectification has the dual functions of correction and prescription by ensuring that predetermined hierarchical roles are strictly adhered to through following ‘the system of rites and propriety’ (Cao 2016, 151). In addition, the rectification of names entails ‘using names to rectify actuality’ (Cao 2016, 151). Yet Cao rejects this whole body of interpretive works by arguing that these were ideas developed later. Instead, Cao suggests the following: The original meaning of Confucius’ rectification of names may, then, be quite simple. Confucius did not mean to establish a concrete, normative system of “names”; rather, Confucius was simply the first person in history to realize or remark upon the importance of language in politics. As a politician, he noticed and foresaw the impact that the indeterminacy, ambiguity, and arbitrariness of names would have on politics. Confucius recognized the political consequences of language’s not accurately expressing meaning or not being accurately received by people. He realized the great role that names, as a means of distinguishing right and wrong and establishing norms, could play in society and politics (Cao 2016, 168). Scholarly debates aside, Cao’s view has the advantage of identifying an interpretation of this controversial exchange in the Analects that enables its readers to extrapolate from it the observation that the meaning of words depends as much on their users as on their interpreters; neither of which can be predetermined. Accordingly, a good ruler is someone who can speak without ambiguity to his subjects and make good his words through actions. Stated differently, Cao’s view on what concerned Confucius then, who was living through times of protracted political upheaval, is that language is an indispensable political tool for those in power and can be deployed by both good and bad rulers alike. To sum up, this historical survey shows that politics as a war of words is by no means a distinctive marker of contemporary politics nor the Western world. Be it ancient or current, east or west, language is subject to manipulation to serve political purposes and when there is an outright war of words that defies existing norms, it is indicative of a political situation in which people no longer share a language and truth becomes irrelevant. Accordingly, political order entails stability in language use. Truth and Politics As previously noted, current use of the term post-truth as an adjective to the term ‘politics’ suggests that once there was a time when politics aligned with truth. Indeed, if we start with Plato’s Republic as the key founding text of Western political thought, we see that the ideal polis (city-state of ancient Greece) is where truth and politics converge, and justice is achieved. Written around 380 BCE when Athens was still coping with its defeat by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War, the Republic is a defence of the rule of the ‘philosopher king’, defined as someone who is ‘guided by the truth’ and is ‘always and in every way’ in pursuit of the truth (Plato 1974, 490a). For Plato, truth converges with virtues and hence, letting the philosopher take charge of politics is to let the wisest and the most virtuous lead the less wise and the less virtuous even if it requires compulsion (Plato 1974, 499b). In Plato’s words, ‘…until the philosophers attain power in a city there will be no respite from evil for either city or citizens…’ (Plato 1974, 501e). The uncompromising rule of philosopher-kings is made palatable by the claim that we are all ‘earth- born brothers’ with random mixtures of gold, silver, bronze and iron, but only the gold can rule (Plato 1974, 414–415). Understandably, academic debates over the interpretation of Plato’s Republic revolve around the question of whether truth as attained in philosophy can be realised in politics as action and whether such a connection is even desirable. Without getting into the details of these scholarly exchanges, I suggest that they all share the concern that truth acquired through the rigorous process of philosophical reasoning is not without problem when applied to the real world of living humans. This is because not all humans are philosophers – and indeed, in Plato’s view, not everyone is capable of becoming a philosopher given the protracted and arduous training that one needs to endure to become one. Hannah Arendt (1906–1975), a highly influential political philosopher of the twentieth century, notes that ‘Plato was the first to introduce the division between those who know and do not act and those who act and do not know’ and that such a separation has remained ‘at the root of all theories of domination’ (Arendt 1958, 223, 225). What Arendt points out in this remark is not the gap between theory and practice, but rather that Plato provides the normative ground for those who know the truth to tell those who do not know what to do. Arendt herself took on the challenge of understanding the relationship between truth and politics through her analysis of Nazism and Stalinism. Arendt’s insight, which was controversial when The Origins of Totalitarianism was published in 1951, was to identify Nazism and Stalinism as representative of a new form of political rule – totalitarianism – making it distinct from ‘other forms of political oppression... such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship’ (Arendt 1973, 460). Arendt defines totalitarianism as a self- contained system of ideas driven by their ‘logic’ and marked by a mode of reasoning called ‘ideological thinking.’ Ideological thinking as such is a distinctive form of political reasoning defined by three characteristics. First, ideological thinking claims to provide a ‘total explanation’ of all historical happenings, encompassing the past, the present, and the future. Second, while ideological thinking is an attempt to account for ‘factual reality’ in its totality, this mode of thinking is paradoxically divorced from reality and experience. This is because experience, being rooted in specificity, is clearly limited in its claim to totality. It follows that as its third characteristic, ideological thinking aims to emancipate thought from the limitation imposed by experience through a ‘specific method of demonstration.’ The method involves arranging facts into an ‘absolutely logical procedure’ that starts from an ‘axiomatically accepted premise’. It is, in short, a ‘process of deduction from a premise’ – which is the only possible movement in the realm of logic that leads to one definitive conclusion. This is how the ‘logicality of ideological thinking’ provides the basis for total explanation and the ‘principle of action’ for totalitarian movement (Arendt 1973, 468–474). Stated differently, totalitarianism is a form of uncompromising idealism that exists in one’s head irrespective of shared reality as experienced. It is the perverse form of what Arendt later refers to as ‘rational truth’, which is the product of the ‘speculative mind’ that belongs to philosophy, mathematics and the sciences. The ‘speculative mind’ is the mind working on its way to generate axioms and theories by relying on the cognitive capacity of the human brain (Arendt 1977, 231). The presence of others has no bearing whatsoever on rational truth. In contrast, ‘factual truth’ is what happens when humans are ‘living and acting together’ (Arendt 1977, 231). Factual truth is therefore particular and temporal by definition. But more importantly, factual truth is ‘political by nature’ because it can only be validated in the context of the human community (Arendt 1977, 238). In other words, factual truth is about humans in their plurality rather than in their singularity. For factual truth to be sustainable, we need what Arendt calls ‘common sense’ – understood as ‘community sense’ (Arendt 1982, 72). There is also another distinction about truth that Arendt makes which is pertinent to understanding how totalitarianism works. The issue is whether the so-called totalitarian ideology is simply an unnecessarily cumbersome way of saying that it is an all-round and polished lie. Here, Arendt calls totalitarian ideology the ‘modern lie’ – in contrast to the ‘traditional lie’. The latter is restricted by two conditions: that it is a lie about the ‘particulars’ and that it deceives only the ‘enemy’ – which means that the liar is not engaged in self- deception. The modern lie, however, involves a ‘complete rearrangement of the whole factual texture’. It also intends to deceive everyone alike, to the extent that those who initiate the lie eventually ‘fall victims to their own falsehood’ (Arendt 1977, 249–254). This distinction between the traditional and modern lie is important. It indicates that not only is totalitarianism a lie, but the lie is in fact too big to fit into the standard meaning of the word. To tell a lie from truth, we need a common standard. In the case of a traditional lie, the common standard is precisely ‘the fabric of factuality’. As such, a lie always appears as a ‘tear’ to that fabric. Yet, modern lies require making a surrogate reality with a completely different context for facts to fit ‘without seam, crack, or fissure, exactly as the facts fitted into their original context’. Arendt notes that as long as those who concoct the surrogate reality are prepared to engage in self- deception to ‘create a semblance of truthfulness’, there is nothing to prevent ‘these new stories, images, and non-facts from becoming an adequate substitute for reality and factuality’ (Arendt 1977, 253–254). Totalitarianism therefore requires a person to stand outside of the system itself in order to make sense of it. Arendt points out that it is futile for us to argue with (for example) a Nazi or a Stalinist on race or class. To confront totalitarianism requires more than just a confrontation with specific facts. It is a more fundamental confrontation between reality as experienced and its total rejection. This means that Nazism and Stalinism are more than radical ways of conducting racial conflict or class struggle. Rather: Totalitarian politics – far from being simply antisemitic or racist or imperialist or communist – use and abuse their own ideological and political elements until the basis of factual reality, from which the ideologies originally derived their propaganda value– the value of struggle, for instance, or the interest conflicts between Jews and their neighbours – have all but disappeared (Arendt 1973, xv). Accordingly: The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (that is, the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (that is, the standards of thought) no longer exist (Arendt 1973, 474). Who then is the ‘ideal subject’ of totalitarianism? Although there is a revival of interest in Arendt’s observation on truth and politics since the onset of post- truth politics, not enough has been said about her reply to the question (Hyvönen 2018; Klinkler 2018; Lee 2019; Zerilli 2020). Yet if we take a look at Arendt’s portrait of this ideal subject, her view is even more pertinent to our current challenge. As a self-contained system of ideas that is detached from experience, totalitarian thinking offers consistency in ways that reality cannot. Arendt notes that this kind of consistency is especially appealing to those who have lost a sense of bearing in the world (Arendt 1973, 353). They constitute what she calls the ‘masses’. The ‘mass man’ is thus a highly isolated and atomised individual, who is ‘obsessed by a desire to escape from reality’ (Arendt 1973, 318, 352). In his ‘essential homelessness’ the mass man can ‘no longer bear its accidental, incomprehensible aspects’ (Arendt 1973, 352). This longing for escape from reality is a ‘verdict against the world’ in which one is ‘forced to live’ but ‘cannot exist’ (Arendt 1973, 352). Such a situation is ripe for the ‘revolt of the masses’ against ‘common sense,’ which is ‘the result of their atomisation, of their loss of social status’ and with it, the ‘whole sector of communal relationships in whose framework common sense makes sense’ (Arendt 1973, 352). In short, the masses are people who are considered to be ‘superfluous or can be spared … [who] cannot be integrated into any organisation based on common interest’ (Arendt 1973, 311). Whether one agrees with Arendt’s analysis of the social conditions in the interwar years that led to the formation of the ‘masses’, her portrait of the ‘mass man’ is a powerful account of what can happen to an individual who has become disposable to the society that they used to belong to. Hand in hand with this phenomenon is indeed the collapse of ‘common sense’ that leaves the dislodged individual scrambling for reconnection. By offering the masses a substitute reality validated by the ‘logic of an idea’ rather than by experience, totalitarianism makes it possible for them to live in a world where there is no condition of plurality. Between ‘facing the anarchic growth and total arbitrariness of decay’ and ‘bowing down before the most rigid, fantastically fictitious consistency of an ideology’, the masses will likely ‘choose the latter’ (Arendt 1973, 352). A world created by ideology, then, is more attractive to the masses not because ‘they are stupid and wicked, but because in the general disaster this escape grants them a minimum of self- respect’ by conjuring up ‘a lying world of consistency which is more adequate to the needs of the human mind than reality itself’ (Arendt 1973, 353). Moreover, it is precisely this ability to guarantee consistency that makes it possible for the leaders of totalitarian movements to demand ‘total, unrestricted, unconditional and unalterable loyalty of the individual member’ (Arendt 1973, 323). While this chapter is not a study of the social factors that led to specific contemporary developments such as the result of the Brexit referendum or the election of Donald Trump in 2016, Arendt’s ‘mass man’ seem to have found their counterparts among the supporters of Brexit and Trumpism. Studies of voters’ profiles in both events point to a disproportionate share of supporters from white male lower income backgrounds without university educations. These are individuals who have either already lost their jobs to globalisation or who are at high risk of losing their job with very little capacity to be retrained for the twenty-first century market economy of advanced industrialised states (BBC 2016; Pew Research Center 2018). In short, these displaced workers are part of the tapestry forming the modern equivalent of Arendt’s ‘mass man’ – ready to be the recruits of totalitarianism. Conclusion If we step back to take a more comprehensive approach to the relationship between truth and politics, both historically and theoretically, it is not so obvious that 2016 is a defining moment. From ancient China and ancient Greece to our so-called post-truth age, the indeterminacy of language appears to be a persistent political challenge. Language is always open to manipulation by its users to serve power. Nonetheless, the tendency these days is to single out the ubiquity of social media and the proliferation of Internet platforms as the incubator for the countless cyberwars of words that in turn fuel the real world of politics. In this context, language is no longer the conveyor of objective facts and accurate information, but rather the medium for expressing subjective opinions and feelings, as captured by the Oxford Dictionary’s definition of the term ‘post-truth politics’. In contrast, the historical approach used in this chapter shows that it is in fact too easy to point the figure at the Internet and digital communication for the political challenge that we face today. What is being suggested here is that with or without the Internet, language, be it used to convey facts or emotions, is simply a tool for communication that humans have invented. While language per se cannot adjudicate what is true or not true, what is right or wrong, it embodies such capacity when language is a shared norm. That shared norm cannot be sustained without some semblance of cohesion in any given community. Any war of words, irrespective of its platform, is indicative of the breakdown of such cohesiveness. Returning to the original context in which the term post-truth politics was first used by Steve Tesich helps to identify the important distinction between truth as the standard for knowledge and truth as the standard for action. The two do not necessarily coincide. Placed in the context of the history of political thought, this distinction is in fact at the heart of Plato’s Republic. Yet when the philosopher as the quintessential bearer of truth becomes king, the polis that he rules over is far from the ideal of a just state that it purports to be. Instead, it is one that is held together by lies and coercion. What Arendt reveals through her study of Nazism and Stalinism is that it is dangerous for the kind of truth that philosophy generates – ‘rational truth’ – to become the guide to politics. Politics guided by rational truth can only be uncompromising and follows a logic of its own that cannot afford the ambiguity and indeterminacy of reality as lived experiences of humans. A world of post-truth politics can be an opportunity for a new kind of politics if it is indeed about dismantling the idea that truth is the ideal that politics should strive for. But as it stands, the post-truth politics of today is more about invoking a past that never exists to judge the presence as a crisis in naming when the real crisis is about rebuilding a shared space that has room for all – be they of the left, right or centre; cosmopolitan or parochial; civic-minded or self-centred; liberal-minded or bigoted. Politics is and always will be about striving for that space, without which no human can thrive. References Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The Human Condition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Arendt, Hannah. 1973. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Rev. ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Arendt, Hannah. 1977. “Truth and Politics.” In Between Past and Future, 227–264. New York: Penguin Books. Arendt, Hannah. 1982. Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, edited by Ronald Beiner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. British Broadcasting Corporation. 2016. “Brexit vote: The breakdown.” BBC News, December 7, 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-38227674 Cao, Feng. 2016. “A New Examination of Confucius’ Rectification of Names.” Journal of Chinese Humanities 2: 147–171. https://doi-org.subzero.lib. uoguelph.ca/ doi/ 10.1163/23521341-12340032. Connor, W. Robert. 1984. Thucydides. Princeton: Princeton University Press. de Jonge, Casper C. 2017. “Dionysius of Halicarnassus on Thucydides.” in The Oxford Handbook of Thucydides, edited by Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster, and Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.17 https://www-oxfordhandbooks-com.subzero. lib.uoguelph.ca/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199340385 Hyvönen, Ari-Elmeri. 2018. “Careless Speech: Conceptualizing Post-Truth Politics.” New Perspectives 26 (3): 31–55. https://www.proquest.com/ scholarly-journals/careless-speech-conceptualizing-post-truth/ docview/2204515132/se-2?accountid=11233. Hobbes, Thomas. 1839–1845. The English Works of Thomas Hobbes, edited by Sir William Molesworth. London: John Bohn. Vol. 8. Klinkner, Melanie. 2018. “Reasonable Truth.” International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 14 (3): 393–99. doi:10.1386/macp.14.3.393_7. Lee, Haiyan. 2019. “When Nothing Is True, Everything Is Possible: On Truth and Power by Way of Socialist Realism.” PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134 (5). Cambridge University Press: 1157–64. https://doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.5.1157 Lewis, Mark E. 1999. “Warring States Political History.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy, 587–650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Makeham, John. 2003. “Zheng ming (Rectification of names).” In RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism, edited by Xinzhong Yao. Vol. 2: 813-814. New York: Routledge. Oxford Languages, n. d. “Word of the Year 2016.” Accessed 19 August 2017. https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/ Peters, Richard. 1979. Hobbes. Westport: Greenwood Press. Pew Research Center. 2018. “An examination of the 2016 electorate, based on validated voters.” Report, August 9, 2018. https://www.pewresearch.org/ politics/2018/08/09/an-examination-of-the-2016-electorate-based-on- validated-voters/ Plato. 1974. Republic. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis: Hackett. Tesich, Steve. 1992. “Watergate Syndrome: A Government of Lies.” The Nation: 12-14. January 6/13, 1992. Thucydides. 1972. The Peloponnesian War. Translated by Rex Warner. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. Wolin, Sheldon. 2004. Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Westen Political Thought. Expanded Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Zerilli, Linda M. G. 2020. ‘Fact-Checking and Truth-Telling in an Age of Alternative Facts.’ Le foucaldien 6, no. 1: 2, 1–22. Theresa Man Ling Lee is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Guelph (Canada). Lee is a political theorist who specializes in contemporary political thought. Her research and teaching areas include continental philosophy, Marxism and critical theory, feminism, postmodernism, philosophy of social science, psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, human rights, disability studies, modern Chinese political thought and comparative political theory. Lee has published on a wide range of subjects in these areas, including intercultural pedagogy and the challenges of teaching as a person with multiple minority designations in a Canadian university classroom.
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